&Udelta; , delta
1. Fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, delta. 2. In chemistry, denotes a double bond, usually with a superscript to indicate position in a chain (DELTA5); application of heat in a reaction (A ->DELTA B); absence of heat treatment (&o); distance between two atoms in a molecule; or position of a substituent located on the fourth atom from the carboxyl or other primary functional group (delta); change (DELTA); thickness (delta); chemical shift in NMR (delta).



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delta-aminobutyric acid delta-aminobutyric acid
An enzyme catalyzing the reversible transfer of an amino group from delta-aminobutyric acid to 2-oxoglutarate, thus forming a L-glutamic acid and succinate semialdehyde. An important step in the catabolism of delta-aminobutyric acid.



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D D
1. Symbol for the vitamin D potency of cod liver oil, multiples of which (5D, 100D, etc.) are used to designate the vitamin D potency of irradiated ergosterol (viosterol) or other substances; for deuterium; for dihydrouridine in nucleic acids; for diffusing capacity; for aspartic acid; dihydrouridine; diffusion coefficient (in italics). 2. In optics, abbreviation for diopter; for dexter (right). 3. In electrodiagnosis, abbreviation for duration, the current flowing and the circuit being closed. 4. In dental formulas, abbreviation for deciduous (2) . 5. As a subscript, refers to dead space. See physiologic dead space. 6. D line in Na emission spectra.



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2,4-D 2,4-D
Abbreviation for (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid.



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d d
Symbol for deci-; abbreviation for dexter [L], right; diameter; day.



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d- d-
Prefix indicating a chemical compound to be dextrorotatory; should be avoided when (+) or (-) could be used. Cf. l-.



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d- d-
Prefix indicating that a chemical compound is sterically related to d-glyceraldehyde, the basis of stereochemical nomenclature. Cf. LAMBDA.



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-d -d
Suffix indicating the presence of deuterium in a compound in concentrations above normal, thus labelling the compound; subscripts (d2, d3, etc.) indicate the number of such atoms so fortified.



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DA DA
Abbreviation for developmental age (2) .



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Da Da
Symbol for dalton.



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dA dA , dAdo
Abbreviation for deoxyadenosine.



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da da
Symbol for deca-.



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Daae Daae
Anders, Norwegian physician, 1838-1910. See D.'s disease.



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DAB DAB
Abbreviation for 3´3-diaminobenzidine HCl; in the immunoperoxidase technique, used to produce a colored complex at the site of peroxidase activity; carcinogenic.



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dacarbazine (DTIC) dacarbazine (DTIC) (da-kar´ba-zen)
5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazenyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide;an antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and Hodgkin's disease.



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DaCosta DaCosta
Jacob M., U.S. surgeon, 1833-1900. See DaC.'s syndrome.



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dacry- dacry-
See dacryo-.



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dacryadenitis dacryadenitis (dak´re-ad-e-nI´tis)
dacryoadenitis



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dacryo- dacryo- , dacry-
Tears; lacrimal sac or duct. [G. dakryon, tear]



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dacryoadenitis dacryoadenitis (dak-re-o-ad-e-nI´tis)
Inflammation of the lacrimal gland.dacryadenitis; [dacryo- + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]



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dacryoblennorrhea dacryoblennorrhea (dak-re-o-blen-o-re´a)
A chronic discharge of mucus from a lacrimal sac. [dacryo- + G. blenna, mucus, + rhoia, flow]



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dacryocele dacryocele (dak´re-o-sel)
dacryocystocele



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dacryocyst dacryocyst (dak´re-o-sist)
lacrimal sac [dacryo- + G. kystis, sac]



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dacryocystalgia dacryocystalgia (dak´re-o-sis-tal´je-a)
Pain in the lacrimal sac. [dacryocyst + G. algos, pain]



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dacryocystectomy dacryocystectomy (dak´re-o-sis-tek´to-me)
Surgical removal of the lacrimal sac. [dacryocyst + G. ektome, excision]



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dacryocystitis dacryocystitis (dak´re-o-sis-tI´tis)
Inflammation of the lacrimal sac. [dacryocyst + G. -itis, inflammation]



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dacryocystocele dacryocystocele (dak´re-o-sis´to-sel)
Enlargement of the lacrimal sac with fluid.dacryocele; [dacryocyst + G. kele, hernia]



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dacryocystogram dacryocystogram (dak´re-o-sis´to-gram)
A radiograph of the lacrimal apparatus obtained (after injection of radiopaque substances) for the purpose of determining the presence of and localizing a site of obstruction; this procedure has been largely replaced by the CT and MRI. [dacryocyst + G. gramma, a writing]



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dacryocystorhinostomy dacryocystorhinostomy (dak´re-o-sis´to-rI-nos´to-me)
An operation providing an anastomosis between the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa through an opening in the lacrimal bone. [dacryocyst + G. rhis (rhin-), nose, + stoma, mouth]



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dacryocystotomy dacryocystotomy (dak´re-o-sis-tot´o-me)
Incision of the lacrimal sac. [dacryocyst + G. tome, incision]



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dacryohemorrhea dacryohemorrhea (dak´re-o-hem-o-re´a)
Bloody tears. [dacryo- + G. haima, blood, + rhoia, flow]



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dacryolith dacryolith (dak´re-o-lith)
A concretion in the lacrimal apparatus.lacrimal calculus, ophthalmolith, tear stone; [dacryo- + G. lithos, stone]
Desmarres' d.'s Nocardia d.'s
Nocardia d.'s white pseudoconcretions, composed of masses of Nocardia species found in the lacrimal canaliculi.Desmarres' d.'s;



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dacryolithiasis dacryolithiasis (dak´re-o-li-thI´a-sis)
The formation and presence of dacryoliths.



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dacryon dacryon (dak´re-on)
The point of junction of the frontomaxillary and lacrimomaxillary sutures on the medial wall of the orbit.See figure under craniometric points, under point [G. a tear]



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dacryops dacryops (dak´re-ops)
1. Excess of tears in the eye. 2. A cyst of a duct of the lacrimal gland. [dacryo- + G. ops, eye]



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dacryopyorrhea dacryopyorrhea (dak´re-o-pI-o-re´a)
The discharge of tears containing leukocytes. [dacryo- + G. pyon, pus, + rhoia, flow]



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dacryorrhea dacryorrhea (dak´re-o-re´a)
An excessive secretion of tears. [dacryo- + G. rhoia, flow]



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dacryostenosis dacryostenosis (dak´re-o-ste-no´sis)
Stricture of a lacrimal or nasal duct. [dacryo- + G. stenosis, narrowing]



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dactinomycin dactinomycin (dak´ti-no-mI´sin)
Produced by several species of Streptomyces (e.g., S. parvulus); an antineoplastic antibiotic used especially for Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Wilms' tumor in children and for trophoblastic disease in women. See also actinomycin.actinomycin D;



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dactyl dactyl (dak´til)
digit [G. daktylos]



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dactyl- dactyl-
See dactylo-.



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dactylagra dactylagra (dak-ti-lag´ra)
Obsolete term meaning gout for the fingers. [dactyl- + G. agra, seizure]



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dactylalgia dactylalgia (dak-ti-lal´je-a)
Pain in the fingers.dactylodynia; [dactyl- + G. algos, pain]



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Dactylaria Dactylaria (dak-ti-la´re-a)
A genus of dematiaceous soil-dwelling fungi. D. gallopava is a causative agent of phaeohyphomycosis in chickens and turkeys. [G. daktylos, finger]



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dactyledema dactyledema (dak´til-e-de´ma)
Edema of the finger. [dactyl- + G. oidema, swelling]



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dactylitis dactylitis (dak-ti-lI´tis)
Inflammation of one or more fingers.
blistering distal d. infection of the volar fat pad of the distal phalanx of the finger by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci.
sickle cell d. hand-and-foot syndrome



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dactylo- dactylo- , dactyl-
The fingers, and (less often) toes. See entries under digit [G. daktylos, finger]



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dactylocampsis dactylocampsis (dak´ti-lo-kamp´sis)
Permanent flexion of the fingers. [dactylo- + G. kampsis, bending]



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dactylocampsodynia dactylocampsodynia (dak´ti-lo-kamp´so-din´e-a)
Painful contraction of one or more fingers. [dactylo- + G. kampsis, a bending, + odyne, pain]



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dactylodynia dactylodynia (dak´tI-lo-din´e-a)
dactylalgia



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dactylogryposis dactylogryposis (dak´ti-lo-gri-po´sis)
Contraction of the fingers. [dactylo- + G. gryposis, a crooking]



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dactylology dactylology (dak´ti-lol´o-je)
The use of the finger alphabet in talking.cheirology, chirology, chirology; [dactylo- + G. logos, word]



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dactylomegaly dactylomegaly (dak´til-o-meg´a-le)
megadactyly [dactylo- + G. megas, large]



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dactyloscopy dactyloscopy (dak-ti-los´ko-pe)
An examination of the markings in prints made from the fingertips; employed as a method of personal identification. See Galton's system of classification of fingerprints, under fingerprint. [dactylo- + G. skopeo, to examine]



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dactylospasm dactylospasm (dak´ti-lo-spazm)
Spasmodic contraction of the fingers or toes.



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dactylus dactylus , pl. dactyli (dak´ti-lus, -lI)
digit [G. daktylos]



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dacuronium dacuronium (dak-yu-ro´ne-um)
A nondepolarizing steroid neuromuscular blocking agent with more rapid onset and shorter duration of action than pancuronium.



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Da Fano Da Fano
Corrado D., Italian-American anatomist, 1879-1927. See DaF.'s stain.



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DAG DAG
Abbreviation for diacylglycerol.



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dagga dagga (dag´a)
Leaves of Leonotis leonurus, a plant found in South Africa, where it is smoked like tobacco with mild sedative effect; a term mistakenly applied to Indian hemp, Cannabis sativa. [aborigines' term]



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Dagnini Dagnini
Giuseppe, Italian physician, 1866-1928. See Aschner-D. reflex.



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DAH DAH
Abbreviation for disordered action of heart.



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dahlia dahlia (dal´yah)
A violet dye, methyl-triethyl-amino-triphenyl-carbinol chloride. Also called Hoffman's violet.



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dahlin dahlin
inulin [fr. dahlia, after A. Dahl, Swedish botanist, 1751-1789]



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dahllite dahllite (dah´lIt)
CaCO3. 2Ca3(PO4)2;a naturally occurring calcium phosphate, similar in structure to the mineral portions of bones and teeth.podolite;



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daisy daisy (da´ze)
Colloquial term descriptive of the segmented forms (merozoites) of the mature schizont of Plasmodium malariae.



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Dakin Dakin
Henry, U.S. chemist, 1880-1952. See D.'s fluid, solution; D.-Carrel treatment.



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Dale Dale
Sir Henry Hallett, English physiologist and Nobel laureate, 1875-1968. See D. reaction; D.-Feldberg law; Schultz-D. reaction.



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Dalen Dalen
Johan A., Swedish ophthalmologist, 1866-1940. See D.-Fuchs nodules, under nodule.



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Dalgarno Dalgarno
Lynn, contemporary Australian molecular biologist.



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Dalrymple Dalrymple
John, English oculist, 1804-1852. See D.'s sign.



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Dalton Dalton
John, English chemist, mathematician, and natural philosopher, 1766-1844. See D.'s law; D.-Henry law; daltonian; daltonism.



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dalton (Da) dalton (Da) (dawl´ton)
Term unofficially used to indicate a unit of mass equal to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom, 1.0000 in the atomic mass scale; numerically, but not dimensionally, equal to molecular or particle weight (atomic mass units). [J. Dalton]



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daltonian daltonian (dawl-to´ne-an)
1. Attributed to or described by John Dalton. 2. Pertaining to daltonism.



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daltonism daltonism (dawl´ton-izm)
A color vision deficiency, especially deuteranomaly or deuteranopia. [J. Dalton]



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DAM DAM
Abbreviation for diacetylmonoxime.



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Dam Dam
C.P. Henrik, Danish biochemist and Nobel laureate, 1895-1976. See D. unit.



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dam dam
1. Any barrier to the flow of fluid. 2. In surgery and dentistry, a sheet of thin rubber arranged so as to shut off the part operated upon from the access of fluid. [A.S. fordemman, to stop up]
post d. posterior palatal seal
rubber d. 1. in surgery, thin strips of rubber used as a surgical drain or barrier; 2. a thin sheet of rubber with holes that is placed over teeth to isolate them from the oral cavity.



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Damalinia Damalinia (dam-a-lin´e-a)
A genus of biting lice containing a number of species found on domestic and wild animals; they are all highly host-specific, one species being confined to each species of mammal. See also Bovicola, Trichodectes.



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dammar dammar
A resin resembling copal, obtained from various species of Shorea (family Dipterocarpaceae) in the East Indies; used, dissolved in chloroform, for mounting microscopic specimens. [Hind. damar, resin]



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dam methylase dam methylase
an enzyme responsible for the methylation of adenine residues in specific sequences.deoxyadenosine methylase;



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dAMP dAMP
Abbreviation for deoxyadenylic acid.



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damp damp
1. Humid; moist. 2. Atmospheric moisture. 3. Foul air in a mine; air charged with carbon oxides (black or choke d.) or with various explosive hydrocarbon vapors (firedamp).



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damping damping
Bringing a mechanism to rest with minimal oscillation; e.g., in echocardiography, electrical or mechanical loading to reduce duration of echo, transmitter pulse, and transmitter complex. [M.E. damp, poisonous vapor]



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Damus-Kaye-Stancel procedure Damus-Kaye-Stancel procedure
See under procedure.



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Dana Dana
Charles L., U.S. neurologist, 1852-1935. See D.'s operation; Putnam-D. syndrome.



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danazol danazol (da´na-zol)
17a-Pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol;an anterior pituitary suppressant.



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Dance Dance
Jean B.H., French physician, 1797-1832. See D.'s sign.



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dance dance (dans)
Involuntary movements related to brain damage.
hilar d. vigorous pulmonary arterial pulsations due to increased blood flow, often seen fluoroscopically in patients with congenital left-to-right shunts, especially atrial septal defects.
Saint Anthony's d. , Saint John's d. , Saint Vitus d. obsolete eponyms for Sydenham's chorea.



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dander dander
1. A fine scaling of the skin and scalp. See also dandruff. 2. A normal effluvium of animal hair or coat capable of causing allergic responses in atopic persons.



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dandruff dandruff (dan´druf)
The presence, in varying amounts, of white or gray scales in the hair of the scalp, due to excessive or normal branny exfoliation of the epidermis. See also seborrheic dermatitis.branny tetter (1) , pityriasis capitis, pityriasis sicca, scurf, seborrhea sicca (2);



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Dandy Dandy
Walter E., U.S. surgeon, 1886-1946. See D. operation; D.-Walker syndrome.



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Dane Dane
D.S., 20th century British virologist. See D. particles, under particle.



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Dane's stain Dane's stain
See under stain.



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Danforth Danforth
William Clark, U.S. obstetrician-gynecologist, 1878-1949. See D.'s sign.



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Danielssen Danielssen
Daniel C., Norwegian physician, 1815-1894. See D.'s disease; D.-Boeck disease.



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Danlos Danlos
Henri A., French dermatologist, 1844-1912. See Ehlers-D. syndrome.



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DANS DANS
Abbreviation for 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonic acid; a green fluorescing compound used in immunohistochemistry to detect antigens.



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dansyl (Dns, DNS) dansyl (Dns, DNS) (dan´sil)
The 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl radical;a blocking agent for NH2 groups, used in peptide synthesis.



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danthron danthron
1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone;an anthraquinone laxative.chrysazine;



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dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (dan´tro-len)
1-{[5-(p-Nitrophenyl)furfurylidene]amino}hydantoin sodium hydrate;a synthetic skeletal muscle relaxant which acts directly on muscle by uncoupling electrical from mechanical events; also, the specific agent for prevention and treatment of malignant hyperthermia.



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Danysz Danysz
Jean, Polish pathologist in France, 1860-1928. See D. phenomenon.



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DAPI DAPI
Abbreviation for 4´6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. 2HCl, a fluorescent probe for DNA. See DAPI stain.



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dapsone dapsone (dap´son)
4,4´Sulfonylbisbenzeneamine; 4,4´-sulfobisaniline;it is used in the treatment of leprosy and certain cutaneous diseases such as dermatitis herpetiformis, and is active against the tubercle bacillus; it is also used in the treatment of bovine coccidiosis and streptococcal mastitis.



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d'Arcet d'Arcet
Jean, French chemist, 1725-1801. See d'A.'s metal.



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Darier Darier
Jean F., French dermatologist, 1856-1938. See D.'s disease, sign.



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Darkschewitsch Darkschewitsch , Darkshevich
Liverij O., Russian neurologist, 1858-1925. See nucleus of D.



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Darling Darling
Samuel Taylor, U.S. physician in Panama, 1872-1925. See D.'s disease.



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Darrow red Darrow red
A basic oxazin dye, C18H14N3O2Cl, used as a substitute for cresyl violet acetate in the staining of Nissl substance. [Mary A. Darrow, U.S. stain technologist, 1894-1973]



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d'Arsonval d'Arsonval
Jacques Arsène, French biophysicist, 1851-1940. See d'A. current, galvanometer.



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dartoic dartoic , dartoid (dar-to´ik, dar´toyd)
Resembling tunica dartos in its slow involuntary contractions. [G. dartos, flayed]



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dartos dartos (dar´tos)
See dartos fascia. [G. skinned or flayed, fr. dero, to skin]
d. mulieb´ris a very thin layer of smooth muscle in the integument of the labia majora; less well-developed than the tunica dartos of the scrotum.



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Darwin Darwin
Charles R., English biologist and evolutionist, 1809-1882. See darwinian ear; Darwinian evolution; darwinian reflex; darwinian theory; darwinian tubercle.



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darwinian darwinian (dar-win´e-an)
Relating to or ascribed to Darwin.



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Dasyprocta Dasyprocta (das´e-prok´ta)
A genus of rodents of the guinea pig family, a reservoir host of Trypanosoma cruzi.agouti; [G. dasyproktos, having hairy buttocks]



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data data
Multiple facts (usually but not necessarily empirical) used as a basis for inference, testing, models, etc. The word is plural and takes a plural verb.



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data processing data processing
Conversion of crude information into usable or storable form; statistical analysis of data by a computer program.



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datum datum (da´tum)
An individual piece of information used in a scholarly field. [L., given, fr. do, pp. datum, to give]



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Datura Datura (da-tu´ra)
A genus of solanaceous plants. Several species (D. arborea, D. fastuosa, D. ferox, and D. sanguinea) are used in Brazil, India, and Peru to produce unconsciousness. The seeds contain hyoscine (scopolamine), an alkaloid with an anticholinergic action similar to that of atropine. [Hind.]
D. me´tel D. fastuosa L. var. alba; a species that contains scopolamine as its chief alkaloid and traces of hyoscyamine and atropine.
D. stramo´nium a species that is the main source of stramonium.Jamestown weed, jimson weed, stink weed, thorn apple;



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daturine daturine (da-tu´rin, -ren)
hyoscyamine



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Daubenton Daubenton , D'Aubenton
Louis J.M., French physician, 1716-1799. See D.'s angle, line, plane.



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Dauerschlaf Dauerschlaf (dow´er-shlahf)
Rarely used term for prolonged sleep induced by drugs as a treatment for certain mental disorders. [Ger.]



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daughter daughter (daw´ter)
In nuclear medicine, an isotope that is the disintegration product of a radionuclide. See daughter isotope, radionuclide generator. [O.E. dohtor]



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daunomycin daunomycin (daw-no-mI´sin)
daunorubicin



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daunorubicin daunorubicin (daw-no-ru´bi-sin)
An antibiotic of the rhodomycin group, obtained from Streptomyces peucetius; used in the treatment of acute leukemia; also used in cytogenetics to produce Q-type chromosome bands.daunomycin;



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Davidoff Davidoff
M. von, German histologist, 1904. See D.'s cells, under cell.



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Davidson Davidson
Edward C., U.S. surgeon, 1894-1933. See D. syringe.



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Daviel Daviel
Jacques, French oculist, 1696-1762. See D.'s operation, spoon.



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Davies Davies
J.N.P., U.S. pathologist, *1915. See D.'s disease.



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Davis Davis
David M., U.S. urologist, *1886.



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Davis Davis
John Staige, U.S. surgeon, 1872-1946. See D. grafts, under graft; D.-Crowe mouth gag.



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Davis interlocking sound Davis interlocking sound
See under sound.



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Dawbarn Dawbarn
Robert Hugh Mackay, U.S. surgeon, 1860-1915. See D.'s sign.



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Dawson Dawson
James R., U.S. pathologist, *1908. See D.'s encephalitis.



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Day Day
Richard H., U.S. physician, 1813-1892. See D.'s test.



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Day Day
Richard L., U.S. pediatrician, *1905. See Riley-D. syndrome.



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dazzling dazzling
The consequence of illumination too intense for adaptation by the eye; in contrast to glare, d. is alleviated by appropriate tinted glasses.



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dB dB , db
Abbreviation for decibel.



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DBP DBP
Abbreviation for vitamin D-binding protein.



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DC DC
Abbreviation for direct current.



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D & C D & C
Abbreviation for dilation and curettage.



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D.C. D.C.
Abbreviation for Doctor of Chiropractic.



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DCI DCI
Symbol for dichloroisoproterenol.



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dCMP dCMP
Abbreviation for deoxycytidylic acid.



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DDA DDA
Abbreviation for dideoxyadenosine.



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DDI DDI
Abbreviation for dideoxyinosine.



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D.D.S. D.D.S.
Abbreviation for Doctor of Dental Surgery.



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DDT DDT
Abbreviation for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.



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D & E D & E
Abbreviation for dilation and evacuation.



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de- de-
1. Away from, cessation, without; sometimes has an intensive force. 2. For names with this prefix not found here, see under the principal part of the name. [L. de, from, away]



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deacidification deacidification (de-a-sid´i-fi-ka´shun)
The removal or neutralization of acid.



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deactivation deactivation (de-ak-ti-va´shun)
The process of rendering or of becoming inactive.



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deacylase deacylase (de-as´il-as)
1. A member of the subclass of hydrolases (EC class 3), especially of that subclass of esterases, lipases, lactonases, and hydrolases (EC subclass 3.1). 2. Any enzyme catalyzing the hydrolytic cleavage of an acyl group (R-CO-) in an ester linkage; also includes enzymes cleaving amide linkages (EC subclass 3.5) and similar acyl compounds.



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dead dead (ded)
1. Without life. See also death. 2. Numb.



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DEAE-cellulose DEAE-cellulose
O-diethylaminoethyl cellulose



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deaf deaf (def)
Unable to hear; hearing indistinctly; hard of hearing. [A.S. deáf]



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deafferentation deafferentation (de-af´er-en-ta´shun)
A loss of the sensory input from a portion of the body, usually caused by interruption of the peripheral sensory fibers. [L. de, from, + afferent]



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deaf-mute deaf-mute (def´myut)
An individual with deafmutism.



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deafmutism deafmutism (def-myu´tizm)
Inability to speak, due to congenital or early acquired profound deafness.
endemic d. d. in individuals living in regions where goiter is prevalent, due to severe thyroid deficiency.



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deafness deafness (def´nes)
General term for loss of the ability to hear, without designation of the degree or cause of the loss.
acoustic trauma d. sensorineural hearing loss due to overexposure to high intensity noise levels.boilermaker's d., industrial d., occupational d;
Alexander's d. [MIM*203500] high frequency d. due to membranous cochlear dysplasia.
boilermaker's d. acoustic trauma d
central d. d. due to disorder of the auditory system of the brainstem or cerebral cortex.
conductive d. hearing impairment caused by interference with sound or transmission through the external canal, middle ear, or ossicles.
cortical d. d. resulting from bilateral lesions of the primary receptive area of the temporal lobe.
functional d. psychogenic d
high frequency d. selective loss of hearing acuity for high frequencies, usually associated with neurosensory damage; common in acoustic trauma.
hysterical d. psychogenic d
industrial d. acoustic trauma d
low tone d. inability to hear low notes or frequencies.
Mondini d. the hearing loss resulting from the structural aberration of Mondini dysplasia.
nerve d. , neural d. former terms for sensorineural d.
noise-induced d. a type of sensorineural d. caused by prolonged exposure to loud sounds, e.g., jet engines.
occupational d. acoustic trauma d
organic d. d. due to a pathologic process or an organic etiology, as opposed to psychogenic d.
perceptive d. former term for sensorineural d.
postlingual d. hearing impairment occurring after speech and language skills have been developed.
prelingual d. hearing impairment occurring before development of speech and language skills.
psychogenic d. hearing loss without evidence of organic cause or malingering; often follows severe psychic shock.functional d., hysterical d;
retrocochlear d. former term for sensorineural d.; suggesting a lesion proximal to the cochlea.
Scheibe's d. d. (may be unilateral) due to cochleosaccular dysplasia; usually autosomal recessive inheritance.
sensorineural d. hearing impairment due to disorders of the cochlear division of the 9th cranial nerve (auditory nerve), the cochlea, or the retrocochlear nerve tracts, as opposed to conductive d.
word d. auditory aphasia



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dealbation dealbation (de-al-ba´shun)
The act of whitening, bleaching, or blanching. [L. de-albo, pp. -atus, to whiten]



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dealcoholization dealcoholization (de-al´ko-hol-i-za´shun)
The removal of alcohol from a fluid; in histologic technique, the removal of alcohol from a specimen that has been previously immersed in this fluid.



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deallergize deallergize (de-al´er-jIz)
desensitize (1)



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deamidases deamidases (de-am´i-da-sez)
amidohydrolases



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deamidation deamidation , deamidization (de-am-i-da´shun, de-am´i-di-za´shun)
The hydrolytic removal of an amide group.



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deamidize deamidize (de-am´i-dIz)
To perform deamidation.desamidize;



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deaminases deaminases (de-am´i-na-sez) [EC group 3.5.4]
Enzymes catalyzing simple hydrolysis of C-NH2 bonds of purines, pyrimidines, and pterins, usually named in terms of the substrate, e.g., guanine d., adenosine d., AMP d., pterin d. and thus producing ammonia; not generally used for deamination of noncyclic amides. D. are distinguished from ammonia-lyases (EC group 4.3.1) in that the latter produce an unsaturation at the point of NH3 removal.deaminating enzymes;



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deamination deamination , deaminization (de-am-i-na´shun, de-am´i-ni-za´shun)
Removal, usually by hydrolysis, of the NH2 group from an amino compound.
oxidative d. d. by enzymes that uses flavin or pyridine nucleotides (such as FAD or NAD+).



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deaminize deaminize (de-am´i-nIz)
To perform deamination.



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Dean Dean
Henry Trendley, U.S. dentist and epidemiologist, 1893-1962. See D.'s fluorosis index.



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deanol acetamidobenzoate deanol acetamidobenzoate (de´a-nol as-e-tam´i-do-ben´zo-at)
The p-acetamidobenzoic acid salt of 2-dimethylaminoethanol; a central nervous system stimulant.



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dearterialization dearterialization (de-ar-ter´e-al-i-za´shun)
Changing the character of arterial blood to that of venous blood; i.e., deoxygenation of blood.



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death death (deth)
The cessation of life. In lower multicellular organisms, d. is a gradual process at the cellular level, because tissues vary in their ability to withstand deprivation of oxygen; in higher organisms, a cessation of integrated tissue and organ functions; in humans, manifested by the loss of heartbeat, by the absence of spontaneous breathing, and by cerebral d.mors; [A.S. death]
black d. term applied to the worldwide epidemic of the 14th century, of which some 60 million persons are said to have died; the descriptions indicate that it was pneumonic plague.
brain d. cerebral d
cerebral d. a clinical syndrome characterized by the permanent loss of cerebral and brain stem function, manifested by absence of responsiveness to external stimuli, absence of cephalic reflexes, and apnea. An isoelectric electroencephalogram for at least 30 minutes in the absence of hypothermia and poisoning by central nervous system depressants supports the diagnosis.brain d;
d. certificate official, legal document and vital record, signed by a licensed physician or other designated authority, that includes cause of d., decedent's name, sex, place of residence, date of d.; other information, e.g., birth date, birth place, occupation may be included; the immediate cause of d. is recorded on the first line of the certificate, followed by the condition(s) giving rise to this, with the underlying cause on the last line; the underlying cause is coded and tabulated in official publications of mortality.
cot d. sudden infant death syndrome
crib d. sudden infant death syndrome
crude d. rate death rate
fetal d. d. prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from the mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy. Fetal death is considered early if it takes place in the first 20 weeks of gestation; middle (intermediate) if it takes place from 21 to 28 weeks of gestation, and late if it takes place after 28 weeks.
genetic d. d. of the bearer of a gene at any age before generating living offspring. May be compatible with good health and long life. See also genetic lethal.
infant d. d. of a liveborn infant within the first year.
local d. d. of a part of the body or of a tissue by necrosis.
maternal d. d. of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days after the termination of gestation, irrespective of the duration and site of pregnancy and the cause of d.; two periods are recognized in the 42-day interval: period 1 includes day 1 to day 7; period 2 includes day 8 to day 42. Maternal d.'s are further classified as: direct maternal d. , d. resulting from obstetric complications of the gestation, labor, or puerperium, and from interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment, or a chain of events caused by any of the above; indirect maternal d. , an obstetric d. resulting from previously existing disease or from disease developing during pregnancy, labor, or the puerperium; it is not directly due to obstetric causes, but to conditions aggravated by the physiological effects of pregnancy.
neonatal d. d. of a young, liveborn infant; classified as: early neonatal d. , d. of a liveborn infant occurring less than 7 completed days (168 hours) from the time of birth; late neonatal d. , d. of a liveborn infant occurring after 7 completed days of age but before 28 completed days.
perinatal d. an inclusive term referring to both stillborn infants and neonatal d.'s.
somatic d. , systemic d. d. of the entire body, as distinguished from local d.
sudden d. an arrhythmogenic d. in aortic stenosis, coronary disease, mesothelioma of the AV node, or single coronary artery.



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death-rattle death-rattle (deth´rat´l)
A respiratory gurgling or rattling in the throat of a dying person, caused by the loss of the cough reflex and accumulation of mucus.



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Deaver Deaver
John B., U.S. surgeon, 1855-1931. See D.'s incision.



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DeBakey DeBakey
Michael Ellis, U.S. heart surgeon, *1908. See DeBakey's classification, DeBakey forceps.



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debanding debanding (de-band´ing)
The removal of fixed orthodontic appliances.



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debilitant debilitant (de-bil´i-tant)
1. Weakening; causing debility. 2. Obsolete term for a quieting agent or one that subdues excitement. [L. debilito, to weaken, fr. de, neg., + habilis, able]



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debilitating debilitating (de-bil´i-tat-ing)
Denoting or characteristic of a morbid process that causes weakness.



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debility debility (de-bil´i-te)
Weakness. [L. debilitas, fr. debilis, weak, fr. de- priv. + habilis, able]



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debouch debouch (de-bush´)
To open or empty into another part. [Fr. bouche, mouth]



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débouchement débouchement (da-bush-mon´)
Opening or emptying into another part. [Fr.]



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Debré Debré
Robert, French pediatrician and bacteriologist, *1882. See D. phenomenon; D.-Sémélaigne syndrome; Kocher-D.-Sémélaigne syndrome.



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débridement débridement (da-bred-mon´)
Excision of devitalized tissue and foreign matter from a wound. [Fr. unbridle]



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debrisoquine sulfate debrisoquine sulfate (de-bris´o-kwin)
3-4-Dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinolinecarboxamidine sulfate;an antihypertensive agent resembling guanethidine; used in drug metabolism studies.



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debt debt (det)
A deficit; a liability. [L. debitum, debt]
alactic oxygen d. that part of the oxygen d. that is not lactacid oxygen d.; during recovery, stores of ATP and creatine phosphate must be replenished by oxidative metabolism, and a small amount of oxygen is also needed to restore the normal oxyhemoglobin levels throughout the circulating blood.
lactacid oxygen d. that part of an oxygen d. represented by the production of lactic acid by anaerobic glycolysis during exercise and, therefore, by the need to eliminate it by oxidative metabolism during recovery.
oxygen d. the extra oxygen, taken in by the body during recovery from exercise, beyond the resting needs of the body; sometimes used as if synonymous with oxygen deficit.



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deca- (da) deca- (da)
Prefix used in the SI and metric systems to signify 10. Also spelled deka-. [G. deka, ten]



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decagram decagram (dek´a-gram)
Ten grams.



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decalcification decalcification (de´kal-si-fi-ka´shun)
1. Removal of lime salts, chiefly tricalcium phosphate, from bones and teeth, either in vitro or as a result of a pathologic process. 2. Precipitation of calcium from blood as by oxalate or fluoride, or the conversion of blood calcium to an un-ionized form as by citrate, thus preventing or delaying coagulation. [L. de-, away, + calx (calc-), lime, + facio, to make]



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decalcify decalcify (de-kal´si-fI)
To remove lime or calcium salts, especially from bones or teeth.



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decalcifying decalcifying (de-kal´si-fI-ing)
Denoting an agent, measure, or process that causes decalcification.



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decaliter decaliter (dek´a-le-ter)
Ten liters.



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decalvant decalvant (de-kal´vant)
Removing the hair; making bald. [L. decalvare, to make bald]



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decameter decameter (dek´a-me-ter)
Ten meters.



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decamethonium bromide decamethonium bromide (dek-a-me-tho´ne-um)
Decamethylene-1,10-bis-trimethylammonium dibromide;a synthetic nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used to produce muscular relaxation during general anesthesia.



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decamine decamine (dek´a-men)
dequalinium acetate



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n-decane n-decane (dek´an)
A paraffin hydrocarbon, CH3-(CH2)8-CH3.



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n-decanoic acid n-decanoic acid (dek-a-no´ik)
n-capric acid



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decanoin decanoin (dek-a-no´in)
caprin



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decanormal decanormal (dek-a-nor´mal)
Rarely used term denoting the concentration of a solution 10 times that of normal.



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decant decant (de-kant´)
To pour off gently the upper clear portion of a fluid, leaving the sediment in the vessel. [Mediev. L. decantho, fr. de- + canthus, the beak of a jug, fr. G. kanthos, corner of the eye]



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decantation decantation (de-kan-ta´shun)
Pouring off the clear upper portion of a fluid, leaving a sediment or precipitate.



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decapacitation decapacitation (de´ka-pas-i-ta´shun)
Prevention of spermatozoa from undergoing capacitation and thus from becoming able to fertilize ova. See also decapacitation factor.



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decapeptide decapeptide (dek´a-pep´tId)
An oligopeptide containing 10 amino acids.



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decapitate decapitate (de-kap´i-tat)
1. To cut off the head; specifically, to remove the head of a fetus to facilitate delivery in cases of irremediable dystocia; to cut off the head of an animal in preparation for certain physiologic experiments; obsolete term. 2. Relating to an experimental animal with the head removed. [L. de-, away, + caput, head]



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decapitation decapitation (de-kap-i-ta´shun)
Removal of a head. See decapitate.



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decapsulation decapsulation (de-kap-su-la´shun)
Incision and removal of a capsule or enveloping membrane.
d. of kidney removing or stripping off the capsule of the kidney.



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decarbonization decarbonization (de-kar´bon-i-za´shun)
Rarely used term denoting the process of arterialization of the blood by oxygenation and the removal of carbon dioxide in the lungs.



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decarboxylase decarboxylase (de-kar-boks´e-las)
Any enzyme (EC subclass 4.1.1) that removes a molecule of carbon dioxide from a carboxylic group (e.g., from an a-amino acid, converting it into an amine).



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decarboxylation decarboxylation (de´kar-boks-e-la´shun)
A reaction involving the removal of a molecule of carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid.
oxidative d. d. requiring the participation of coenzymes such as NAD+, NADP+, FAD, or FMN.



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decay decay (de-ka´)
1. Destruction of an organic substance by slow combustion or gradual oxidation. 2. putrefaction 3. To deteriorate; to undergo slow combustion or putrefaction. 4. In dentistry, caries. 5. In psychology, loss of information registered by the senses and processed into short-term memory. See also memory. 6. Loss of radioactivity with time; spontaneous emission of radiation or charged particles or both from an unstable nucleus. [L. de, down, + cado, to fall]
free induction d. (FID) in magnetic resonance imaging, the d. curve that is detected by the radiofrequency coil after the application of an excitation pulse, without additional pulses (free).



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deceleration deceleration (de-sel-er-a´shun)
1. The act of decelerating. 2. The rate of decrease in velocity per unit of time.
early d. slowing of the fetal heart rate early in the uterine contraction phase, denoting compression of the fetal head.
late d. any transient fetal bradycardia, the nadir of which occurs after the peak of the uterine contraction.
variable d. transient fetal bradycardia usually denoting compression of the umbilical cord which may occur at any time in relation to a uterine contraction.



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decentration decentration (de-sen-tra´shun)
Removal from the center.



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decerebrate decerebrate (de-ser´e-brat)
1. To cause decerebration. 2. Denoting an animal so prepared, or a patient whose brain has suffered an injury which renders him in his neurologic behavior comparable to a decerebrate animal.



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decerebration decerebration (de-ser´e-bra´shun)
Removal of the brain above the lower border of the corpora quadrigemina, or a complete section of the brain at this level or somewhat below.
bloodless d. destroying the function of the cerebrum by tying the basilar artery at about the middle of the pons and the common carotid arteries in the neck.



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decerebrize decerebrize (de-ser´e-brIz)
To remove the brain.



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dechloridation dechloridation (de´klor-i-da´shun)
Reduction of sodium chloride in the tissues and fluids of the body by reducing its intake or increasing its excretion.dechlorination, dechloruration;



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dechlorination dechlorination (de´klor-i-na´shun)
dechloridation



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dechloruration dechloruration (de´klor-u-ra´shun)
dechloridation



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decholesterolization decholesterolization (de´ko-les´ter-ol-i-za´shun)
Therapeutic reduction of the cholesterol concentration of the blood.



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deci- (d) deci- (d)
Prefix used in the SI and metric systems to signify one-tenth (10--). [L. decimus, tenth]



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decibel (dB, db) decibel (dB, db) (des´i-bel)
One-tenth of a bel; unit for expressing the relative loudness of sound on a logarithmic scale. [L. decimus, tenth, + bel]



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decidua decidua (de-sid´yu-a)
deciduous membrane [L. deciduus, falling off (qualifying membrana, membrane, understood)]
d. basa´lis [NA] the area of endometrium between the implanted chorionic vesicle and the myometrium, which develops into the maternal part of the placenta.d. serotina;
d. capsula´ris [NA] the layer of endometrium overlying the implanted chorionic vesicle; it becomes progressively attenuated as the chorionic vesicle enlarges and, by the fourth month, is squeezed against the d. parietalis and thereafter undergoes rapid regression.d. reflexa, membrana adventitia (2);
ectopic d. decidual cells which may be found in the cervix, appendix, or areas other than the endometrium.
d. menstrua´lis the succulent mucous membrane of the nonpregnant uterus at the menstrual period.
d. parieta´lis [NA] the altered mucous membrane lining the main cavity of the pregnant uterus other than at the site of attachment of the chorionic vesicle.d. vera;
d. polypo´sa d. parietalis showing polypoid projections of the endometrial surface.
d. reflex´a d. capsularis
d. seroti´na d. basalis
d. spongio´sa the portion of the d. basalis attached to the myometrium.
d. ve´ra d. parietalis



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decidual decidual (de-sid´yu-al)
Relating to the decidua.



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deciduate deciduate (de-sid´yu-at)
Relating to those mammals (e.g., man, dog, rodent) that shed maternal uterine tissue when expelling the placenta at birth, in contrast to indeciduate mammals (horse, pig). [see deciduation]



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deciduation deciduation (de-sid-yu-a´shun)
Shedding of endometrial tissue during menstruation. [L. deciduus, falling off]



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deciduitis deciduitis (de-sid-yu-I´tis)
Inflammation of the decidua.



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deciduoma deciduoma (de-sid-yu-o´ma)
An intrauterine mass of decidual tissue, probably the result of hyperplasia of decidual cells retained in the uterus.placentoma;
Loeb's d. mass of decidual tissue produced in the uterus, in the absence of a fertilized ovum, by means of mechanical or hormonal stimulation.



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deciduous deciduous (de-sid´yu-us)
1. Not permanent; denoting that which eventually falls off. 2. (D) (in dental formulas) In dentistry, often used to designate the first or primary dentition. See deciduous tooth. [L. deciduus, falling off]



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decigram decigram (des´i-gram)
One-tenth of a gram.



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deciliter deciliter (des´i-le-ter)
One-tenth of a liter.



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decimeter decimeter (des´i-me-ter)
One-tenth of a meter.



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decimorgan decimorgan (des´i-mor-gan)
See morgan.



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decinormal decinormal (des-i-nor´mal)
One-tenth of normal, denoting the concentration of a solution.



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decision tree decision tree
Alternative choices available at each stage of deciding how to manage a clinical problem, displayed graphically; at each branch or decision node, the probabilities of each outcome that can be predicted are shown; the relative worth of each outcome is described in terms of its utility or quality of life, e.g., as measured by probability of life expectancy or freedom from disability.



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de Clerambault de Clerambault
G., French psychiatrist, 1872-1934. See deC. syndrome.



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declination declination (dek-li-na´shun)
A bending, sloping, or other deviation from a normal vertical position. [L. declinatio, a bending aside]



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declinator declinator (dek´lin-a-ter, -tor)
A retractor that holds certain structures out of the way during an operation.



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declive declive (de-klIv´) [NA]
The posterior sloping portion of the monticulus of the vermis of the cerebellum; vermal lobule caudal to the primary fissure.declivis, lobulus clivi; [L. declivis, sloping downward, fr. clivus, a slope]



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declivis declivis (de-klI´vis)
declive



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decoction decoction (de-kok´shun)
1. The process of boiling. 2. The pharmacopeial name for preparations made by boiling crude vegetable drugs, and then straining, in the proportion of 50 g of the drug to 1000 ml of water.apozem, apozema; [L. decoctio, fr. de-coquo, pp. -coctus, to boil down]



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décollement décollement (da-kul-mon´)
Rarely used term for surgical separation of tissues or organs which are adherent, either normally or pathologically. [Fr. ungluing]



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decompensation decompensation (de´kom-pen-sa´shun)
1. A failure of compensation in heart disease. 2. The appearance or exacerbation of a mental disorder due to failure of defense mechanisms.
corneal d. corneal edema resulting from failure of the corneal endothelium to maintain deturgescence.



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decompose decompose (de´kom-poz)
1. To resolve a compound into its component parts; to disintegrate. 2. To decay; to putrefy. [L. de, from, down, + com-pono, pp. -positus, to put together]



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decomposition decomposition (de´kom-po-zish´un)
putrefaction



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decompression decompression (de´kom-presh-un)
Removal of pressure. [L. de-, from, down, + com-primo, pp. -pressus, to press together]
cardiac d. incision into the pericardium or aspiration of fluid from pericardium to relieve pressure due to blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac.pericardial d;
cerebral d. removal of a piece of the cranium, usually in the subtemporal region, with incision of the dura, to relieve intracranial pressure.
explosive d. rapid d
internal d. removal of intracranial tissue, usually tumor or brain tissue. to relieve pressure.
nerve d. release of pressure on a nerve trunk by the surgical excision of constricting bands or widening of a bony canal.
optic nerve sheath d. a venting of the optic nerve sheath into the retrobulbar space, by slitting or by fenestrating the sheath. See optic nerve sheath fenestration.
orbital d. removal of a portion of the bony orbit, usually superior (Naffziger operation), lateral (Krönlein operation), or inferior (Ogura operation).
pericardial d. cardiac d
rapid d. sudden severe expansion of gases due to a reduction in ambient pressure.explosive d;
spinal d. the removal of pressure upon the spinal cord as created by a tumor, cyst, hematoma, nucleus pulposus, abscess, or bone.
suboccipital d. d. of the posterior fossa by occipital craniectomy and opening of the dura.
subtemporal d. d. of the brain by temporal craniectomy and opening of the dura over the inferolateral surface of the temporal lobe.
trigeminal d. d. of the trigeminal nerve root.



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decongestant decongestant (de-kon-jes´tant)
1. decongestive 2. An agent that possesses this action.



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decongestive decongestive (de-kon-jes´tiv)
Having the property of reducing congestion.decongestant (1);



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decontamination decontamination (de´kon-tam-i-na´shun)
Removal or neutralization of poisonous gas or other injurious agents from the environment.



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deconvolution deconvolution (de-con-vo-lu´shun)
A mathematical technique for solutions of functions whose input includes their output; used to solve for the image elements in computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. [de- + L. convulutio, a rolling up, fr. convolvo, to roll up]



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decortication decortication (de-kor-ti-ka´shun)
1. Removal of the cortex, or external layer, beneath the capsule from any organ or structure. 2. An operation for removal of the residual clot and/or newly organized scar tissue that form after a hemothorax or neglected empyema. [L. decortico, pp. -atus, to deprive of bark, fr. de, from, + cortex, rind, bark]
cerebral d. destruction of the cerebral cortex, usually due to anoxia.
reversible d. a temporary loss of function of the cerebral cortex.



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decrement decrement (dek´re-ment)
1. Decrease. 2. Decrease in conduction velocity at a particular point; a result of altered properties at that point. See also decremental conduction. [L. decrementum, fr. decresco, to decrease]



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decrepitation decrepitation (de-krep-i-ta´shun)
Crackling; the snapping of certain salts when heated. [L. de, from, + crepo, pp. crepitus, to crackle]



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decrudescence decrudescence (de-kru-des´ens)
Abatement of the symptoms of disease. [L. de, from, + crudesco, to become worse, fr. crudus, crude]



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decubation decubation (de-ku-ba´shun)
Rarely used term for the final period of an infectious disease from the disappearance of the specific symptoms to complete restoration of health and the end of the infectious period. [L. de, from, + cubo, to lie down]



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decubital decubital (de-kyu´bi-tal)
Relating to a decubitus ulcer.



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decubitus decubitus (de-kyu´bi-tus)
1. The position of the patient in bed; e.g., dorsal d., lateral d. See decubitus film. 2. Sometimes used in referring to a decubitus ulcer. [L. decumbo, to lie down]
Andral's d. position assumed by the patient who lies on the sound side in cases of beginning pleurisy.
ventral d. pressure sores (decubitus ulceration) occurring in ventral locations, such as the abdominal wall or the anterior surface of an extremity.



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decurrent decurrent (de-kur´ent)
Extending downward. [L. de-curro, pp. -cursus, to run down]



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decussate decussate (de´ku-sat, de-kus´at)
1. To cross. 2. Crossed like the arms of an X. [L. decusso, pp. -atus, to make in the form of an X, fr. decussis, a large, bronze Roman (2nd c. BC), 10-unit coin marked with an X to indicate its denomination]



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decussatio decussatio , pl. decussationes (de-ku-sa´she-o, -o´nez) [NA]
1. In general, any crossing over or intersection of parts. 2. The intercrossing of two homonymous fiber bundles as each crosses over to the opposite side of the brain in the course of its ascent or descent through the brainstem or spinal cord.decussation; [L. (see decussate)]
d. bra´chii conjuncti´vi decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles
d. fontina´lis See decussationes tegmenti.
d. lemnisco´rum [NA] decussation of medial lemniscus
d. moto´ria [NA] * official alternate term for pyramidal decussation
d. nervo´rum trochlear´ium [NA] decussation of trochlear nerves
d. pedunculo´rum cerebella´rium superio´rum [NA] decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles
d. pyram´idum [NA] pyramidal decussation
d. senso´ria [NA] * official alternate term for decussation of medial lemniscus
decussatio´nes tegmen´ti [NA] tegmental decussations, under decussation



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decussation decussation (de-ku-sa´shun)
decussatio [L. decussatio]
d. of brachia conjunctiva d. of superior cerebellar peduncles
dorsal tegmental d. See tegmental d.'s (1).
d. of the fillet d. of medial lemniscus
Forel's d. See tegmental d.'s (2).
fountain d. See tegmental d.'s (1).
Held's d. the crossing of some of the fibers arising from the cochlear nuclei to form the lateral lemniscus.
d. of medial lemniscus the intercrossing of the fibers of the left and right medial lemniscus ascending from the gracile and cuneate nuclei, immediately rostral to the level of the decussation of the pyramidal tracts in the medulla oblongata.decussatio lemniscorum [NA] , decussatio sensoria [NA] , d. of the fillet, sensory d. of medulla oblongata;
Meynert's d. See tegmental d.'s (1).
motor d. pyramidal d
optic d. optic chiasm
pyramidal d. the intercrossing of the bundles of the pyramidal tracts at the lower border region of the medulla oblongata.decussatio pyramidum [NA] , decussatio motoria [NA] , motor d;
rubrospinal d. See tegmental d.'s (2).
sensory d. of medulla oblongata d. of medial lemniscus
d. of superior cerebellar peduncles the decussation of the left and right superior cerebellar peduncles in the tegmentum of the caudal mesencephalon.decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superiorum [NA] , decussatio brachii conjunctivi, d. of brachia conjunctiva, Wernekinck's d;
tectospinal d. See tegmental d.'s (1).
tegmental d.'s 1. the dorsal tegmental decussation (fountain or Meynert's decussation, d. fontinalis) of the left and right tectospinal and tectobulbar tracts; 2. the ventral tegmental d. (rubrospinal or Forel's d.) of the left and right rubrospinal and rubrobulbar tracts; both are located in the mesencephalon.decussationes tegmenti [NA];
d. of trochlear nerves the crossing of the two trochlear nerves at their exit through the velum medullare anterius.decussatio nervorum trochlearium [NA];
ventral tegmental d. See tegmental d.'s (2).
Wernekinck's d. d. of superior cerebellar peduncles



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decussationes decussationes (de-kus-a-she-o´nez)
Plural of decussatio.



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dedentition dedentition (de-den-tish´un)
Obsolete term denoting loss of teeth.



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dedifferentiation dedifferentiation (de-dif´er-en-she-a´shun)
1. The return of parts to a more homogeneous state. 2. anaplasia



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dedolation dedolation (de-do-la´shun)
A slicing wound made by a sharp instrument grazing the surface. [L. de-dolo, pp. -atus, to hew away]



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deduction deduction (de-duk´shun)
The logical derivation of a conclusion from certain premises. The conclusion will be true if the premises are true and the deductive argument is valid. Cf. induction (9).



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de-efferentation de-efferentation (de-ef-er-en-ta´shun)
A loss of the motor nerve fibers to an area of the body. [L. de, from, + efferent]



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deep deep (dep)
profundus



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de-epicardialization de-epicardialization (de-ep-i-kar´de-al-i-za´shun)
Surgical destruction of the epicardium, usually by the application of phenol, designed to promote collateral circulation to the myocardium.



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Deetjen Deetjen
Hermann, German physician, 1867-1915. See D.'s bodies, under body.



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def def , DEF
Abbreviation for decayed, extracted, and filled tooth. See def caries index.



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defatigation defatigation (de-fat-i-ga´shun)
Weariness, exhaustion, or extreme fatigue. [L. de-fatigo, pp. -atus, to tire out]



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defecate defecate (def´e-kat)
To perform defecation.



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defecation defecation (def-e-ka´shun)
The discharge of feces from the rectum.motion (2) , movement (3); [L. defaeco, pp. -atus, to remove the dregs, purify]



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defecography defecography (de-fe-kog´ra-fe)
Radiographic examination of the act of defecation of a radiopaque stool. [defecation + G. grapho, to write]



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defect defect (de´fekt)
An imperfection, malformation, dysfunction, or absence; an attribute of quality, in contrast with deficiency, which is an attribute of quantity. [L. deficio, pp. -fectus, to fail, to lack]
aortic septal d. , aorticopulmonary septal d. a small congenital opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery about 1 cm above the semilunar valves, e.g., aorticopulmonary window.aorticopulmonary window;
atrial septal d. a congenital d. in the septum between the atria of the heart, due to failure of the foramen primum or secundum to close normally; may involve atrioventricular canal cushions; occasionally there is strong evidence of autosomal dominant inheritance [MIM*108800]. In varying degree, it is also a common feature of the autosomal recessive Ellis-van Creveld syndrome [MIM*225500] and the autosomal dominant Holt-Oram syndrome [MIM*142900].
atrial ventricular canal d. a d. caused by deficient or absent septal tissue immediately above and below the normal level of the atrioventricular valves, including the region normally occupied by the A-V septum in hearts with two ventricles. The A-V valves are abnormal to a varying degree.
birth d. d. present at birth; sometimes referred to as congenital d.
congenital ectodermal d. incomplete development of the epidermis and skin appendages; the skin is smooth and hairless, the facies abnormal, and the teeth and nails may be affected; sweating may be deficient.congenital ectodermal dysplasia;
coupling d. See familial goiter.
Eisenmenger's d. Eisenmenger's complex
endocardial cushion d. persistent atrioventricular canal
fibrous cortical d. a common 1 to 3 cm d. in the cortex of a bone, most commonly the lower femoral shaft of a child, filled with fibrous tissue. Nonosteogenic or nonossifying fibroma by convention refers to lesions greater than 3 cm in diameter. See also nonossifying fibroma.nonosteogenic fibroma;
filling d. displacement of contrast medium by a space-occupying lesion in a radiographic study of a contrast-filled hollow viscus, such as a polyp on a barium enema; also applied to defects in the otherwise uniform distribution of radionuclide in an organ, such as a metastasis in the liver on a 99mTc-sulfur colloid scan.
Gerbode d. a defect in the interventricular portion of the membranous septum, associated with a communication between the right ventricle and the right atrium through an abnormality in the tricuspid valve.
iodide transport d. See familial goiter.
iodotyrosine deiodinase d. See familial goiter.
luteal phase d. a condition characterized by inadequate secretion of progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, with resultant sterility; subnormal luteal function commonly attributed to abnormal pituitary gonadotropin secretion.luteal phase deficiency;
metaphysial fibrous cortical d. a small (less than 2 to 3 cm in diameter) fibrous cortical d.
organification d. See familial goiter.
osteoporotic marrow d. (os´te-o-po-ro´tik) focal osteoporotic bone marrow d. of the jaw; a focal radiolucent d. composed of normal marrow.
postinfarction ventricular septal d. a d. developed in the ventricular septum resulting from rupture of an acute myocardial infarction.
relative afferent pupillary d. See relative afferent pupillary defect.
salt-losing d. renal tubular abnormality causing loss of sodium in the urine.
ventricular septal d. a congenital d. in the septum (membranous or muscular) between the cardiac ventricles, usually resulting from failure of the spiral septum to close the interventricular foramen.



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defective defective (de-fek´tiv)
Denoting or exhibiting a defect; imperfect; a failure of quality.



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defemination defemination (de-fem-i-na´shun)
A weakening or loss of feminine characteristics. [L. de-, away, + femina, woman]



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defense defense (de-fens´)
The psychological mechanisms used to control anxiety, e.g., rationalization, projection. [L. defendo, to ward off]
screen d. the use of falsified or incomplete memories or affects to cover repressed but associated memories and affects.
ur-d.'s See ur-defenses. [Ger. ur-, primitive, earliest, + defenses]



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defensins defensins (de-fen-sinz)
A class of basic antibiotic peptides, found in neutrophils, that apparently kill bacteria by causing membrane damage. These peptides contain 29-35 amino acids and are cytotoxic. [L. de-fendo, pp. de-fensum, to repel, avert, + -in]



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deferent deferent (def´er-ent)
Carrying away. [L. deferens, pres. p. of defero, to carry away]



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deferentectomy deferentectomy (def´er-en-tek´to-me)
vasectomy [(ductus) deferens, + G. ektome, excision]



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deferential deferential (def-er-en´shal)
Relating to the ductus deferens.



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deferentitis deferentitis (def´er-en-tI´tis)
Inflammation of the ductus deferens.vasitis;



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deferoxamine mesylate deferoxamine mesylate (de-fer-ok´sa-men)
methanesulfonate of 30-amino-3,14,25-trihydroxy-3,9,14,20,25-penta-azatriacontane-2,10,13,21,24-pentaone;chelate used in the treatment of iron poisoning.desferrioxamine mesylate;



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defervescence defervescence (def-er-ves´ens)
Falling of an elevated temperature; abatement of fever. [L. de-fervesco, to cease boiling, fr. de- neg. + fervesco, to begin to boil]



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defibrillation defibrillation (de-fib-ri-la´shun)
The arrest of fibrillation of the cardiac muscle (atrial or ventricular) with restoration of the normal rhythm.



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defibrillator defibrillator (de-fib´ri-la-ter)
1. Any agent or measure, e.g., an electric shock, that arrests fibrillation of the ventricular muscle and restores the normal beat. 2. The machine designed to administer a defibrillating electric shock.
external d. a d. that delivers its defibrillating shock through the unopened chest wall.



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defibrination defibrination (de-fI-bri-na´shun)
Removal of fibrin from the blood, usually by means of constant agitation while the blood is collected in a container with glass beads or chips.



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deficiency deficiency (de-fish´en-se)
An insufficient quantity of something, substance (as in dietary d., hemoglobin d. as in marrow aplasia), organization (as in mental d.), activity (as in enzyme d. or oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood), etc., that available is of normal quality. See also deficiency disease. [L. deficio, to fail, fr. facio, to do]
adult lactase d. onset of lactase d., with resulting milk intolerance and malabsorption, in adulthood. Inherited forms may not be manifested until adulthood; any process that damages the intestinal lining cells can cause lactase d. in adults.
antitrypsin d. d. of a1-antitrypsin, a glycoprotein of the postalbumin region of human serum. Many forms are known which may be moderate (40 to 60% of normal activity) or severe (less than 10% of normal), all autosomal dominant; the severe form is often associated with familial emphysema or hepatic cirrhosis.
arch length d. the difference between the available circumference of the dental arch and that required to accommodate the succedaneous teeth in proper alignment.
debrancher d. brancher glycogen storage disease
familial high density lipoprotein d. analphalipoproteinemia
galactokinase d. [MIM*230200] an inborn error of metabolism due to congenital d. of galactokinase, resulting in increased blood galactose concentration (galactosemia), cataracts, hepatomegaly, and mental deficiency; autosomal recessive inheritance. Galactose epimerase d. [MIM 230350] and galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase d. [MIM 230400] produce much the same clinical picture.
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase d. a d. of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme important for maintaining cellular concentrations of reduced nucleotides. An X-linked disorder with various polymorphic forms, it can cause a variety of anemias including favism, primaquine sensitivity and other drug sensitivity anemias, anemia of the newborn, and chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia.
glucosephosphate isomerase d. [MIM*172400] an enzyme d. characterized by chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia; autosomal recessive inheritance.phosphohexose isomerase d;
beta-d-glucuronidase d. a rare d. of beta-d-glucuronidase; an autosomal recessive disorder with several allelic forms, characterized by abnormal mucopolysaccharide metabolism leading to progressive mental deterioration, splenic and hepatic enlargement, and dysostosis multiplex.mucopolysaccharidase;
glutathione synthetase d. an inborn error of metabolism associated with massive urinary excretion of 5-oxyproline, elevated levels of 5-oxyproline in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, severe metabolic acidosis, tendency toward hemolysis, and defective central nervous systems function. Glutathione synthetase d. has been reported as a generalized condition or with a d. restricted to erythrocytes.
hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase d. a sex-linked inherited metabolic disorder; complete d. results in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome; incomplete d. is associated with acute gouty arthritis and renal stones.
immune d. immunodeficiency
immunity d. immunodeficiency
immunological d. immunodeficiency
LCAT d. a rare condition characterized by corneal opacities, hemolytic anemia, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, and premature atherosclerosis, and very low levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity; results in accumulation of unesterfied cholesterol in plasma and tissues.
d. adhesion deficiency (LAD) an inherited disorder (autosomal recessive) in which there is a defective CD18 adherence complex that disturbs d. chemotaxis. It is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections and impaired wound healing.
luteal phase d. luteal phase defect
mental d. mental retardation
muscle phosphorylase d. type V glycogen storage disease, affecting muscle, caused by d. of muscle phosphorylase.
phosphohexose isomerase d. glucosephosphate isomerase d
placental sulfatase d. an enzyme defect in the placenta which results in failure of conversion of 16a-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone to estriol; women with this condition rarely enter into spontaneous labor.
a-1-proteinase d. absence of a serum proteinase inhibitor that may cause nodular non-suppurative panniculitis.
proximal femoral focal d. (PFFD) a congenital defect in which variable portions of the upper end of the femur are reduced or absent.
pseudocholinesterase d. [MIM*177400] an autosomal dominant disorder manifested by exaggerated responses to drugs ordinarily hydrolyzed by serum pseudocholinesterase (e.g., succinylcholine); believed to entail production of a variant enzyme that is less active than the normal enzyme in hydrolyzing appropriate substrates, but also abnormally resistant to the effects of anticholinesterases.
pyruvate kinase d. [MIM*166200] a disorder in which there is a d. of pyruvate kinase in red blood cells; characterized by hemolytic anemia varying in degree from one patient to another; autosomal recessive inheritance.
riboflavin d. See ariboflavinosis.
secondary antibody d. secondary immunodeficiency
taste d. [MIM*171200] reduced or absent ability to detect a bitter taste in a group of compounds of which phenylthiocarbamide is the prototype, due to the homozygous state of a common allele. See also phenylthiourea.



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deficit deficit (def´i-sit)
The result of temporarily using up something faster than it is being replenished. [L. deficio, to fail]
base d. a decrease in the total concentration of blood buffer base, indicative of metabolic acidosis or compensated respiratory alkalosis.
oxygen d. the difference between oxygen uptake of the body during early stages of exercise and during a similar duration in a steady state of exercise; sometimes considered as the formation of the oxygen debt.
pulse d. 1. the absence of palpable pulse waves in a peripheral artery for one or more heart beats, as is often seen in atrial fibrillation; 2. the number of such missing pulse waves (usually expressed as heart rate minus pulse rate per minute).



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definition definition (def´i-nish´un)
In optics, the power of a lens to give a distinct image. See also resolving power. [L. de-finio, pp. -finitus, to bound, fr. finis, limit]



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deflection deflection (de-flek´shun)
1. A moving to one side. 2. In the electrocardiogram, a deviation of the curve from the isoelectric base line; any wave or complex of the electrocardiogram. [L. de-flecto, pp. -flexus, to bend aside]
intrinsic d. with the electrode in direct contact with the muscle fiber, a rapid downward d. from the peak of maximum positivity, signifying that the activation front has reached the subjacent muscle.
intrinsicoid d. the abrupt downstroke from maximum positivity when the electrode is placed not directly on the muscle but at a distance, as in the unipolar chest leads in clinical electrocardiography.



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deflexion deflexion (de´fleks-shun)
Term used to describe the position of the fetal head in relation to the maternal pelvis in which the head is descending in a nonflexed or extended attitude. [de- + L. flexio, a bending, fr. flecto, pp. flexum, to bend]



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deflorescence deflorescence (de-flo-res´ens)
Disappearance of the eruption in scarlet fever or other exanthemas. [L. de-floresco, to fade, wither, fr. flos (flor-), flower]



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defluoridation defluoridation (de-flur´i-da´shun)
Removal of excess fluorides from a community water supply.



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defluvium defluvium (de-flu´ve-um)
defluxion [L., fr. de-fluo, pp. -fluxus, to flow down]
d. capillo´rum a falling (or loss) of hair.
d. ung´uium a falling (or loss) of nails.



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defluxion defluxion (de-fluk´shun)
1. A falling down or out, as of the hair. See also effluvium (1). 2. A flowing down or discharge of fluid.defluvium; [L. defluxio, de-fluo, pp. -fluxus, to flow down]



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deformability deformability (de-form´a-bil´i-te)
The ability of cells, such as erythrocytes, to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.



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deformation deformation (de-for-ma´shun)
1. Deviation of form from the normal; specifically, an alteration in shape and/or structure of a previously normally formed part. It occurs after organogenesis and often involves the musculoskeletal system (e.g., clubfoot). 2. deformity 3. In rheology, the change in the physical shape of a mass by applied stress. [L. de-formo, pp. -atus, to deform, fr. forma, form]



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deforming deforming (de-form´ing)
Causing a deviation from the normal form.



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deformity deformity (de-for´mi-te)
A permanent structural deviation from the normal shape or size, resulting in disfigurement; may be congenital or acquired.deformation (2);
Åkerlund d. indentation (incisura) with niche of duodenal cap as demonstrated radiographically.
Arnold-Chiari d. [MIM*207950] Arnold-Chiari malformation
bell clapper d. a testis and epididymis free of the usual posterior attachment of the tunica vaginalis such that the tunic inserts high on the spermatic cord leaving the gonad more likely to undergo torsion.
boutonnière d. flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint with hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint of the finger, caused by splitting of the extensor hood and protrusion of the head of the proximal phalanx through the resulting "buttonhole."
contracture d. d. of a limb without discernable primary changes of bone.
Erlenmeyer flask d. a d. at the distal end of the femur caused by a failure of the shaft of the bone to develop to its normal tubular shape, with the result that the bone is wide for a much longer distance up the shaft than normal. [resemblance to an E. flask]
gunstock d. a form of cubitus varus resulting from condylar fracture at the elbow in which the axis of the extended forearm is not continuous with that of the arm but is displaced toward midline.
Haglund's d. Haglund's disease
J-sella d. pear-shaped or J-shaped d. of sella turcica caused by increased pressure on growing sphenoid bone; noted in the mucopolysaccharide storage diseases.
keyhole d. mucosal ectropion at the posterior edge of the anus following sphincterotomy at that location.
lobster-claw d. See ectrodactyly.
Madelung's d. a distal radioulnar subluxation due to a relative deficiency of axial growth of the medial side of the distal radius, which, as a consequence, is abnormally inclined proximally and ulnarwards.carpus curvus;
mermaid d. sirenomelia
parachute d. parachute mitral valve
reduction d. congenital absence or attenuation of one or more body parts; usually of the limbs or limb components.
seal-fin d. deflection outward of the fingers in rheumatoid arthritis.
silver-fork d. the d. resembling the curve of the back of a fork seen in Colles' fractures.
Sprengel's d. congenital elevation of the scapula.scapula elevata;
swan-neck d. narrowing of the first part of the renal proximal convoluted tubule adjoining the glomerulus, seen in cystinosis and occasionally in other renal diseases.
torsional d. in orthopedics, a d. caused by rotation of a portion of an extremity with relationship to the long axis of the entire extremity.
whistling d. d. caused by insufficient tissue in the lower border of a repaired cleft lip, giving the appearance of whistling.
Whitehead d. circumferential mucosal ectropion at the anus following Whitehead's operation.



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defurfuration defurfuration (de-fer-fer-a´shun)
The shedding of the epidermis in the form of fine scales.branny desquamation; [L. de, away from, + furfur, bran]



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deganglionate deganglionate (de-gang´gle-on-at)
To deprive of ganglia.



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degeneracy degeneracy (de-jen´er-a-se)
1. A condition marked by deterioration of mental, physical, or moral processes. 2. The fact that several different triplet codons encode the same amino acid. [L. de, from, + genus, (gener-), race]



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degenerate degenerate
1. (de-jen´er-at) To pass to a lower level of mental, physical, or moral state; to fall below the normal or acceptable type or state. 2. (de-jen´e-rat) Below the normal or acceptable; that which has passed to a lower level.



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degeneratio degeneratio (de-jen-er-a´she-o)
degeneration [L. degenero, pp. -atus, fr. de, from, + genus, race]



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degeneration degeneration (de-jen-er-a´shun)
1. Degeneration; passing from a higher to a lower level or type. 2. A worsening of mental, physical, or moral qualities. 3. A retrogressive pathologic change in cells or tissues, in consequence of which their functions often are impaired or destroyed; sometimes reversible, in the early stages necrosis results.retrograde metamorphosis; degeneratio; [L. degeneratio]
adipose d. fatty d
adiposogenital d. dystrophia adiposogenitalis
age-related macular d. a common macular d. beginning with drusen of the macula and pigment disruption and sometimes leading to severe loss of central vision.
albuminoid d. , albuminous d. obsolete terms for cloudy swelling.
amyloid d. infiltration of amyloid between cells and fibers of tissues and organs.waxy d. (1);
angiolithic d. calcareous d. of the walls of the blood vessels.
ascending d. 1. retrograde d. of an injured nerve fiber; i.e., toward the nerve cell of the fiber; 2. d. cephalad to a spinal cord lesion.
atheromatous d. focal accumulation of lipid material (atheroma) in the intima and subintimal portion of arteries, eventually resulting in fibrous thickening or calcification.
axon d. axonal d
axonal d. a type of peripheral nerve fiber response to insult, wherein axon death and subsequent breakdown occurs, with secondary breakdown of the myelin sheath associated; caused by focal injury to peripheral nerve fibers; often referred to as wallerian d.axon d;
ballooning d. a phenomenon observed especially in cells that are infected with certain viruses, resulting in conspicuous swelling of the cell and cytoplasmic vacuolation.
basophilic d. blue staining of connective tissues when hematoxylin-eosin stain is used; found in such conditions as solar elastosis.
calcareous d. in a precise sense, not a degenerative process per se, but the deposition of insoluble calcium salts in tissue that has degenerated and become necrotic, as in dystrophic calcification.
carneous d. red d
caseous d. caseous necrosis
colliquative d. obsolete term for liquefaction d.
colloid d. a d. similar to mucoid d., in which the material is inspissated.
cone d. cone dystrophy
Crooke's hyaline d. Crooke's hyaline change
descending d. 1. orthograde (wallerian) d. of an injured nerve fiber; i.e., distal to the lesion; 2. d. caudal to the level of a spinal cord lesion.
disciform d. foveal or parafoveal subretinal neovascularization with retinal separation and hemorrhage leading finally to a circular mass of fibrous tissue with marked loss of visual acuity.disciform macular d;
disciform macular d. disciform d
ectatic marginal d. of cornea marginal corneal d
elastoid d. 1. elastosis (2) 2. hyaline d. of the elastic tissue of the arterial wall, seen during involution of the uterus.
elastotic d. elastosis (2)
familial pseudoinflammatory macular d. [MIM*136900] macular d. that occurs during the fifth decade of life, with sudden development of a central scotoma in one eye followed rapidly by a similar lesion in the opposite eye; autosomal dominant inheritance.Sorsby's macular d;
fascicular d. muscular d. due to loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord or brainstem.
fatty d. abnormal formation of microscopically visible droplets of fat in the cytoplasm of cells, as a result of injury.adipose d., steatosis (2);
fibrinoid d. , fibrinous d. a process resulting in poorly defined, deeply acidophilic, homogeneous refractile deposits with some staining reactions that resemble fibrin, occurring in connective tissue, blood vessel walls, and other sites.
fibrous d. not a d. per se, but rather a reparative process; cells and foci of tissue previously affected with degenerative processes, and necrosis, are replaced by cellular fibrous tissue.
granular d. cloudy swelling
granulovacuolar d. d. of hippocampal brain cells in elderly persons, characterized by basophilic granules surrounded by a clear zone in hippocampal neurons; occurs more frequently in Alzheimer's disease.
gray d. d. of the white substance of the spinal cord, the fibers of which lose their myelin sheaths and become darker in color.
hepatolenticular d. 1. a familial disorder characterized by copper deposition in the liver, causing chronic hepatitis and eventually cirrhosis; d. of the lenticular (pallidal and putaminal) nuclei, and marked hyperplasia of astrocytes in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brainstem nuclei; plasma levels of ceruloplasmins and copper are decreased, urinary excretion of copper is increased, and the amounts of copper in the liver, brain, and kidneys is high; clinical features include deposition of golden brown pigment in the cornea (Kayser-Fleischer rings), dysphasia and dysarthria, rigidity, and a coarse resting tremor, which increases when the limbs are outstretched ("wing-beating" tremor); autosomal recessive inheritance; 2. Wilson's disease (1)
hyaline d. a group of several degenerative processes that affect various cells and tissues, resulting in the formation of rounded masses ("droplets") or relatively broad bands of substances that are homogeneous, translucent, refractile, and moderately to deeply acidophilic; may occur in the collagen of old fibrous tissue, smooth muscle of arterioles or the uterus, and as droplets in parenchymal cells.
hyaloideoretinal d. [MIM*163200] progressive liquefaction and destruction of the vitreous humor with grayish-white preretinal membranes, myopia, cataract, retinal detachment, and hyper- and hypopigmentation; autosomal dominant inheritance.Wagner's disease, Wagner's syndrome;
hydropic d. cloudy swelling
infantile neuronal d. degenerative disorder of infants with widespread neuronal loss in thalamus, cerebellum, pons, and spinal cord, resembling infantile muscular atrophy.
Kuhnt-Junius d. an obsolete eponym for disciform d.Kuhnt-Junius disease;
lenticular progressive d. Wilson's disease (1)
liquefaction d. 1. necrosis with softening, as in ischemic brain tissue; 2. dissolution of the basal epidermal layer by necrosis of scattered cells with edema, observed in lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, and other dermatologic conditions.
macular d. any ocular d. affecting predominately the posterior fundus, but most commonly age-related macular d.
marginal corneal d. bilateral opacification and vascularization of the periphery of the cornea, progressing to formation of a gutter and ectasia.ectatic marginal d. of cornea;
Mönckeberg's d. Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis
mucinoid d. a term including both mucoid and colloid d., the essential cellular changes in both being similar, the only difference being that, in colloid d., the substance is firmer and more inspissated than in mucoid d., in which it is thin and jelly-like.
mucoid d. a conversion of any of the connective tissues into a gelatinous or mucoid substance.myxoid d., myxomatous d., myxomatosis (2);
mucoid medial d. cystic medial necrosis
myelinic d. formation of myelin figures in the cytoplasm of cells, possibly by degradation or hydration of lipoprotein of self-digested organelles.
myopic d. association of crescent of the optic disk, atrophy of the choroid and macular pigment, subretinal neovascularization, hemorrhage, and pigment proliferation in pathologic myopia.
myxoid d. , myxomatous d. mucoid d
neurofibrillary d. formation of coarse, argentophilic, intracytoplasmic fibers, often in complex tangles within intracranial nerve cells that are undergoing aging. See also Alzheimer's disease.
Nissl d. d. of the cell body occurring after transection of the axon; characterized by dispersion of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, swelling of the soma, and an eccentric position of the nucleus of the cell.
olivopontocerebellar d. olivopontocerebellar atrophy
orthograde d. wallerian d
parenchymatous d. cloudy swelling
primary neuronal d. Alzheimer's disease
primary pigmentary d. of retina tapetoretinal d
primary progressive cerebellar d. a familial ataxic condition related to cerebellar d.
pseudotubular d. a form of d. observed in adrenal glands, especially those of patients with febrile infectious disease; the shrunken, lipid-depleted cells of the zona fasciculata (and sometimes the zona glomerulosa) are arranged in a circular pattern about spaces that may be empty or partly filled with fibrin, necrotic cells, or amorphous material.
red d. necrosis, with staining by hemoglobin, which may occur in uterine myomas, especially during pregnancy; marked by softening and a red color resembling partly cooked meat.carneous d;
reticular d. severe epidermal edema resulting in multilocular bullae.
retrograde d. retrograde cell d. with chromatolysis of Nissl bodies and peripheral displacement of the nucleus of the cell of origin of a nerve fiber injured or sectioned.
Salzmann's nodular corneal d. large and prominent nodules of a solid, opaque material that stands out from the surface of the cornea; occurs occasionally in persons previously affected by phlyctenular keratitis.
secondary d. wallerian d
senile d. the process of involution occurring in old age.
Sorsby's macular d. familial pseudoinflammatory macular d
spongy d. of infancy [MIM*271900] Canavan's disease
subacute combined d. of the spinal cord a subacute or chronic disorder of the spinal cord, such as that occurring in certain patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, characterized by a slight to moderate degree of gliosis in association with spongiform degeneration of the posterior and lateral columns.combined sclerosis, combined system disease, funicular myelitis (2) , Putnam-Dana syndrome, vitamin B12 neuropathy;
tapetoretinal d. [MIM*272600] a hereditary disorder of the retina mainly affecting photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium; a miscellaneous category including Friedreich's ataxia, Refsum's disease, and abetalipoproteinemia.primary pigmentary d. of retina;
Terrien's marginal d. a form of marginal corneal d.
transsynaptic d. an atrophy of nerve cells following damage to the axons that make synaptic connection with them; noted especially in the lateral geniculate body.transneuronal atrophy, transsynaptic chromatolysis;
Türck's d. d. of a nerve fiber and its sheath distal to the point of injury or section of the axon; usually applied to d. within the central nervous system.
vacuolar d. formation of nonlipid vacuoles in cytoplasm, most frequently due to accumulation of water by cloudy swelling.
vitelliform d. [MIM*153700] d. in Best's disease, with the macular region of each eye occupied by a bright orange-yellow circular deposit resembling an egg yolk, followed by scarring; autosomal dominant inheritance.vitelliruptive d;
vitelliruptive d. vitelliform d
wallerian d. the degenerative changes the distal segment of a peripheral nerve fiber (axon and myelin) undergoes when its continuity with its cell body is interrupted by a focal lesion.orthograde d., secondary d;
waxy d. 1. amyloid d 2. Zenker's d
xerotic d. scarring of the conjunctiva associated with keratinized epithelium.
Zenker's d. a form of severe hyaline d. or necrosis in skeletal muscle, occurring in severe infections.waxy d. (2) , Zenker's necrosis;



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degenerative degenerative (de-jen´er-a-tiv)
Relating to degeneration.



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degloving degloving (de-glov´ing)
1. Intraoral surgical exposure of the anterior mandible used in various orthognathic surgical operations such as genioplasty or mandibular alveolar surgery. 2. See degloving injury.



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deglut. deglut.
Abbreviation for L. deglutiatur, swallow.



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deglutition deglutition (de-glu-tish´un)
The act of swallowing. [L. de-glutio, to swallow]



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deglutitive deglutitive (de-glu´ti-tiv)
Relating to deglutition.



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Degos Degos
R., French dermatologist, *1904. See D.'s acanthoma, disease, syndrome; Kohlmeier-D. syndrome.



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degradation degradation (deg-ra-da´shun)
The change of a chemical compound into a less complex compound. [L. degradatus, degrade]



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degranulation degranulation (de-gran-yu-la´shun)
Disappearance of cytoplasmic granules (lysosomes) from a cell.



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degree degree (de-gre´)
1. One of the divisions on the scale of a measuring instrument such as a thermometer, barometer, etc. See Comparative Temperature Scales appendix. See scale. 2. The 360th part of the circumference of a circle. 3. A position or rank within a graded series. 4. A measure of damage to tissue. [Fr. degré; L. gradus, a step]
d.'s of freedom in statistics, the number of independent comparisons that can be made between the members of a sample (e.g., subjects, test items and scores, trials, conditions); in a contingency table it is on e less than the number of row categories multiplied by one less than the number of column categories.



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degustation degustation (de-gus-ta´shun)
1. The act of tasting. 2. The sense of taste. [L. degustatio, fr. de-gusto, pp. -atus, to taste]



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dehalogenase dehalogenase (de-hal´o-jen-as)
Any enzyme (EC subclass 3.8) removing halogen atoms from organic halides.



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Dehio Dehio
Karl K., Russian physician, 1851-1927. See D.'s test.



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dehiscence dehiscence (de-his´ens)
A bursting open, splitting, or gaping along natural or sutured lines. [L. dehisco, to split apart or open]
iris d. a defect of the eye characterized by multiple holes in the iris.
root d. a loss of the buccal or lingual bone overlaying the root portion of a tooth, leaving that area covered by soft tissue only.
wound d. disruption of apposed surfaces of a wound.



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dehumanization dehumanization (de-hyu´man-i-za´shun)
Loss of human characteristics; brutalization by either mental or physical means; stripping one of self-esteem. [de- + humanus, human, fr. homo, man]



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dehydrase dehydrase (de-hI´dras)
Former name for dehydratase.



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dehydratase dehydratase (de-hI´dra-tas)
A subclass (EC 4.2.1) of lyases (hydro-lyases) that remove H and OH as H2O from a substrate, leaving a double bond, or add a group to a double bond by the elimination of water from two substances to form a third; synthase is sometimes used when the synthetic aspect of the reaction is emphasized. Some trivial names of enzymes in this subclass bear the generic term hydratase, emphasizing the reverse reaction.



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dehydrate dehydrate (de-hI´drat)
1. To extract water from. 2. To lose water. [L. de, from + G. hydor (hydr-), water]



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dehydration dehydration (de-hI-dra´shun)
1. Deprivation of water.anhydration; 2. Reduction of water content. 3. exsiccation (2) 4. desiccation
absolute d. actual water deficit as measured by a difference from the normal or from a given water content.
relative d. water deficit relative to content of solutes contributing effective osmotic pressure; a state of increased effective osmotic pressure of body fluids.
voluntary d. that physiologic lag or deficit that results when sensations of thirst are not strong enough to bring about complete replacement of water loss, as in rapid sweating.



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dehydro- dehydro-
Prefix used in the names of those chemical compounds that differ from other and more familiar compounds in the absence of two hydrogen atoms; e.g., dehydroascorbic acid, which resembles ascorbic acid in all structural features except for its lack of two hydrogen atoms that are present in the ascorbic acid molecule. In systematic nomenclature, didehydro- is preferred as being more exact.



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dehydroacetic acid dehydroacetic acid (de-hI´dro-a-se´tik)
3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4-(3H)-dione;an antimicrobial agent used as a preservative in cosmetics.



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l-dehydroascorbic acid l-dehydroascorbic acid (de-hI´dro-as-kor´bik)
The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid; it is antiscorbutic, but is converted in the body to 2,3-diketo-l-gulonic acid, which has no vitamin C activity.



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dehydrobilirubin dehydrobilirubin (de-hI´dro-bil-e-ru´bin)
biliverdin



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dehydrocholate dehydrocholate (de-hI-dro-ko´lat)
A salt or ester of dehydrocholic acid.



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7-dehydrocholesterol 7-dehydrocholesterol (de-hI´dro-ko-les´ter-ol)
cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol;a zoosterol in skin and other animal tissues that upon activation by ultraviolet light becomes antirachitic and is then referred to as cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).provitamin D3;



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24-dehydrocholesterol 24-dehydrocholesterol
desmosterol



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dehydrocholic acid dehydrocholic acid (de-hI-dro-kol´ik)
3,7,12-Trioxo-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid;has a stimulating effect upon the secretion of bile by the liver (choleretic), and improves the absorption of essential food materials in states associated with deficient bile formation.



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11-dehydrocorticosterone 11-dehydrocorticosterone (de-hI´dro-kor-ti-kos´ter-on)
21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione;principally a metabolite of corticosterone, found in the adrenal cortex.



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dehydroemetine dehydroemetine (de-hI-dro-em´e-ten)
A synthetic derivative of emetine; used in the treatment of intestinal amebiasis.
d. resinate a derivative of emetine.



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dehydro-3-epiandrosterone dehydro-3-epiandrosterone (de-hI´dro-ep-i-an-dros´ter-on)
3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-17-one;a weakly androgenic steroid secreted largely by the adrenal cortex, but also by the testes; one of the principal components of urinary 17-ketosteroids; a precursor of testosterone.androstenolone, dehydroisoandrosterone;



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dehydrogenase dehydrogenase (de-hI´dro-jen-as)
Class name for those enzymes that oxidize substrates by catalyzing removal of hydrogen from metabolites (hydrogen donors) and transferring it to other substances (hydrogen acceptors), which are thus reduced; most of the oxidative enzymes (oxidoreductases, EC class 1) perform their oxidations in this manner.
aerobic d. an enzyme (usually a metalloflavoenzyme) catalyzing the transfer of hydrogen from some metabolite to oxygen, forming hydrogen peroxide in the process; usually a metalloflavoenzyme; e.g., xanthine oxidase and others in several sub-subclasses (e.g., EC 1.1.3, 1.2.3, 1.7.3, 1.8.3, 1.10.3).
a-keto acid d. See a-keto acid dehydrogenase.
anaerobic d. an enzyme (usually a pyridinoenzyme) catalyzing the transfer of hydrogen from some metabolite to some acceptor molecule (e.g., NAD+, cytochrome) other than oxygen; e.g., lactate d.'s, isocitrate d.'s, and others in EC class 1, excluding those listed under aerobic d.
Robison ester d. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase



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dehydrogenate dehydrogenate (de-hI´dro-jen-at)
To subject to dehydrogenation.



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dehydrogenation dehydrogenation (de-hI´dro-jen-a´shun)
Removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms from a compound by the action of enzymes (dehydrogenases) or other catalysts.



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dehydroisoandrosterone dehydroisoandrosterone (de-hI´dro-I-so-an-dros´ter-on)
dehydro-3-epiandrosterone



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dehydropeptidase II dehydropeptidase II (de-hI-dro-pep´ti-das)
aminoacylase



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dehydroretinaldehyde dehydroretinaldehyde (de-hI´dro-ret-i-nal´de-hId)
3-Dehydroretinaldehyde;dehydroretinol with -CHO instead of -CH2OH at the terminal carbon of the side chain.retinene-2, vitamin A2 aldehyde;



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dehydroretinoic acid dehydroretinoic acid (de-hI´dro-ret-i-no´ik)
3-Dehydroretinoic acid;dehydroretinol with -COOH in place of -CH2OH at the terminal carbon of the side chain.



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dehydroretinol dehydroretinol (de-hI-dro-ret´i-nol)
3-Dehydroretinol;retinol with an additional double bond in the 3-4 position of the cyclohexane ring.vitamin A2;



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dehydrosugars dehydrosugars (de-hI´dro-shug-erz)
anhydrosugars



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dehydrotestosterone dehydrotestosterone (de-hI-dro-tes-tos´ter-on)
boldenone



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dehypnotize dehypnotize (de-hip´no-tIz)
To bring out of the hypnotic state.



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deiminases deiminases (de-im´i-nas-ez)
iminohydrolases



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deinstitutionalization deinstitutionalization (de´in-sti-tu´shun-al-i-za-shun)
The discharge of institutionalized patients from a mental hospital into treatment programs in half-way houses and other community-based programs.



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deionization deionization (de-I´-on-I-za´shun)
The production of a mineral-free state by the removal of ions.



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Deiters Deiters
Otto F.K., German anatomist, 1834-1863. See D.'s cells, under cell, terminal frames, under frame, nucleus.



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déjà voulu déjà voulu (da-zha´ vu-lu´)
A term for a type of disturbance of memory in which the individual believes that his or her present desires are exactly the same as the desires the individual had some time before.



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déjà vu déjà vu (da-zhah-vu´)
Feeling of having been in a place before. See déjà vu phenomenon. See phenomenon. [Fr. already seen]



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dejecta dejecta (de-jek´ta)
dejection (3) [L. neut, pl. of de-jectus, fr. de-jicio, to cast down]



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dejection dejection (de-jek´shun)
1. depression (4) 2. The discharge of excrementitious matter. 3. The matter so discharged.dejecta; [L. dejectio, fr. de- jicio, pp. -jectus, to cast down]



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Dejerine Dejerine
Joseph J., Paris neurologist, 1849-1917. See D.'s disease, hand phenomenon, reflex, sign; D.-Lichtheim phenomenon; D.-Roussy syndrome; D.-Sottas disease; D.-Klumpke syndrome; Landouzy-D. dystrophy.



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Dejerine-Klumpke Dejerine-Klumpke
Augusta, French neurologist (born in the U.S.), 1859-1927. See Klumpke palsy; Klumpke's paralysis; Dejerine-Klumpke palsy; Dejerine-Klumpke syndrome.



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deka- deka-
See deca-.



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Delafield Delafield
Francis, U.S. physician and pathologist, 1841-1915. See D.'s hematoxylin.



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delamination delamination (de-lam-i-na´shun)
Division into separate layers. [L. de, from, + lamina, a thin plate]



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Delaney clause Delaney clause
A clause of the Food Additive Amendment of the U.S. Federal law specifying that no substance that has been found to induce cancer in any animal may be incorporated into food. [James F. Delaney, U.S. Congressman]



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de Lange de Lange
Cornelia, Dutch pediatrician, 1871-1950. See deL. syndrome.



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Delbet Delbet
Pierre, French surgeon, 1861-1925. See D.'s sign.



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Del Castillo Del Castillo
E.B., 20th century Argentinian physician. See DelC. syndrome; Argonz-DelC. syndrome; Ahumada-DelC. syndrome.



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de-lead de-lead (de-led´)
To cause the mobilization and excretion of lead deposited in the bones and other tissues, as by the administration of a chelating agent.



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DeLee DeLee
Joseph B., U.S. obstetrician and gynecologist, 1869-1942. See DeL.'s maneuver.



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deleterious deleterious (del-e-ter´e-us)
Injurious; noxious; harmful. [G. deleterios, fr. deleomai, to injure]



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deletion deletion (de-le´shun)
In genetics, any spontaneous elimination of part of the normal genetic complement, whether cytogenetically visible (chromosomal d.) or inferred from phenotypic evidence (point d.). [L. deletio, destruction]
chromosomal d. a microscopically evident loss of part of a chromosome. See also monosomy.
gene d. d. of a segment of a chromosome too small to be detected cytogenetically, inferred from the phenotype at one particular locus.
interstitial d. d. that does not involve the terminal parts of a chromosome.
nucleotide d. d. of a single nucleotide, which in a transcribed gene will lead to a frame-shift mutation.point d. (2);
point d. 1. d. involving a submicroscopic loss of genetic material too small to be resolved by linkage analysis; 2. nucleotide d
terminal d. d. involving the terminal part of a chromosome and leading to a adhesive terminus.



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delicate delicate (del´i-kat)
Of feeble resisting power. [L. delicatus, soft, luxurious, fr. de, from, + lacio, to entice]



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delimitation delimitation (de-lim-i-ta´shun)
Marking off; putting bounds or limits; preventing the spread of a morbid process in the body or of a disease in the community. [L. de-limito, pp. -atus, to bound, fr. limes, boundary]



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deliquesce deliquesce (del-i-kwes´)
To undergo deliquescence.



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deliquescence deliquescence (del-i-kwes´ens)
Becoming damp or liquid by absorption of water from the atmosphere; a property of certain salts, such as CaCl2. [L. de-liquesco, to melt or become liquid]



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deliquescent deliquescent (del-i-kwes´ent)
Denoting a solid capable of deliquescence.



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deliria deliria (de-lir´e-a)
Plural of delirium.



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deliriant deliriant (de-lir´e-ant)
1. Causing delirium. 2. A toxic agent that produces delirium.



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delirious delirious (de-lir´e-us)
In a state of delirium.



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delirium delirium , pl. deliria (de-lir´e-um, de-lir´e-a)
An altered state of consciousness, consisting of confusion, distractibility, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, defective perception (illusions and hallucinations), prominent hyperactivity, agitation and autonomic nervous system overactivity; caused by a number of toxic structural and metabolic disorders. [L. fr. deliro, to be crazy, fr. de- + lira, a furrow (i.e., go out of the furrow)]
acute d. d. of recent, rapid onset.
alcohol withdrawal d. the d. experienced by an alcohol-habituated individual caused by the abrupt cessation of alcohol intake.
anxious d. d. in which the predominating symptom is an incoherent apprehension or anxiety.
collapse d. d. caused by extreme physical depression induced by a shock, profuse hemorrhage, exhausting labor, etc.
d. cor´dis obsolete term for atrial fibrillation.
low d. d. in which there is little excitement, either mental or motor, the ideas being confused and incoherent, but following each other slowly.
d. mus´sitans , muttering d. d. common in low fevers in which the subject is unconscious, but constantly mutters incoherently.
posttraumatic d. d. caused by a structural traumatic brain injury.
senile d. d. associated with senile dementia.
toxic d. d. caused by the action of a poison.
d. tre´mens (DT) a severe, sometimes fatal, form of d. due to alcoholic withdrawal following a period of sustained intoxication. [L. pres. p. of tremo, to tremble]



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delitescence delitescence (del-i-tes´ens)
Rarely used term for: 1. Sudden subsidence of symptoms; disappearance of a tumor or a cutaneous lesion. 2. Period of incubation of an infectious disease. [L. delitesco, to lie hidden away]



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deliver deliver (de-liv´er)
1. To assist a woman in childbirth. 2. To extract from an enclosed place, as the fetus from the womb, an object or foreign body, e.g., a tumor from its capsule or surroundings, or the lens of the eye in cases of cataract. [fr. O. Fr. fr. L. de- + liber, free]



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delivery delivery (de-liv´er-e)
Passage of the fetus and the placenta from the genital canal into the external world.
assisted cephalic d. extraction of a fetus that presents by the head.
breech d. extraction or expulsion of a fetus that presents by the buttocks or feet.
forceps d. assisted birth of the child by an instrument designed to grasp the fetal head.
high forceps d. d. by forceps applied to the fetal head before engagement has taken place.
low forceps d. d. by forceps applied to the fetal head after it is clearly visible, the skull has reached the perineal floor, and plus 2 (+2) station. This classification of forceps delivery may be with or without rotation of the fetal head.
midforceps d. d. by forceps applied to the fetal head before the criteria of low forceps d. have been met, but after engagement has taken place.
outlet forceps d. d. by forceps applied to the fetal head when it has reached the perineal floor and is visible between contractions.
perimortem d. postmortem d
postmortem d. extraction of the fetus after the death of its mother.perimortem d;
premature d. birth of a fetus before its proper time. See also premature birth.
spontaneous cephalic d. unassisted expulsion of a fetus that presents by the head.



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delle delle (del´eh)
The central lighter-colored portion of the erythrocyte, as observed in a stained film of blood. [D. delle, low ground, pit]



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dellen dellen
Shallow, saucer-like, clearly defined excavations at the margin of the cornea, about 1.5 by 2 mm, due to localized dehydration; also called Fuchs' dellen. [D. pl. of delle, low ground, pit]



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delomorphous delomorphous (del-o-mor´fus)
Of definite form and shape; a term applied in the past to the parietal cells of the gastric glands. [G. delos, manifest, + morphe, form]



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delouse delouse (de-lows´)
To remove lice from; to free from infestation with lice; used especially of prophylaxis of louse-borne diseases.



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delphinine delphinine (del´fin-en)
A toxic alkaloid, an aconine derivative, from Delphinium staphisagria; it resembles aconitine in its action and chemical structure.



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Delphinium ajacis Delphinium ajacis (del-fin´e-um a-ja´sis)
A species of plant (family Ranuculaceae) containing the alkaloids ajacine and ajaconine; the dried ripe seeds have been used externally as a parasiticide in pediculosis; rarely used now because of its toxicity.larkspur; [G. delphinion, larkspur]



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delta delta (del´ta)
1. Fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, DELTA (capital), delta (lower case). 2. In anatomy, a triangular surface.
d. for´nicis commissura fornicis
Galton's d. 1. a more or less well-marked triangle, in a fingerprint, on either side where the straight ridges near the joint of the distal phalanx are succeeded by arches, loops, or whorls; See also Galton's system of classification of fingerprints, under fingerprint. 2. triradius
d. mesoscap´ulae the flat triangular surface at the vertebral extremity of the spine of the scapula over which glides the tendon for the lower fibers of the trapezius muscle.



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delta check delta check
a comparison of consecutive values for a given test in a patient's laboratory file used to detect abrupt changes, usually generated as a part of computer-based quality control programs.DELTA check;



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deltoid deltoid (del´toyd)
1. Resembling the Greek letter delta (&Udelta;); triangular. 2. deltoid muscle [G. deltoeides, shaped like the letter delta]



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delusion delusion (de-lu´zhun)
A false belief or wrong judgment held with conviction despite incontrovertible evidence to the contrary.paranoid disorder; [L. de-ludo, pp. -lusus, to play false, deceive, fr. ludo, to play]
d. of control , d. of being controlled a d. in which one experiences one's feelings, impulses, thoughts, or actions as not one's own, but as being imposed on by some external force.d. of passivity;
encapsulated d. a d. that usually relates to one specific topic or belief but does not pervade an individual's life or level of functioning.
expansive d. d. of grandeur
d. of grandeur a d. in which one believes oneself possessed of great wealth, intellect, importance, power, etc.expansive d., grandiose d;
grandiose d. d. of grandeur
d. of negation a d. in which one imagines that the world and all that relates to it have ceased to exist.nihilistic d;
nihilistic d. d. of negation
organic d.'s false beliefs experienced in the delirium associated with dementia in conjunction with traumatic injury to the brain, or an organic change in the brain such as in Alzheimer's syndrome, or in cocaine or other drug intoxication.
d. of passivity d. of control
d. of persecution , persecutory d. a false notion that one is being persecuted; characteristic symptom of paranoid schizophrenia.
d. of reference a delusional idea that external events, etc., refer to the self.
somatic d. a d. having reference to a nonexistent lesion or alteration of some organ or part of the body; sometimes indistinguishable from hypochondriasis.
systematized d. a d. that is logically constructed from a false premise and embraces a specific sector of the patient's life.
unsystematized d. one of a group of apparently discrete, disconnected d.'s.



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delusional delusional (de-lu´zhun-al)
Relating to a delusion.



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demand demand (de-mand´)
A quantity of a substance, commodity, or service wanted or required.
biochemical oxygen d. (BOD) the rate at which dissolved oxygen is consumed by an organism (often, a microorganism) or a culture of cells.



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demarcation demarcation (de-mar-ka´shun)
A setting of limits; a boundary. [Fr. fr. L. de, from, + Mediev. L. marco, to mark]



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Demarquay Demarquay
Jean N., French surgeon, 1811-1875. See D.'s symptom.



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demasculinizing demasculinizing (de-mas´kyu-lin-Iz´ing)
Depriving of male characteristics or inhibiting development of such characteristics.



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Dematiaceae Dematiaceae (de-mat-e-a´se-e)
A family of soil-inhabiting, brown or black melanin-producing fungi found in decaying vegetables, rotting wood, and forest carpets, and including several of the dark-colored genera that cause chromoblastomycosis in man, such as Phialophora, Fonsecaea, and Cladosporium.



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dematiaceous dematiaceous (de-mat-e-a´shus)
Denoting dark conidia and/or hyphae, usually brown or black; used frequently to denote dark-colored fungi.



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deme deme (dem)
A local, small, highly inbred group or kinship. Cf. isolate. [G. demos, people]



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demecarium bromide demecarium bromide (dem-e-kar´e-um)
A potent cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of glaucoma and accommodative esotropia; it is stable in aqueous solution.



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demeclocycline demeclocycline (dem´e-klo-sI´klen)
Demethylchlortetracycline; 7-chloro-6-demethyltetracycline;a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is more slowly excreted and more stable in acid and alkali than are other forms of the tetracyclines; available as the hydrochloride.



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demecolcine demecolcine (dem-e-kol´sen)
N-Desacetyl-N-methylcolchicine;an alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale (family Liliaceae) similar chemically to colchicine except that the acetyl group is replaced by a methyl group; used for gout and leukemia, is said to be less toxic than colchicine, and has an action upon mitosis similar to that of colchicine.



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demented demented (de-ment´ed)
Suffering from dementia.



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dementia dementia (de-men´she-a)
The loss, usually progressive, of cognitive and intellectual functions, without impairment of perception or consciousness; caused by a variety of disorders, most commonly structural brain disease. Characterized by disorientation, impaired memory, judgment, and intellect, and a shallow labile affect.amentia (2); [L. fr. de- priv. + mens, mind]
AIDS d. AIDS dementia complex
Alzheimer's d. Alzheimer's disease
catatonic d. d. with catatonic symptoms.
dialysis d. dialysis encephalopathy syndrome
epileptic d. d. occurring in an individual afflicted with epilepsy, and thought to be a result of prolonged seizures, the epileptogenic brain lesion, or antiepileptic drugs.
hebephrenic d. d. with hebephrenic symptoms.
multi-infarct d. vascular d
paralytic d. d. and paralysis resulting from a chronic syphilitic meningoencephalitis.d. paralytica;
d. paralytica paralytic d
d. paranoi´des d. with paranoid features.
posttraumatic d. d. caused by traumatic brain injury.
d. prae´cox any one of the group of psychotic disorders known as the schizophrenias; formerly used to describe schizophrenia as a single entity. [L. precocious]
presenile d. , d. preseni´lis 1. d. of Alzheimer's disease developing before age 65; 2. Alzheimer's disease
primary d. d. occurring independently as a mental disorder.
primary senile d. Alzheimer's disease
secondary d. chronic d. following and due to a psychosis or some other underlying disease process.
senile d. d. of Alzheimer's disease developing after age 65.
toxic d. d. caused by an exogenous agent.
transmissible d. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
vascular d. a step-like deterioration in intellectual functions with focal neurological signs, as the result of multiple infarctions of the cerebral hemispheres.multi-infarct d;



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demethylase demethylase (de-meth´i-las)
methyltransferase



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demethylation demethylation
The enzymatic removal of methyl groups.



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demi- demi-
Half, lesser. See also hemi-, semi-. [Fr. fr. L. dimidius, half]



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demigauntlet demigauntlet (dem-e-gawnt´let)
A glovelike bandage for the fingers and hand. [demi- + gauntlet, armored glove, fr. M.E., fr. O. Fr., fr. Germanic]



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demilune demilune (dem´e-lun)
1. A small body with a form similar to that of a half-moon or a crescent. 2. Term frequently used for the gametocyte of Plasmodium falciparum. [Fr. half-moon]
Giannuzzi's d.'s serous d.'s
Heidenhain's d.'s serous d.'s
serous d.'s the serous cells at the distal end of a mucous, tubuloalveolar secretory unit of certain salivary glands.Giannuzzi's crescents, Giannuzzi's d.'s, Heidenhain's crescents, Heidenhain's d.'s;



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demineralization demineralization (de-min´er-al-I-za´shun)
A loss or decrease of the mineral constituents of the body or individual tissues, especially of bone.



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demipenniform demipenniform (dem´e-pen´i-form)
unipennate



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Demodex Demodex (dem´o-deks)
A genus of very minute (0.1 to 0.4 mm) follicular mites (family Demodicidae) that inhabit the skin and are usually found in the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of mammals, including humans. [G. demos, tallow, + dex, a woodworm]
D. bo´vis a species that causes large swellings in the skin, filled with fluid or a cheezy material containing mites, which damages the hide of cattle.
D. ca´nis species causing red or demodectic mange in dogs, characterized by alopecia and commonly associated with staphylococcal pyoderma.
D. ca´ti a species causing mange in cats.
D. folliculo´rum a very common, universally distributed, and usually nonpathogenic species of mite that inhabits the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of humans, commonly around the nose and scalp margins.Acarus folliculorum, Simonea folliculorum;



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demography demography (de-mog´ra-fe)
The study of populations, especially with reference to size, density, fertility, mortality, growth rate, age distribution, migration, and vital statistics. [G. demos, people, + grapho, to write]
dynamic d. a study of the functioning of a community, including statistical records.



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Demoivre Demoivre
Abraham, English mathematician, 1667-1754. See D.'s formula.



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demoniac demoniac (de-mo´ne-ak)
Frenzied, fiendish, as if possessed by evil spirits. [G. daimon, a spirit]



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demonstrator demonstrator (dem´on-stra-ter, -tor)
An assistant to a professor of anatomy, surgery, etc., who prepares for the lecture by dissections, collection of patients, etc., or who instructs small classes supplementary to the regular lectures; a d. corresponds in a general way to the Dozent of a German university. [L. de-monstro, pp. -atus, to point out]



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De Morgan De Morgan
Campbell, English physician, 1811-1876. See DeM.'s spots, under spot.



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demorphinization demorphinization (de-mor´fin-i-za´shun)
1. Removal of morphine from an opiate. 2. Gradual withdrawal of morphine as a method of overcoming morphine dependence.



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de Morsier de Morsier
G., 20th century Swiss neurologist. See deM.'s syndrome.



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demucosation demucosation (de-myu-ko-sa´shun)
Rarely used term for excision or stripping of the mucosa of any part.



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demulcent demulcent (de-mul´sent)
1. Soothing; relieving irritation. 2. An agent, such as a mucilage or oil, that soothes and relieves irritation, especially of the mucous surfaces. [L. de-mulceo, pp. -mulctus, to stroke lightly, to soften]



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de Musset de Musset
Alfred. See Musset.



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demyelination demyelination , demyelinization (de-mI´e-li-na´shun, de-mI´e-lin-i-za´shun)
Loss of myelin with preservation of the axons or fiber tracts. Central demyelination occurs within the central nervous system (e.g., the demyelination seen with multiple sclerosis); peripheral demyelination affects the peripheral nervous system (e.g., the demyelination seen with Guillain-Barré syndrome).



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denarcotize denarcotize (de-nar´ko-tIz)
To remove narcotic properties from an opiate; to deprive of narcotic properties.



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denatonium benzoate denatonium benzoate (de-na-to´ne-um)
Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate;an alcohol denaturant.



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denaturation denaturation (de-na-tyu-ra´shun)
The process of becoming denatured.



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denatured denatured (de-na´tyurd)
1. Made unnatural or changed from the normal in any of its characteristics; often applied to proteins or nucleic acids heated or otherwise treated to the point where tertiary structural characteristics are altered. 2. Adulterated, as by addition of methanol to ethanol.



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dendraxon dendraxon (den-drak´son)
Obsolete term for telodendron. [G. dendron, tree, + axon, axis]



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dendriform dendriform (den´dri-form)
Tree-shaped, or branching.arborescent, dendritic (1) , dendroid; [G. dendron, tree, + L. forma, form]



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dendrite dendrite (den´drIt)
1. One of the two types of branching protoplasmic processes of the nerve cell (the other being the axon).dendritic process, dendron, neurodendrite, neurodendron; 2. A crystalline treelike structure formed during the freezing of an alloy. [G. dendrites, relating to a tree]
apical d. apical process



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dendritic dendritic (den-drit´ik)
1. dendriform 2. Relating to the dendrites of nerve cells.



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dendrogram dendrogram (den´dro-gram)
A treelike figure used to represent graphically a hierarchy. [dendron, tree, + gramma, a drawing]



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dendroid dendroid (den´droyd)
dendriform [G. dendron, tree, + eidos, appearance]



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dendron dendron
dendrite (1) [G. a tree]



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denervate denervate (de-ner´vat)
To cause denervation.



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denervation denervation (de-ner-va´shun)
Loss of nerve supply.



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dengue dengue (den´ga)
A disease of tropical and subtropical regions that occurs epidemically, is caused by dengue virus, a member of the family Flaviviridae. There are 4 antigenic types, and they are transmitted by a mosquito of the genus Aedes (usually A. aegypti, but frequently A. albopictus). Four grades of severity are recognized: grade I, fever and constitutional symptoms; grade II, grade I plus spontaneous bleeding (of skin, gums, or gastrointestinal tract); grade III, grade II plus agitation and circulatory failure; grade IV, profound shock.Aden fever, bouquet fever, breakbone fever, dandy fever, date fever, dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, exanthesis arthrosia, polka fever, scarlatina rheumatica, solar fever (1); [Sp. corruption of "dandy" fever]
hemorrhagic d. a more severe epidemic form of d. characterized by hemorrhagic skin lesions, which has erupted in a number of epidemic outbreaks in the Pacific basin.



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denial denial (de-nI´al)
An unconscious defense mechanism used to allay anxiety by denying the existence of important conflicts or troublesome impulses.negation; [M.E., fr, O. Fr., fr. L. denegare, to say no]



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denidation denidation (den-i-da´shun)
Exfoliation of the superficial portion of the mucous membrane of the uterus; stripping off of the menstrual decidua. [L. de, from, + nidus, nest]



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denitration denitration (de-nI-tra´shun)
denitrification



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denitrification denitrification (de-nI´tri-fi-ka´shun)
1. Removal of nitrogen from any material or chemical compound; especially from the soil, as by certain (denitrifying) bacteria that render the nitrogen unavailable for plant growth. 2. Withdrawal of nitrogen from soil by plant growth.denitration;



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denitrify denitrify (de-nI´tri-fI)
To remove nitrogen from any material or chemical compound.



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denitrogenation denitrogenation (de-nI´tro-je-na´shun)
Elimination of nitrogen from lungs and body tissues by breathing gases devoid of nitrogen.



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Denman Denman
Thomas, English obstetrician, 1733-1815. See D.'s spontaneous evolution.



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Dennie Dennie
Charles Clayton, U.S. dermatologist, 1883-1971. See D.'s infraorbital fold, line.



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denominator denominator (de-nom´i-na-tor)
The lower portion of a fraction used to calculate a rate or ratio; the population at risk in the calculation of a rate or ratio.



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Denonvilliers Denonvilliers
Charles P., French surgeon, 1808-1872. See D.'s aponeurosis, ligament.



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de novo de novo (di-no´vo)
Anew; often applied to particular biochemical pathways in which metabolites are newly biosynthesized (e.g., de novo purine biosynthesis). [L.]



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dens dens , pl. dentes (denz, den´tez) [NA]
1. Tooth 2. A strong toothlike process projecting upward from the body of the axis, or epistropheus, around which the atlas rotates.odontoid process of epistropheus, odontoid process; [L.]
den´tes acus´tici [NA] auditory teeth, under tooth
d. angula´ris canine tooth
d. bicus´pidus , pl. den´tes bicus´pidi premolar tooth
d. cani´nus , pl. den´tes cani´ni [NA] canine tooth
d. cuspida´tus , pl. den´tes cuspida´ti canine tooth
d. decid´uus , pl. den´tes deci´dui [NA] deciduous tooth
d. in den´te a developmental disturbance in tooth formation resulting from invagination of the epithelium associated with crown development into the area destined to become pulp space; after calcification there is an invagination of enamel and dentin into the pulp space, giving the radiographic appearance of a "tooth within a tooth."d. invaginatus;
d. incisi´vus , pl. den´tes incisi´vi [NA] incisor tooth
d. invaginatus (denz in´va-ge-na´-tus) d. in dente [Mediev. L. folded inward, fr. L. vagina, sheath]
d. lac´teus deciduous tooth
d. molaris , pl. den´tes mola´res [NA] molar tooth See also molar.
d. per´manens , pl. den´tes permanen´tes [NA] permanent tooth
d. premola´ris , pl. den´tes premola´res [NA] premolar tooth
d. sapien´tiae third molar [L. sapientia, wisdom]
d. seroti´nus [NA] third molar
d. succeda´neus permanent tooth



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densimeter densimeter (den-sim´e-ter)
densitometer (1) [L. densitas, density, + G. metron, measure]



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densitometer densitometer (den-si-tom´e-ter)
1. An instrument for measuring the density of a fluid.densimeter; 2. An instrument for measuring, by virtue of relative turbidity, the growth of bacteria in broth; useful in microbiologic assay of nutrients and antibiotics, phage studies, etc. 3. An instrument for measuring the density of components (e.g., protein fractions) separated by electrophoresis or chromatography, utilizing light absorption or reflection. 4. An electronic instrument for measuring the blackening of radiographic film by x-ray exposure; used for film sensitometry, bone densitometry, measurement of line spread function (microdensitometer). [L. densitas, density, + G. metron, measure]



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densitometry densitometry (den-si-tom´e-tre)
A procedure utilizing a densitometer.



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density density (den´si-te)
1. The compactness of a substance; the ratio of mass to unit volume, usually expressed as g/cm3 (kg/m3 in the SI system). 2. The quantity of electricity on a given surface or in a given time per unit of volume. 3. In radiological physics, the opacity to light of an exposed radiographic or photographic film; the darker the film, the greater the measured d. 4. In clinical radiology, a less-exposed area on a film, corresponding to a region of greater x-ray attenuation (radiopacity) in the subject; the more light transmitted by the film, the greater the d. of the subject; this is not actually the opposite of the prior definition, since one concerns film d. and the other subject d. [L. densitas, fr. densus, thick]
buoyant d. the d. that allows a substance to float in some standard fluid.
count d. photon d
flux d. 1. flux (4) 2. either particle flux d., the particle fluence rate, or energy flux d., the energy fluence rate of intensity. Cf. fluence.
incidence d. the person-time incidence rate.
optical d. (OD) absorbance
photon d. the number of counted events recorded in scintigraphy per square centimeter or per square inch of imaged area.count d;
spin d. the number of nuclear dipoles per unit volume.
vapor d. the mass per unit volume of a vapor; since the vapor d. changes with temperature and pressure, it is commonly expressed as a specific gravity, i.e., the weight of the vapor divided by the weight of an equal volume of a reference gas (e.g., oxygen or hydrogen) at the same temperature and pressure.



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dent- dent- , denti- , dento-
Teeth; dental. See also odonto-. [L. dens, tooth]



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dental dental (den´tal)
Relating to the teeth. [L. dens, tooth]



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dental engine dental engine
The motive power of a dental handpiece that causes it to rotate.



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dentalgia dentalgia (den-tal´je-a)
toothache [L. dens, tooth, + G. algos, pain]



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dentate dentate (den´tat)
Notched; toothed; cogged. [L. dentatus, toothed]



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dentatectomy dentatectomy (den-ta-tek´to-me)
Surgical destruction of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. [dentate (nucleus) + G. ectome, excision]



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dentatum dentatum (den-ta´tum, den-tah´tum)
dentate nucleus of cerebellum [L. neut. of dentatus, toothed]



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dentes dentes (den´tez)
Plural of dens. [L.]



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denti- denti-
See dent-.



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dentia dentia (den-te´a)
The process of tooth development or eruption. Also serves to denote a relationship to the teeth. [dent- + suffix -ia, condition, process]
d. praecox (den-te´a pre-coks) Premature tooth eruption. [L. premature]
d. tarda (den-tea´ tar´da) Delayed tooth eruption. [L. delayed]



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denticle denticle (den´ti-kl)
1. endolith 2. A toothlike projection from a hard surface. [L. denticulus, a small tooth]



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denticulate denticulate , denticulated (den-tik´yu-lat, -lat-ed)
1. Finely dentated, notched, or serrated. 2. Having small teeth.



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dentiform dentiform (den´ti-form)
Tooth-shaped; pegged. See also odontoid (1). [denti- + L. forma, form]



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dentifrice dentifrice (den´ti-fris)
Any preparation used in the cleansing of the teeth, e.g., a tooth powder, toothpaste, or tooth wash. [L. dentifricium, fr. dens, tooth, + frico, pp. frictus, to rub]



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dentigerous dentigerous (den-tij´er-us)
Arising from or associated with teeth, as a d. cyst. [denti- + L. gero, to bear]



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dentilabial dentilabial (den´ti-la´be-al)
Relating to the teeth and lips. [denti- + L. labium, lip]



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dentilingual dentilingual (den-ti-ling´gwal)
Relating to the teeth and tongue. [denti- + L. lingua, tongue]



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dentin dentin (den´tin)
The ivory forming the mass of the tooth. About 20% is organic matrix, mostly collagen, with some elastin and a small amount of mucopolysaccharide; the inorganic fraction (70%) is mainly hydroxyapatite, with some carbonate, magnesium, and fluoride. The d. is traversed by a large number of fine tubules running from the pulp cavity outward; within the tubules are processes from the odontoblasts.dentinum [NA] , dentine, ebur dentis, substantia eburnea; [L. dens, tooth]
hereditary opalescent d. 1. dentinogenesis imperfecta 2. opalescent d
hypersensitive d. exposed d. at the cervical portion of a tooth, painful to touch, sweetness, or temperature changes.
interglobular d. imperfectly calcified matrix of d. situated between the calcified globules near the dentinal periphery.
irregular d. , irritation d. tertiary d
opalescent d. d. usually associated with dentinogenesis imperfecta. It gives an unusual opalescent or translucent appearance to the teeth.hereditary opalescent d. (2);
peritubular d. an electron-dense layer of d. observed adjacent to the odontoblastic process.
primary d. d. which forms until the root is completed.
reparative d. tertiary d
sclerotic d. d. characterized by calcification of the dentinal tubules as a result of injury or normal aging.transparent d;
secondary d. d. formed by normal pulp function after root end formation is complete.
tertiary d. morphologically irregular d. formed in response to an irritant.irregular d., irritation d., reparative d;
transparent d. sclerotic d
vascular d. vasodentin



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dentinal dentinal (den´ti-nal)
Relating to dentin.



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dentinalgia dentinalgia (den-ti-nal´je-a)
Dentinal sensitivity or pain. [dentin + G. algos, pain]



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dentine dentine (den´ten)
dentin



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dentinocemental dentinocemental (den´ti-no-se-men´tal)
Relating to the dentin and cementum of teeth.cementodentinal;



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dentinoenamel dentinoenamel (den´ti-no-e-nam´el)
Relating to the dentin and enamel of teeth.amelodentinal;



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dentinogenesis dentinogenesis (den´ti-no-jen´e-sis)
The process of dentin formation in the development of teeth. [dentin + G. genesis, production]
d. imperfec´ta [MIM*125490 & MIM*125500] an autosomal dominant disorder of the teeth characterized clinically by translucent gray to yellow-brown teeth involving both primary and permanent dentition; the enamel fractures easily, leaving exposed dentin which undergoes rapid attrition; radiographically, the pulp chambers and canals appear obliterated and the roots are short and blunted; sometimes occurs in association with osteogenesis imperfecta; autosomal dominant inheritance.hereditary opalescent dentin (1);



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dentinoid dentinoid (den´ti-noyd)
1. Resembling dentin. 2. dentinoma [dentin + G. eidos, resembling]



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dentinoma dentinoma (den´ti-no´ma)
A rare benign odontogenic tumor consisting microscopically of dysplastic dentin and strands of epithelium within a fibrous stroma.dentinoid (2); [dentin + G. -oma, tumor]



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dentinum dentinum (den´ti-num) [NA]
dentin [L. dens, tooth]



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dentiparous dentiparous (den-tip´a-rus)
Tooth-bearing. [denti- + L. pario, to bear]



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dentist dentist
A legally qualified practitioner of dentistry.



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dentistry dentistry (den´tis-tre)
The healing science and art concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex, and with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of deformities, pathoses, and traumatic injuries thereof.odontology, odontonosology;
community d. public health d., with an academic base, emphasizing the professional obligation to foster the delivery of prevention, education, and care to populations.
esthetic d. a field of d. concerned especially with the appearance of a dental restoration as achieved through its form and color.
forensic d. 1. the relation and application of dental facts to legal problems, as in using the teeth for identifying the dead; 2. the law in its bearing on the practice of dentistry.dental jurisprudence, forensic odontology, legal d;
legal d. forensic d
operative d. usually, the individual restoration of teeth by means of metallic or nonmetallic materials.restorative d;
pediatric d. pedodontics
preventive d. a philosophy and method of dental practice which seeks to prevent the initiation, progression, and recurrence of dental caries.
prosthetic d. prosthodontics
public health d. that specialty of d. concerned with the prevention and control of dental diseases and promotion of oral health through organized community efforts.
restorative d. operative d



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dentition dentition (den-tish´un)
The natural teeth, as considered collectively, in the dental arch; may be deciduous, permanent, or mixed. [L. dentitio, to teethe]
artificial d. denture (1)
deciduous d. deciduous tooth
delayed d. delayed eruption of the teeth.
first d. deciduous tooth
mandibular d. inferior dental arch
maxillary d. superior dental arch
natural d. See dentition.
primary d. deciduous tooth
retarded d. d. in which growth phenomena such as calcification, elongation, and eruption occur later than in the average range of normal variation as a result of some systemic metabolic dysfunction (e.g., hypothyroidism).
secondary d. permanent tooth
succedaneous d. permanent tooth



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dento- dento-
See dent-.



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dentoalveolar dentoalveolar (den´to-al-ve´o-lar)
Usually, denoting that portion of the alveolar bone immediately about the teeth; used also to denote the functional unity of teeth and alveolar bone.



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dentode dentode (den´tod)
An exact reproduction of a tooth on a gnathographically mounted cast.



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dentoid dentoid (den´toyd)
odontoid (1) See also dentiform. [dent- + G. eidos, resemblance]



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dentolegal dentolegal (den-to-le´gal)
Relating to both dentistry and the law. See forensic dentistry.



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dentoliva dentoliva (den-to-lI´va)
Rarely used term for oliva. [L. dens, tooth, + oliva, olive]



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dentulous dentulous (den´tyu-lus)
Having natural teeth present in the mouth.



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denture denture (den´tyur)
1. An artificial substitute for missing natural teeth and adjacent tissues.artificial dentition; 2. Sometimes used to denote the dentition of animals.
bar joint d. overlay d
complete d. a dental prosthesis which is a substitute for the lost natural dentition and associated structures of the maxillae or mandible.full d;
design d. a planned visualization of the form and extent of a dental prosthesis, made after a study of all factors involved.
fixed partial d. a restoration of one or more missing teeth which cannot be readily removed by the patient or dentist; it is permanently attached to natural teeth or roots which furnish the primary support to the appliance.bridge (3);
full d. complete d
immediate d. a complete or partial d. constructed for insertion immediately following the removal of natural teeth.immediate insertion d;
immediate insertion d. immediate d
implant d. a d. that receives its stability and retention from a substructure which is partially or wholly implanted under the soft tissues of the d. basal seat. See also implant denture substructure, implant denture superstructure, subperiosteal implant.
interim d. a dental prosthesis to be used for a short interval of time for reasons of esthetics, mastication, occlusal support, or convenience, or to condition the patient to accept an artificial substitute for missing natural teeth until more definite prosthetic dental treatment can be provided.provisional d., temporary d;
overlay d. a complete d. that is supported by both soft tissue and natural teeth that have been altered so as to permit the d. to fit over them. The altered teeth may have been fitted with short or long copings, locking devices, or connecting bars.bar joint d., hybrid prosthesis, overdenture, telescopic d;
partial d. a dental prosthesis which restores one or more, but less than all, of the natural teeth and/or associated parts and which is supported by the teeth and/or the mucosa; it may be removable or fixed.bridgework;
partial d., distal extension a removable partial d. that is retained by natural teeth at one end of the d. base segments only, and in which a portion of the functional load is carried by the residual ridge.
provisional d. interim d
removable partial d. a partial d. which supplies teeth and associated structures on a partially edentulous jaw, and which can be readily removed from the mouth.removable bridge;
telescopic d. overlay d
temporary d. interim d
transitional d. a partial d. which is to serve as a temporary prosthesis to which teeth will be added as more teeth are lost, and which will be replaced after postextraction tissue changes have occurred; a transitional d. may become an interim d. when all of the teeth have been removed from the dental arch.
treatment d. a dental prosthesis used for the purpose of treating or conditioning the tissues which are called upon to support and retain a denture base.
trial d. a setup of artificial teeth so fabricated that it may be placed in the patient's mouth to verify esthetics, for the making of records, or for any other operation deemed necessary before final completion of the d.wax model d;
wax model d. trial d



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denture service denture service
Those procedures performed in the diagnosis, construction, and maintenance of artificial substitutes for missing natural teeth.



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denturist denturist (den´tyur-ist)
A dental technician who fabricates and fits dentures without supervision of a dentist.



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Denucé Denucé
Jean L.P., French surgeon, 1824-1889. See D.'s ligament.



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denucleated denucleated (de-nu´kle-a-ted)
Deprived of a nucleus.



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denudation denudation (den-yu-da´shun)
Depriving of a covering or protecting layer; the act of laying bare, as in the removal of the epithelium from an underlying surface. [L. de-nudo, to lay bare, fr. de, from, + nudus, naked]



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denude denude (de´nud)
To perform denudation.



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Denys Denys
Joseph, Belgian bacteriologist, 1857-1932. See D.-Leclef phenomenon.



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deobstruent deobstruent (de-ob´stru-ent)
1. Obsolete term for relieving or removing obstruction. 2. Obsolete term for an agent that removes an obstruction to flow. [L. de- priv. + obstruo, pp. -structus, to build against, obstruct]



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deodorant deodorant (de-o´der-ant)
1. Eliminating or masking a smell, especially an unpleasant one. 2. An agent having such an action; especially a cosmetic combined with an antiperspirant.deodorizer; [L. de- priv. + odoro, pp. -atus, to give an odor to, fr. odor, a smell]



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deodorize deodorize (de-o´der-Iz)
To use a deodorant.



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deodorizer deodorizer (de-o´der-Iz-er)
deodorant (2)



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deontology deontology (de-on-tol´o-je)
The study of professional ethics and duties. [G. deon (deont-), that which is binding, pr. part. ntr. of dei, (impers.) it behooves, fr. deo, to bind, + logos, study]



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deoppilative deoppilative (de-op´pi-la-tiv)
Obsolete term for deobstruent. [L. de- priv. + op-pilo, pp. -atus, to stop up, fr. ob- against, + pilo, to ram down]



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deorsumduction deorsumduction (de-or´sum-duk´shun)
Rotation of one eye downward.infraduction; [L. deorsum, downward, + duco, to lead]



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deossification deossification (de-os´i-fi-ka´shun)
Removal of the mineral constituents of bone. [L. de, from, + os, bone, + facio, to make]



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deoxidation deoxidation (de´oks-i-da´shun)
Depriving a chemical compound of its oxygen.



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deoxidize deoxidize (de-oks´i-dIz)
To remove oxygen from its chemical combination.



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deoxy- deoxy-
Prefix to chemical names of substances to indicate replacement of an -OH by an H. The older desoxy- has been retained in some instances.



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deoxyadenosine (dA, dAdo) deoxyadenosine (dA, dAdo) (de-oks´e-a-den´o-sen)
2´-Deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA (the others being deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine, and thymidine). The 5´ derivative is also an important component of one form of vitamin B12. D. accumulates in individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency disease.



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deoxyadenosine methylase deoxyadenosine methylase
dam methylase



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5´-deoxyadenosylcobalamin 5´-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (de-oks´e-a-den-o-sil-ko-bal´a-min)
An active coenzyme form of vitamin B12; required in the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. A deficiency of 5´-d. will result in methylmalonic acidemia.



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deoxyadenylic acid (dAMP) deoxyadenylic acid (dAMP) (de-oks´e-ad-en-il´ik)
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate, a hydrolysis product of DNA, differing from adenylic acid in containing deoxyribose in place of ribose.adenine deoxyribonucleotide;



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deoxybarbiturate deoxybarbiturate (de-oks-e-bar-bit´yur-at)
A barbiturate compound lacking the oxygen atom at the #2 position in the ring; example of a deoxybarbiturate is the antiepileptic drug, primidone. See also barbiturate.



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deoxycholate (DOC) deoxycholate (DOC) (de-oks-e-ko´lat)
A salt or ester of deoxycholic acid.



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deoxycholic acid deoxycholic acid (de-oks-e-ko´lik)
7-Deoxycholic acid; 3a,12a-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid;a bile acid and choleretic; used in biochemical preparations as a detergent.



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deoxycoformycin deoxycoformycin (de´oks-e-co-for-mI´sin)
A purine analog which acts as an antimetabolite; potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. Used as an antineoplastic agent. See also pentostatin.



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2-deoxycoformycin 2-deoxycoformycin
pentostatin



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deoxycorticosterone (DOC) deoxycorticosterone (DOC) (de-oks´e-kor-ti-kos´ter-on)
11-Deoxycorticosterone; 21-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione;an adrenocortical steroid, principally a biosynthetic precursor of corticosterone and possibly aldosterone, that rarely appears in adrenocortical secretions; a potent mineralocorticoid with no appreciable glucocorticoid activity.21-hydroxyprogesterone, cortexone, deoxycortone, desoxycortone;
d. acetate desoxycorticosterone acetate;acetate salt used for intramuscular injection for replacement therapy of the adrenocortical steroid.
d. pivalate desoxycorticosterone pivalate;pivalate salt of the steroid.



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deoxycortone deoxycortone (de-oks-e-kor´ton)
deoxycorticosterone



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deoxycytidine deoxycytidine (de-oks-e-sI´ti-den)
2´-Deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA (the others being deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, and thymidine).



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deoxycytidylic acid (dCMP) deoxycytidylic acid (dCMP) (de-oks´e-sI-ti-dil´ik)
Deoxycytidine monophosphate, a hydrolysis product of DNA.



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deoxyepinephrine deoxyepinephrine (de-oks´e-ep-i-nef´ren)
4-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]pyrocatechol;a sympathomimetic amine used as a vasoconstrictor.



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deoxyguanosine deoxyguanosine (de-oks-e-gwan´o-sen)
2´-Deoxyribosylguanine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA (the others being deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, and thymidine). Found to accumulate in individuals with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency.



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deoxyguanylic acid (dGMP) deoxyguanylic acid (dGMP) (de-oks-e-gwan-il´ik)
Deoxyguanosine monophosphate, a hydrolysis product of DNA.guanine deoxyribonucleotide;



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deoxyhexose deoxyhexose (de-oks-e-heks´os)
A 6-carbon deoxy-sugar in which one OH is replaced by H.



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deoxynucleoside deoxynucleoside (de-oks´e-nu´kle-o-sId)
See deoxyribonucleoside.



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deoxynucleotide deoxynucleotide (de-oks´e-nu´kle-o-tId)
See deoxyribonucleoside.



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deoxypentose deoxypentose (de-oks-e-pen´tos)
A 5-carbon deoxy-sugar in which one OH is replaced by H.



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deoxyriboaldolase deoxyriboaldolase (de-oks´e-rI-bo-al´do-las)
deoxyribosephosphate aldolase



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deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase (de-oks´e-rI´bo-dI-pI-rim´i-den)
An enzyme in yeast which is activated by light, whereupon it can reverse a previous photochemical reaction by cleaving the cyclobutane ring of the thymine dimer.dipyrimidine photolyase, photoreactivating enzyme;



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deoxyribonuclease (DNAse, DNAase, DNase) deoxyribonuclease (DNAse, DNAase, DNase) (de-oks´e-rI-bo-nu´kle-as)
Any enzyme (phosphodiesterase) hydrolyzing phosphodiester bonds in DNA. See also endonuclease, nuclease.
acid d. d. II
d. I , DNase I an endonuclease that cleaves primarily double-stranded DNA to a mixture of oligodeoxyribonucleotides, each ending in a 5´-phosphate; streptodornase is a similar enzyme. Under appropriate conditions, it can produce single-strand nicks in DNA; used in nick translation and in the mapping of hypersensitive sites.pancreatic d., thymonuclease;
d. II , DNase II an endonuclease that cleaves both strands of native DNA (as well as single-stranded DNA) to produce a mixture of oligodeoxynucleotides, each ending in a 3´-phosphate.acid d;
pancreatic d. d. I
d. S1 endonuclease S1 Aspergillus
spleen d. former name for micrococcal endonuclease.



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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (de-oks´e-rI´bo-nu-kle´ik)
The type of nucleic acid containing deoxyribose as the sugar component and found principally in the nuclei (chromatin, chromosomes) and mitochondria of animal and vegetable cells, usually loosely bound to protein (hence the term deoxyribonucleoprotein); considered to be the autoreproducing component of chromosomes and of many viruses, and the repository of hereditary characteristics. Its linear macromolecular chain consists of deoxyribose molecules esterified with phosphate groups between the 3´ and 5´ hydroxyl groups; linked to this structure are the purines adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidines cytosine (C) and thymine (T). DNA may be open-ended or circular, single- or double-stranded, and many forms are known, the most comonly described of which is double-stranded, wherein the pyrimidines and purines cross-link through hydrogen bonding in the schema A-T and C-G, bringing two antiparallel strands into a double helix. Chromosomes are composed of double-stranded DNA; mitochondrial DNA is circular.
A-DNA a form of DNA in which the helix is right-handed and the overall appearance is short and broad.
antisense DNA the strand of DNA complementary to the one bearing the genetic message and from which it may be reconstructed. A DNA sequence complementary to a portion of mRNA.
B-DNA a form of DNA in which the helix is right-handed and the overall appearance is long and thin.
blunt-ended DNA double-stranded DNA in which at least one of the ends has no unpaired bases.
competitor DNA DNA from a test organism that is denatured and then used in in vitro hybridization experiments in which it competes with DNA (homologous) from a reference organism; used to determine the relationship of the test organism to the reference organism.
complementary DNA (cDNA) 1. single-stranded DNA that is complementary to messenger RNA; 2. DNA that has been synthesized from mRNA by the action of reverse transcriptase.
extrachromosomal DNA DNA that occurs naturally outside of the nucleus (e.g., mitochondrial DNA).
genomic DNA DNA that contains both introns and exons.
junk DNA that portion of DNA which is not transcribed and expressed, comprising about 90% of the 3 billion base pairs of the human genome; its function is not known.
DNA ligase an enzyme that leads to the formation of a phosphodiester bond at a break of one strand in duplex DNA; a part of the DNA repair system.
linker DNA the DNA found between nucleosomes on chromatin; since it is not complexed to proteins as strongly as other forms of DNA, it is accessible to exonuclease hydrolysis.
DNA nucleotidylexotransferase an enzyme that can catalyze the addition of a nucleotide, presented as a nucleoside triphosphate, on a DNA or similar polydeoxynucleotide; has been used in DNA recombination studies to add nucleotides to form homopolymer tails.terminal addition enzyme, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase;
palindromic DNA a segment of DNA in which the sequence is symmetrical about its midpoint.
DNA polymerase See nucleotidyltransferases.
recombinant DNA See recombinant DNA.
repetitive DNA a segment of DNA that consists of a linear array of multiple copies of the same sequence of nucleotides.
satellite DNA DNA in the satellite regions of acrocentric chromosomes.
sticky-ended DNA double-stranded DNA in which one of the strands protrudes from the other strand (i.e., has a number of unpaired bases) at one end or more.
Z-DNA A form of DNA in which the helix is left-handed, and the overall appearance is elongated and slim.
zero time-binding DNA DNA that has become the duplex form at the start of a reassociation process.



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deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP, Dnp) deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP, Dnp) (de-oks´e-rI-bo-nu´kle-o-pro´ten)
The complex of DNA and protein in which DNA is usually found upon cell disruption and isolation.



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deoxyribonucleoside deoxyribonucleoside (de-oks´e-rI-bo-nu´kle-o-sId)
A nucleoside component of DNA containing 2-deoxy-d-ribose; the condensation product of deoxy-d-ribose with purines or pyrimidines.



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deoxyribonucleotide deoxyribonucleotide (de-oks´e-rI-bo-nu´kle-o-tId)
A nucleotide component of DNA containing 2-deoxy-d-ribose; the phosphoric ester of deoxyribonucleoside; formed in nucleotide biosynthesis.



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deoxyribose deoxyribose (de-oks-e-rI´bos)
A deoxypentose, 2-deoxy-d-ribose being the most common example, occurring in DNA and responsible for its name.
d. phosphate See deoxyribonucleotide.



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deoxyribosephosphate aldolase deoxyribosephosphate aldolase (de-oks´e-rI-bos-fos´fat)
An enzyme catalyzing cleavage of 2-deoxy-d-ribose 5-phosphate to d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and acetaldehyde.deoxyriboaldolase;



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deoxyriboside deoxyriboside (de-oks-e-rI´bo-sId)
Deoxyribose combined via its 1-O atom with a radical derived from an alcohol; not to be confused with deoxyribosyl compounds such as deoxyribonucleosides. Cf. deoxyribosyl.



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deoxyribosyl deoxyribosyl (de-oks-e-rI´bo-sil)
The radical formed from deoxyribose by removal of the OH from the C1 carbon; e.g., deoxyadenosine. Cf. deoxyriboside.



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deoxyribosyltransferases deoxyribosyltransferases (de-oks´e-rI´bo-sil-trans´fer- as-es)
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of 2-deoxy-d-ribose from deoxyribosides to free bases.



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deoxyribotide deoxyribotide (de-oks-e-rI´bo-tId)
Misnomer for deoxyribonucleotide or deoxynucleotide derived, by analogy with nucleoside-nucleotide, from incorrect usage of deoxyriboside.



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deoxythymidine (dT) deoxythymidine (dT) (de-oks´e-thi´mi-den)
thymidine



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deoxythymidylic acid (dTMP) deoxythymidylic acid (dTMP) (de-oks´e-thI-mi-dil´ik)
A component of DNA; originally and properly called thymidylic acid, but use of deoxy- is less ambiguous, as ribothymidylic acid is now known to exist.thymine deoxyribonucleotide;



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deoxyuridine deoxyuridine (de-oks´e-yur´i-den)
A derivative of uridine in which one or more of the hydroxyl groups on the ribose moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen; e.g., 2´-deoxyuridine is a rare naturally occurring deoxynucleoside.



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deoxyvirus deoxyvirus (de-ok´se-vI´rus)
DNA virus



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deozonize deozonize (de-o´zo-nIz)
To deprive of ozone.



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dependence dependence (de-pen´dens)
The quality or condition of relying upon, being influenced by, or being subservient to a person or object reflecting a particular need. [L. dependeo, to hang from]
anchorage d. the need of normal cells to have an appropriate surface to attach to in order for them to grow in culture.
substance d. a pattern of behavioral, physiologic, and cognitive symptoms that develop due to substance use or abuse; usually indicated by tolerance to the effects of the substance and withdrawal symptoms that develop when use of the substance is terminated.



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dependency dependency (de-pen´dens-e)
The state of being dependent.
pyridoxine d. with seizure an inherited disorder (autosomal recessive) apparently associated with deficient brain type I glutamate decarboxylase; seizures can be controlled with vitamin B6.



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Dependovirus Dependovirus (de-pen´do-vI-rus)
A genus of small defective single-stranded DNA viruses in the family Parvoviridae that depend on adenoviruses for replication.adeno-associated virus, adenosatellite virus; [L. dependeo, to be dependent upon, + virus]



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depersonalization depersonalization (de-per´son-al-i-za´shun)
A state in which a person loses the feeling of his own identity in relation to others in his family or peer group, or loses the feeling of his own reality.depersonalization syndrome;



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de Pezzer de Pezzer
O., 19th century French physician. See deP. catheter.



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dephasing dephasing
In the magnetic resonance, following alignment by a radiofrequency pulse, the gradual loss of orientation of the magnetic atomic nuclei due to random molecular energy transfer or relaxation.



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dephosphorylation dephosphorylation (de-fos´for-i-la´shun)
Removal of a phosphoric group, usually hydrolytically and by enzyme action, from a compound.



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depigmentation depigmentation (de-pig-men-ta´shun)
Loss of pigment which may be partial or complete. See also achromia (1).



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depilate depilate (dep´i-lat)
To remove hair by any means. Cf. epilate. [L. de-pilo, pp. -atus, to deprive of hair, fr. de- neg. + pilo, to grow hair]



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depilation depilation (dep-i-la´shun)
epilation



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depilatory depilatory (de-pil´a-to-re)
1. epilatory (1) 2. An agent that causes the falling out of hair.epilatory (2);
chemical d. a topically applied d. substance.



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depletion depletion (de-ple´shun)
1. The removal of accumulated fluids or solids. 2. A reduced state of strength from too many free discharges. 3. Excessive loss of a constituent, usually essential, of the body, e.g., salt, water, etc.
chloride d. salt d
salt d. excessive loss of sodium chloride from the body in urine, sweat, etc.; a cause of secondary dehydration.chloride d;
water d. reduction in the total volume of body water; dehydration.



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depolarization depolarization (de-po´lar-i-za´shun)
The destruction, neutralization, or change in direction of polarity.
dendritic d. the loss of a negative charge in the dendrites of a nerve cell.



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depolarize depolarize (de-po´lar-Iz)
To deprive of polarity.



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depolymerase depolymerase (de-pol´i-mer-as)
Name used originally, before hydrolytic action was understood, for an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of a macromolecule to simpler components. See nuclease.



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depopulation depopulation (de-pop-yu-la´shun)
Humane destruction of all animals on a premises during a disease eradication program; in the U.S., used primarily in national programs established to eradicate newly introduced diseases (e.g., foot-and-mouth disease) that pose serious economic threats to the livestock industries.



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deposit deposit (de-poz´it)
1. A sediment or precipitate. 2. A pathological accumulation of inorganic material in a tissue. [L. de-pono, pp. -positus, to lay down]
brickdust d. a sediment of urates in the urine.sedimentum lateritium;



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depravation depravation (dep´ra-va´shun)
depravity [L. depravatio, fr. depravo, pp. -atus, to corrupt]



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depraved depraved (de-pravd´)
Deteriorated or degenerate; corrupt. [L. depravo, to corrupt]



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depravity depravity (de-prav´i-te)
A depraved act or the condition of being depraved.depravation;



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deprenyl deprenyl (de´pren-il)
An inhibitor of monoamine oxidase selective for the type B isozyme. The drug is used as an antiparkinsonian agent. It does not give rise to the hypertensive crisis that can occur when nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors are taken in the presence of dietary sources of tyramine.selegiline;



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depressant depressant (de-pres´ant)
1. Diminishing functional tone or activity. 2. An agent that reduces nervous or functional activity, such as a sedative or anesthetic. [L. de-primo, pp. -pressus, to press down]



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depressed depressed (de-prest´)
1. Flattened from above downward. 2. Below the normal level or the level of the surrounding parts. 3. Below the normal functional level. 4. Dejected; lowered in spirits.



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depression depression (de-presh´un)
1. Reduction of the level of functioning. 2. A hollow or sunken area. 3. Displacement of a part downward or inward. 4. A temporary mental state or chronic mental disorder characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness, despair, low self-esteem, and self-reproach; accompanying signs include psychomotor retardation or less frequently agitation, withdrawal from social contact, and vegetative states such as loss of appetite and insomnia.dejection (1); depressive reaction, depressive syndrome; [L. depressio, fr. deprimo, to press down]
agitated d. d. with excitement and restlessness.
anaclitic d. impairment of an infant's physical, social, and intellectual development following separation from its mother or from a mothering surrogate; characterized by listlessness, withdrawal, and anorexia. See also hospitalism.
endogenous d. , endogenomorphic d. a descriptive syndrome for a cluster of symptoms and features occurring in the absence of external precipitants and believed to have a biologic origin; e.g., anhedonia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, diurnal mood variation with increased severity in the morning, early morning awakening and insomnia in the middle of the night, weight loss, self-reproach or guilt, and lack of reactivity to one's environment.nonreactive d; Annually, approximately 20 million people in the U.S. suffer from depression. Major strides in treatment of endogenous depression and other mood disorders have been made since the 1970s, in large measure because of psychopharmacological advances. The tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, effective in reversing only a fraction of clinical depressions, have been joined by the serotonin and dopamine re-uptake inhibitors, classes of drugs that act to increase the amounts of those neurotransmitters available in the synapses. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and paroxetine (Paxil), are widely prescribed, and some 6 million people in the U.S. have taken Prozac since its introduction in 1987. SSRIs also have scored successes against panic attacks, bulimia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and may alleviate shyness, chronic feelings of emptiness, and fear of rejection. Depression can be masked by substance abuse (depressives may attempt to self-medicate with alcohol or drugs), and among the elderly is often confused with senile dementia. Timely diagnosis may be critical, because those suffering a major depressive episode run a higher risk than average of attempting suicide (the overall rate of suicides in the U.S. is 20 per 100,000, mainly in the 15-35 age group). Of the traditional talk therapies, the one that has demonstrated greatest success in reversing depression is cognitive therapy, developed by Aaron Beck. Refined methods of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) have been used with increasing frequency since the 1980s, generally for cases that do not respond to other treatment. To minimize memory loss, a barbiturate is administered before the procedure, and muscle relaxants lessen convulsions. With severely depressed patients, ECT has a cure rate of 80%.
exogenous d. similar signs and symptoms as endogenous d. but the precipitating factors are social or environmental and outside the individual.
involutional d. depression or psychosis first occurring in the involutional years (40 to 55 for women, 50 to 65 for men).
lingual salivary gland d. an indentation on the lingual surface of the mandible within which a portion of the submandibular gland lies; it appears radiographically as a sharply circumscribed ovoid radiolucency between the mandibular canal and the inferior border of the posterior mandible.Stafne bone cyst, static bone cyst;
major d. a mental d. characterized by depressed or irritable mood, pervasive loss of interest in usually pleasurable activities, sleep and appetite disturbance, fatigue, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness, worthlessness, and guilt. See endogenous d., exogenous d., bipolar disorder.
nonreactive d. endogenous d
d. of optic disk excavation of optic disc
pacchionian d.'s granular pits, under pit
postdrive d. slowing of the heart, often with a rate-dependent blockade of A-V and/or V-A conduction following rapid atrial stimulation.
pterygoid d. pterygoid fovea
reactive d. a psychological state occasioned directly by an intensely sad external situation (frequently loss of a loved person), relieved by the removal of the external situation (e.g., reunion with a loved person).
spreading d. a decrease of activity evoked by local stimulation of the cerebral cortex and spreading slowly over the whole cortex.



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depressive depressive (de-pres´iv)
1. Pushing down. 2. Pertaining to or causing depression.



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depressor depressor (de-pres´or)
1. A muscle that flattens or lowers a part. 2. Anything that depresses or retards functional activity. 3. An instrument or device used to push certain structures out of the way during an operation or examination. 4. An agent producing decreased blood pressure.hypotensor; [L. de-primo, pp. -pressus, to press down]
tongue d. an instrument with a broad flat extremity used for pressing down the tongue to facilitate examination of the oral cavity and pharynx.



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deprivation deprivation (dep´ri-va´shun)
Absence, loss, or withholding of something needed.
emotional d. lack of adequate and appropriate interpersonal or environmental experiences, or both, usually in the early developmental years.
sensory d. diminution or absence of usual external stimuli or perceptual experiences, commonly resulting in psychological distress and aberrant functioning if continued too long.



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depsipeptide depsipeptide (dep´se-pep´tId)
An oligo- or polypeptide containing one or more ester bonds as well as peptide bonds. See also peptolide. [G. deseo, to knead, blend, + peptide]



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depth depth
Distance from the surface downward.
anesthetic d. the degree of central nervous system depression produced by a general anesthetic agent; a function of potency of the anesthetic and the concentration in which it is administered.
focal d. , d. of focus the greatest distance through which an object point can be moved while maintaining a clear image.penetration (3);



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deptropine citrate deptropine citrate (dep´tro-pen)
3a-[(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-yl)oxy]1aH,5aH-tropane citrate;an antihistaminic agent with anticholinergic properties.dibenzheptropine citrate;



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depulization depulization (de-pyu´li-za´shun)
Destruction of fleas which convey the plague bacillus from animals to humans. [L. de, from, + pulex (pulic-), flea]



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depurant depurant (dep´yu-rant)
1. An agent or means used to effect purification. 2. An agent that promotes the excretion and removal of waste material. [L. de- intens. + puro, pp. -atus, to make pure]



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depuration depuration (dep-yu-ra´shun)
Purification; removal of waste products or foul excretions.



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depurative depurative (dep´yu-ra-tiv)
Tending to depurate; depurant.



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dequalinium acetate dequalinium acetate (de-kwah-lin´e-um)
1,1´-decamethylenebis[4-aminoquinaldinium acetate];an antimicrobial agent.decamine;



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dequalinium chloride dequalinium chloride
Dequalinium acetate, with chloride replacing acetate, used as an antimicrobial agent primarily in lozenges for the treatment of mouth and throat infections.



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de Quervain de Quervain
Fritz, Swiss surgeon, 1868-1940. See deQ.'s disease, fracture, thyroiditis.



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deradelphus deradelphus (dar-a-del´fus)
Conjoined twins with a single head and neck and separate bodies below the thoracic level. See conjoined twins, under twin. [G. dere, neck, + adelphos, brother]



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derailment derailment (de-ral´ment)
A symptom of a thought disorder in which one constantly gets "off the track" in his thoughts and speech; similar to loosening of association.



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deranencephaly deranencephaly , deranencephalia (dar-an´en-sef´a-le, -se-fa´le-a)
1. Congenital malformation in which the head is absent, although there is a rudimentary neck. 2. Defect of the brain and upper part of the spinal cord. [G. dere, neck, + an-, priv., + kephale, head]



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derangement derangement (de-ranj´ment)
1. A disturbance of the regular order or arrangement. 2. Rarely used term for a mental disturbance or disorder. [Fr.]
Hey's internal d. dislocation of the semilunar cartilages of the knee joint.



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Dercum Dercum
Francis X., U.S. neurologist, 1856-1931. See D.'s disease.



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derealization derealization (de-re´a-li-za´shun)
An alteration in one's perception of the environment such that things that are ordinarily familiar seem strange, unreal, or two-dimensional.



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dereism dereism (de´re-izm)
Mental activity in fantasy in contrast to reality. [L. de, away, + res, thing]



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dereistic dereistic (de-re-is´tik)
Living in imagination or fantasy with thoughts that are incongruent with logic or experience.



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derencephalia derencephalia (dar-en-se-fa´le-a)
derencephaly



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derencephalocele derencephalocele (dar-en-sef´a-lo-sel)
In derencephaly, protrusion of the rudimentary brain through a defect in the upper cervical spinal canal. [G. dere, neck, + enkephalos, brain, + kele, hernia]



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derencephaly derencephaly (dar-en-sef´a-le)
Cervical rachischisis and anencephaly, a malformation involving an open cranial vault with a rudimentary brain usually crowded back toward bifid cervical vertebrae.derencephalia; [G. dere, neck, + enkephalos, brain]



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derepression derepression (de-re-presh´un)
A homeostatic mechanism for regulating enzyme production in an inducible enzyme system: an inducer, usually a substrate of a specific enzyme pathway, by combining with an active repressor (produced by a regulator gene) deactivates it; the release of the previously repressed operator is followed by enzyme production.



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derivation derivation (dar-i-va´shun)
1. The drawing of blood or the body fluids to one part to relieve congestion in another.revulsion (2); 2. The source or process of an evolution. [L. derivatio, fr. derivo, pp. -atus, to draw off, fr. rivus, a stream]



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derivative derivative (de-riv´a-tiv)
1. Relating to or producing derivation. 2. Something produced by modification of something preexisting. 3. Specifically, a chemical compound that may be produced from another compound of similar structure in one or more steps, as in replacement of H by an alkyl, acyl, or amino group.



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derm- derm- , derma-
The skin; corresponds to the L. cut-. See entries under cut [G. derma]



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dermabrader dermabrader (derm´a-brad-er)
A motor-driven device used in dermabrasion.



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dermabrasion dermabrasion (der-ma-bra´zhun)
Operative procedure used to remove acne scars or pits performed with sandpaper, rotating wire brushes, or other abrasive materials.mechanical abrasion, planing;



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Dermacentor Dermacentor (der-ma-sen´ter)
An ornate, characteristically marked genus of hard ticks (family Ixodidae) that possess eyes and 11 festoons; it consists of some 20 species whose members commonly attack dogs, humans, and other mammals. [derm- + G. kentor, a goader]
D. albopic´tus the winter tick, a species found principally on horses, cattle, elk, moose, and deer in Canada and the northern and western United States; it is a one-host tick, but humans are sometimes attacked when skinning or dressing deer.
D. anderso´ni the Rocky Mountain spotted-fever, or wood tick; a species that is the vector of spotted fever in the Rocky Mountain regions, and also transmits tularemia and causes tick paralysis; there are characteristic black and white markings on the large scutum of the male.
D. ni´tens the tropical horse tick, a species found primarily on horses, mules, and asses (usually on the ears), chiefly in southern Florida, southern Texas, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies.
D. occidenta´lis the Pacific Coast tick, a species found on all domestic herbivores, deer, dogs, humans, and other animals in California and western Oregon.
D. reticula´tus a common species attacking sheep, oxen, goats, and deer, and sometimes troublesome to humans; it is found in Europe, Asia, and America.
D. variabi´lis the American dog tick, a species that is a common pest of dogs along the eastern seaboard of the U.S., a vector of tularemia, and a principal vector of Rickettsia rickettsii which causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the central and eastern U.S.; may also cause tick paralysis.



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dermad dermad (der´mad)
In the direction of the outer integument. [derm- + L. ad, to]



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dermagraphy dermagraphy (der-mag´ra-fe)
dermatographism



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dermahemia dermahemia (der-ma-he´me-a)
Hyperemia of the skin. [derma- + G. haima, blood]



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dermal dermal (der´mal)
Relating to the skin.dermatic, dermatoid (2) , dermic;



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dermalaxia dermalaxia (der-ma-lak´se-a)
cutis laxa [derm- + G. malaxis, softening]



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dermametropathism dermametropathism (der´ma-me-trop´a-thizm)
A system that measures the intensity and nature of certain cutaneous disorders by observing the markings made by drawing a blunt instrument across the skin. [derm- + G. metron, measure, + pathos, disease]



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Dermanyssus gallinae Dermanyssus gallinae (der-ma-nis´us ga-le´-ne)
The red hen-mite, a parasite of chickens, pigeons, and other birds; it sometimes attacks humans and causes an itching eruption, especially in sensitized individuals.Acarus gallinae; [derm- + G. nysso, to prick; L. gallina, hen]



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dermat- dermat-
The skin. See also derm-, dermato-, dermo-. [G. derma]



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dermatalgia dermatalgia (der-ma-tal´je-a)
Localized pain, usually confined to the skin.dermatodynia; [dermat- + G. algos, pain]



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dermatic dermatic (der-mat´ik)
dermal



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dermatitis dermatitis , pl. dermatitides (der-ma-tI´tis, -tit´i-dez)
Inflammation of the skin. [derm- + G. -itis, inflammation]
actinic d. photodermatitis
d. aestiva´lis eczema recurring during the summer.
allergic contact d. a delayed type IV allergic reaction of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema, and vesiculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a specific allergen.contact allergy;
d. ambustio´nis inflammation of the skin resulting from the action of heat.d. calorica, uritis;
ancylostoma d. cutaneous ancylostomiasis
d. artefac´ta self-induced skin lesions resulting from habitual rubbing, scratching or hair-pulling, malingering, or mental disturbance.d. autophytica, factitial d., feigned eruption;
atopic d. d. characterized by the distinctive phenomena of atopy, including infantile and flexural eczema.atopic eczema;
d. atroph´icans a diffuse idiopathic atrophy of the skin involving the appendages.
d. autophy´tica d. artefacta
berloque d. , berlock d. a type of photosensitization resulting in deep brown pigmentation on exposure to sunlight after application of bergamot oil and other essential oils in perfume.
blastomycetic d. , d. blastomycot´ica a cutaneous form of blastomycosis.
bubble gum d. allergic contact d. developing about the lips in children who chew bubble gum; caused by plastics in the gum substance.
d. calor´ica d. ambustionis
caterpillar d. allergic contact d. caused by the larva of the browntail moth, puss caterpillar, gypsy moths and other caterpillars.caterpillar rash;
chemical d. allergic contact d. or primary irritation d. due to application of chemicals; usually characterized by erythema, edema, and vesiculation of the exposed or contacted site.
d. combustio´nis inflammation of the skin following a burn.
d. congelatio´nis frostbite
contact d. d. resulting from cutaneous contact with a specific allergen (allergic contact d.) or irritant (irritant contact d.).contact hypersensitivity (1);
contact-type d. d. resembling contact d. or eczema, but caused by an ingested or injected allergen, usually a drug, and with a widespread or generalized distribution.
contagious pustular d. orf
cosmetic d. a cutaneous eruption that results from the application of a cosmetic; due to allergic sensitization or primary irritation.
dhobie mark d. an allergic contact d. due to hypersensitivity to ingredients in laundry marking ink.dhobie mark, washerman's mark;
diaper d. colloquially referred to as diaper, ammonia, or napkin rash; d. of thighs and buttocks resulting from exposure to urine and feces in infants' diapers. Formerly attributed to ammonia formation; moisture, bacterial growth, and alkalinity may all induce lesions.ammonia rash, diaper rash, Jacquet's erythema, napkin rash;
d. exfoliati´va exfoliative d
d. exfoliati´va infan´tum , d. exfoliati´va neonato´rum a generalized pyoderma accompanied by exfoliative d., with constitutional symptoms, affecting young infants, which may result from atopic d., Leiner's disease or staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.impetigo neonatorum (1);
exfoliative d. generalized exfoliation with scaling of the skin and usually with erythema (erythroderma); may be a drug reaction or associated with various benign dermatoses, lupus erythematosus, lymphomas, or of undetermined cause.d. exfoliativa, pityriasis rubra, Wilson's disease (2);
exudative discoid and lichenoid d. Sulzberger-Garbe disease
factitial d. d. artefacta
d. gangreno´sa infan´tum a bullous or pustular eruption, of uncertain origin, followed by necrotic ulcers or extensive gangrene in children under 2 years of age; if untreated, death may result from hematogenous infection, such as liver abscess.disseminated cutaneous gangrene, ecthyma gangrenosum, pemphigus gangrenosus (1) , rupia escharotica;
d. herpetifor´mis a chronic disease of the skin marked by a symmetric itching eruption of vesicles and papules that occur in groups; relapses are common; associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy and IgA immune complexes beneath the epidermis of lesioned and normal-appearing skin.d. multiformis, Duhring's disease, herpes circinatus bullosus, hydroa herpetiforme;
d. hiema´lis a recurrent eczema appearing with the advent of cold weather.frost itch, lumberman's itch, pruritus hiemalis, winter itch;
infectious eczematoid d. an inflammatory reaction of skin adjacent to the site of a pyogenic infection; e.g., purulent otitis, the area around a colostomy, or intranasal infection; thought to be due to a local sensitization to the resident organisms.
irritant contact d. skin reactions ranging from erythema and scaling to necrotic burns resulting from nonimmunologic damage by chemicals in contact with the skin immediately or repeatedly.
livedoid d. a reddish blue mottled condition of the skin due to affection of the cutaneous vascular apparatus.
mango d. a perioral d. resulting from a sensitization reaction to the resinous coating on the peel of the mango fruit.
meadow d. , meadow grass d. a photoallergic reaction to contact with a plant containing furocoumarin in which the bizarre configuration of the eruption is that of the streaky pattern of the plant contact; often occurs after sunbathing.phytophlyctodermatitis;
d. medicamento´sa drug eruption
d. multifor´mis d. herpetiformis
nickel d. allergic d. due to contact with, or in some cases ingestion of, nickel or other metals containing nickel (e.g., stainless steel) as a diluent.
d. nodo´sa a papular eruption on the legs, related to craw-craw.
d. nodula´ris necrot´ica a recurrent eruption of vesicles, papules, and papulonecrotic lesions on the buttocks and extensor surfaces of the extremities, accompanied by fever, sore throat, diarrhea, and eosinophilia; probably a variant of vasculitis, it can be of varying and increasing severity and duration, and can occasionally involve the heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.Werther's disease;
nummular d. nummular eczema
d. papilla´ris capillit´ii acne keloid
papular d. of pregnancy intensely pruritic papular eruption of torso and extremities occurring throughout pregnancy, with no systemic toxicity; may be similar to pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy.
d. pediculoi´des ventrico´sus straw itch
plant d. See d. venenata.
primary irritant d. a frequently cumulative reaction of irritation on exposure of the skin to substances which are toxic to epidermal or connective tissue cells; lesions are usually erythematous and papular, but can be purulent or necrotic, depending on the nature of the toxic material applied.
proliferative d. dermatophilosis
rat mite d. an eruption of wheals, papules, or vesicles caused by the rat mite.
d. re´pens pustulosis palmaris et plantaris [L. creeping]
rhus d. contact d. caused by cutaneous exposure to urushiol from species of Toxicodendron (Rhus), such as poison ivy, oak, or sumac.
sandal strap d. allergic contact on the dorsal surfaces of the feet, caused by synthetic rubber sandal straps or additives to natural rubber.
Schamberg's d. progressive pigmentary dermatosis
schistosomal d. a sensitization response to repeated cutaneous invasion by cercariae of bird, mammal, or human schistosomes.swimmer's itch (2) , water itch (2);
seborrheic d. , d. seborrhe´ica a common scaly macular eruption that occurs primarily on the face, scalp (dandruff), and other areas of increased sebaceous gland secretion; the lesions are covered with a slightly adherent oily scale.dyssebacia, dyssebacea, seborrhea corporis, seborrheic dermatosis, seborrheic eczema, Unna's disease;
d. sim´plex erythema simplex
solar d. a d. in photosensitive persons caused by exposure to the sun's rays.
stasis d. erythema and scaling of the lower extremities due to impaired venous circulation, seen commonly in older women or secondary to deep vein thrombosis.
subcorneal pustular d. subcorneal pustular dermatosis
traumatic d. any d. caused by an irritant substance or by a physical agent.
trefoil d. trifoliosis
d. veg´etans a benign fungating granulomatous mass caused by chronic pyogenic infection.pyoderma vegetans;
d. venena´ta obsolete term for a cutaneous eruption due to contact with a sensitizing agent such as urushiol in poison ivy, resins, chemicals, cosmetics, etc.; the eruption is edematous, erythematous, and vesicular.
d. verruco´sa obsolete term for chromoblastomycosis.



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dermato- dermato-
See derm-. [G. derma, skin]



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dermatoalloplasty dermatoalloplasty (der´ma-to-al´o-plas-te)
Obsolete term for allografting of skin. [dermato- + G. allos, other, + plastos, formed]



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dermatoarthritis dermatoarthritis (der´ma-to-ar-thrI´tis)
Associated skin disease and arthritis.
lipoid d. a multicentric reticulohistiocytosis.



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dermatoautoplasty dermatoautoplasty (der´ma-to-aw´to-plas-te)
Obsolete term for autografting of skin taken from another part of the patient's own body. [dermato- + G. autos, self, + plastos, formed]



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Dermatobia Dermatobia (der-ma-to´be-a)
A genus of flies (family Oestridae) found in tropical America. [dermato- + G. bios, way of living]
D. cyaniven´tris D. hominis
D. hom´inis a large, blue, brown-winged species whose larvae develop in open boil-like lesions in the skin of humans, many domestic animals, and some fowl. It is a very serious and damaging cattle parasite and frequently attacks small children in Central and South America. Its eggs are laid on the legs or abdomen of another insect, such as the mosquito; the eggs later hatch, when stimulated by warmth or other factors, to release the botfly larvae on the skin of the mosquito's bloodmeal host, and the larvae quickly invade the skin to initiate myiasis.D. cyaniventris, human botfly, skin botflies, warble botfly;



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dermatobiasis dermatobiasis (der´ma-to-bI´a-sis)
Infection of man and animals with larvae of the fly Dermatobia hominis.human botfly myiasis;



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dermatocellulitis dermatocellulitis (der´ma-to-sel-yu-lI´tis)
Inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue.



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dermatochalasis dermatochalasis (der´ma-to-ka-la´sis)
cutis laxa [dermato- + G. chalao, to loosen]



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dermatoconiosis dermatoconiosis (der´ma-to-ko-nI-o´sis)
An occupational dermatitis caused by local irritation from dust. [dermato- + G. konis, dust, + -osis, condition]



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dermatocyst dermatocyst (der´ma-to-sist)
A cyst of the skin.



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dermatodynia dermatodynia (der´ma-to-din´e-a)
dermatalgia [dermato- + G. odyne, pain]



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dermatofibroma dermatofibroma (der´ma-to-fI-bro´ma)
A slowly growing benign skin nodule consisting of poorly demarcated cellular fibrous tissue enclosing collapsed capillaries, with scattered hemosiderin-pigmented and lipid macrophages. The following terms are considered by some to be synonymous with, and by others to be varieties of, d.: sclerosing hemangioma, fibrous histiocytoma, nodular subepidermal fibrosis.



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dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (der´ma-to-fI´bro-sar-ko´ma pro-tu´ber-anz)
A relatively slowly growing dermal neoplasm consisting of one or several firm nodules that are usually covered by dark red-blue skin, which tends to be fixed to the palpable masses; histologically, the neoplasm resembles a cellular dermatofibroma with a pronounced storiform pattern; metastases are unusual, but the incidence of recurrence is fairly high.
pigmented d.p. an uncommon variant of d.p. containing heavily pigmented dendritic melanocytes scattered between spindle cells of the tumor.Bednar tumor, storiform neurofibroma;



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dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata (der´ma-to-fI-bro´sis len-tik-yu-la´ris di-sem-i-na´ta) [MIM*166700]
Small papules or discs of increased dermal elastic tissue appearing in early life; when osteopoikilosis is also present, the condition is called osteodermatopoikilosis or Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome; autosomal dominant inheritance.



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dermatoglyphics dermatoglyphics (der´ma-to-glif´iks)
1. The configurations of the characteristic ridge patterns of the volar surfaces of the skin; in the hand of man, the distal segment of each digit has three types of configurations: whorl, loop, and arch. See also fingerprint. 2. The science or study of these configurations or patterns. [dermato- + glyphe, carved work]



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dermatograph dermatograph (der-mat´o-graf)
The linear wheal made in the skin in dermatographism.



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dermatographism dermatographism (der-ma-tog´ra-fizm)
A form of urticaria in which whealing occurs in the site and in the configuration of application of stroking (pressure, friction) of the skin.autographism, dermagraphy, dermatography, dermographia, dermographism, dermography, factitious urticaria, skin writing, urticaria factitia; [dermato- + G. grapho, to write]



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dermatography dermatography (der-ma-tog´ra-fe)
dermatographism



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dermatoheteroplasty dermatoheteroplasty (der´ma-to-het´er-o-plas-te)
Rarely used term for dermatoxenoplasty. [dermato- + G. heteros, another, + plastos, formed]



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dermatohomoplasty dermatohomoplasty (der´ma-to-ho´mo-plas-te)
Obsolete term for dermatoalloplasty. [dermato- + G. homos, same, + plastos, formed]



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dermatoid dermatoid (der´ma-toyd)
1. Resembling skin.dermoid (1); 2. dermal



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dermatologist dermatologist (der-ma-tol´o-jist)
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous diseases and related systemic diseases.



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dermatology dermatology (der-ma-tol´o-je)
The branch of medicine concerned with the study of the skin, diseases of the skin, and the relationship of cutaneous lesions to systemic disease. [dermato- + G. logos, study]



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dermatolysis dermatolysis (der-ma-tol´i-sis)
Loosening of the skin or atrophy of the skin by disease; erroneously used as a synonym for cutis laxa.dermolysis; [dermato- + G. lysis, a loosening]



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dermatoma dermatoma (der-ma-to´ma)
A circumscribed thickening or hypertrophy of the skin. [dermato- + G. -oma, tumor]



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dermatome dermatome (der´ma-tom)
1. An instrument for cutting thin slices of skin for grafting, or excising small lesions. 2. The dorsolateral part of an embryonic somite.cutis plate; 3. The area of skin supplied by cutaneous branches from a single spinal nerve; neighboring d.'s may overlap.dermatomal distribution, dermatomic area; [dermato- + G. tome, a cutting]
electric d. See electrodermatome.



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dermatomegaly dermatomegaly (der´ma-to-meg´a-le)
Congenital or acquired defect in which the skin hangs in folds; may be part of a syndrome or may occur in isolation as cutis laxa, dermatochalasis, or dermatolysis. [dermato- + G. megas, large]



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dermatomere dermatomere (der´ma-to-mer)
A metameric area of the embryonic integument. [dermato- + G. meros, part]



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dermatomycosis dermatomycosis (der´ma-to-mI-ko´sis)
Fungus infection of the skin caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and other fungi. Cf. dermatophytosis.
d. ped´is tinea pedis



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dermatomyoma dermatomyoma (der´ma-to-mI-o´ma)
leiomyoma cutis [dermato- + G. mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor]



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dermatomyositis dermatomyositis (der´ma-to-mI-o-sI´tis)
A progressive condition characterized by symmetric proximal muscular weakness with elevated muscle enzyme levels and a skin rash, typically a purplish-red or heliotrope erythema on the face, and edema of the eyelids and periorbital tissue; affected muscle tissue shows degeneration of fibers with a chronic inflammatory reaction; occurs in children and adults, and in the latter may be associated with visceral cancer. [dermato- + G. mys, muscle, + -itis, inflammation]



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dermatoneurosis dermatoneurosis (der´ma-to-nu-ro´sis)
Any cutaneous eruption due to emotional stimuli.dermoneurosis;



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dermatonosology dermatonosology (der´ma-to-no-sol´o-je)
The science of the nomenclature and classification of diseases of the skin.dermonosology; [dermato- + G. nosos, disease, + logos, treatise]



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dermatopathia dermatopathia (der´ma-to-path´e-a)
dermatopathy
d. pigmento´sa reticula´ris livedo reticularis



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dermatopathology dermatopathology (der´ma-to-pa-thol´o-je)
Histopathology of the skin and subcutis, and study of the causes of skin disease.



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dermatopathy dermatopathy (der´ma-top´a-the)
Any disease of the skin.dermatopathia, dermopathy; [dermato- + G. pathos, suffering]



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Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (der-ma-tof-a-goy´dez ter-o-ni-sI´nus)
A common species of cosmopolitan mites found in house dust and a common contributory cause of atopic asthma. [dermato- + G. phago, to eat; ptero- + G. nysso, to prick, stab]



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dermatophilosis dermatophilosis (der´ma-to-fi-lo´sis)
An infectious exudative dermatitis of cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and other animals (occasionally man) caused by Dermatophilus congolensis; severe (sometimes fatal) d. is seen in cattle in the Caribbean, invariable in association with Amblyomma variegatum infestations.proliferative dermatitis, streptothrichosis, streptotrichiasis, streptotrichosis;



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Dermatophilus congolensis Dermatophilus congolensis (der-ma-tof´i-lus kon-go-len´sis)
A species of motile, nonacid fast, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that is the etiologic agent of dermatophilosis; also causes proliferative dermatitis. [dermato- + G. philos, fond]



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dermatophobia dermatophobia (der´ma-to-fo´be-a)
Morbid fear of acquiring a skin disease. [dermatosis + G. phobos, fear]



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dermatophone dermatophone (der´ma-to-fon)
An instrument used for listening to blood flow in the skin.



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dermatophylaxis dermatophylaxis (der´ma-to-fI-lak´sis)
Protection of the skin against potentially harmful agents; e.g., infection, excessive sunlight, noxious agents. [dermato- + G. phylaxis, protection]



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dermatophyte dermatophyte (der´ma-to-fIt)
A fungus that causes superficial infections of the skin, hair, and/or nails, i.e., keratinized tissues. Species of Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton are regarded as dermatophytes, but causative agents of tinea versicolor, tinea nigra, and cutaneous candidiasis are not so classified. [dermato- + G. phyton, plant]



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dermatophytid dermatophytid (der-ma-tof´i-tid)
An allergic manifestation of dermatophytosis at a site distant from that of the primary fungous infection. The lesions, usually small vesicles on the hands and/or arms, are devoid of the fungus and may become extensive, covering wide areas of the body and causing extreme discomfort to the patient. See also -id (1) , id reaction.



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dermatophytosis dermatophytosis (der´ma-to-fI-to´sis)
An infection of the hair, skin, or nails caused by any one of the dermatophytes. The lesions may occur at any site on the body and, on the skin, are characterized by erythema, small papular vesicles, fissures, and scaling. Common sites of infection are the feet (tinea pedis), nails (onychomycosis), and scalp (tinea capitis). Cf. dermatomycosis.



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dermatoplastic dermatoplastic (der´ma-to-plas´tik)
Obsolete term relating to dermatoplasty.



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dermatoplasty dermatoplasty (der´ma-to-plas-te)
Plastic surgery of the skin, as by skin grafting.dermoplasty; [dermato- + G. plastos, formed]



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dermatopolyneuritis dermatopolyneuritis (der´ma-to-pol´e-nu-rI´tis)
acrodynia (2)



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dermatorrhagia dermatorrhagia (der´ma-to-ra´je-a)
Hemorrhage from or into the skin. [dermato- + G. rhegnymi, to break forth]
d. parasit´ica a disease of the horse marked by numerous localized hemorrhages into and through the skin from small nodules, due to the presence of the parasitic filarial nematode, Parafilaria multipapillosa.



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dermatorrhea dermatorrhea (der´ma-to-re´a)
An excessive secretion of the sebaceous or sweat glands of the skin. [dermato- + G. rhoia, flow]



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dermatorrhexis dermatorrhexis (der´ma-to-rek´sis)
Rupture of the skin; e.g., as is seen in striae cutis distensae or in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. [dermato- + G. rhexis, rupture]



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dermatosclerosis dermatosclerosis (der´ma-to-skler-o´sis)
scleroderma [dermato- + G. skleroo, to harden]



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dermatoscopy dermatoscopy (der-ma-tos´ko-pe)
Inspection of the skin, usually with the aid of a lens. [dermato- + G. skopeo, to view]



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dermatosis dermatosis , pl. dermatoses (der-ma-to´sis, -sez)
Nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous abnormality or eruption. [dermato- + G. -osis, condition]
acarine d. an eruption caused by one of the acarine parasites.
acute febrile neutrophilic d. a rare d., predominant in women, of rapid onset and characterized by plaque-like lesions, usually multiple, on the face, neck, and upper extremities, accompanied by conjunctivitis, mucosal lesions, fever, malaise, arthralgia, and peripheral blood neutrophilia in many cases; biopsy reveals polymorphonuclear infiltrate of the dermis; rapid remission occurs with systemic steroid therapy.Sweet's disease;
ashy d. erythema dyschromicum perstans
Bowen's precancerous d. Bowen's disease
chick nutritional d. d. in chicks, with eruptions about the eyes, mouth, and feet; responds to pantothenic acid.
chronic bullous d. of childhood a rare self-limiting bullous disease, chiefly of the trunk, perioral, and pelvic areas, with onset in the first decade, successively less severe recurrences, and total remission at adolescence; linear epidermal basement membrane zone deposit of IgA is found in involved and in normal skin.linear IgA bullous disease in children;
dermolytic bullous d. epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica
digitate d. See parapsoriasis en plaque.small plaque parapsoriasis;
filarial d. a disease of sheep on high mountain ranges during the summer caused by larvae of the filarial worm, Elaeophora schneideri, which localize chiefly on the head, causing intense itching and loss of wool.sorehead;
lichenoid d. any chronic skin eruption, characterized clinically by induration and thickening of the skin with accentuation of skin markings, and microscopically by a band-like lymphocytic infiltration of the papillary dermis.
d. medicamento´sa drug eruption
d. papulo´sa ni´gra dark brown papular lesions, observed in blacks, on the face and upper trunk; histologically and clinically, they resemble seborrheic keratoses.
pigmented purpuric lichenoid d. an eruption comprised of lichenoid papules variously pigmented from the hemosiderin of the associated purpura; found on the legs, usually in men over 40 years of age.Gougerot and Blum disease;
progressive pigmentary d. chronic purpura, especially of the legs in men, spreading to form brownish patches; associated microscopically with perivascular lymphatic infiltration, diapedesis, and hemosiderosis.Schamberg's dermatitis;
radiation d. skin changes at the site of ionizing radiation, particularly erythema in the acute stage, temporary or permanent epilation, and chronic changes in the epidermis and dermis resembling actinic keratosis.
seborrheic d. seborrheic dermatitis
subcorneal pustular d. a pruritic chronic annular eruption of sterile vesicles and pustules beneath the stratum corneum; bears a considerable clinical resemblance to dermatitis herpetiformis.Sneddon-Wilkinson disease, subcorneal pustular dermatitis;
transient acantholytic d. a pruritic papular eruption, with histologic suprabasal acantholysis, of the chest, with scattered lesions of the back and lateral aspects of the extremities, lasting from a few weeks to several months; seen predominantly in males over 40.Grover's disease;
ulcerative d. an infectious disease of sheep characterized by crusted ulcers on the skin of the face, feet, and external genitalia; thought to be caused by the orf virus.lip and leg ulceration;



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dermatotherapy dermatotherapy (der´ma-to-thar´a-pe)
Treatment of skin diseases.



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dermatothlasia dermatothlasia (der´ma-to-thla´ze-a)
An uncontrollable impulse to pinch and bruise the skin. [dermato- + G. thlasis, a bruising]



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dermatotropic dermatotropic (der´ma-to-trop´ik)
Having an affinity for the skin.dermotropic; [dermato- + G. trope, a turning]



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dermatoxenoplasty dermatoxenoplasty (der´ma-to-ze´no-plas-te)
Obsolete term for xenografting of skin. [dermato- + G. xenos, stranger, + plastos, formed]



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dermatozoiasis dermatozoiasis (der´ma-to-zo-I´a-sis)
Obsolete term for dermatozoonosis. [dermato- + G. zoon, animal, + -iasis, condition]



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dermatozoon dermatozoon (der´ma-to-zo´on)
An animal parasite of the skin. [dermato- + G. zoon, animal]



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dermatozoonosis dermatozoonosis (der´ma-to-zo-o-no´sis, -zo-on´o-sis)
Infestation of the skin by an animal parasite. [dermato- + G. zoon, animal, + nosos, disease]



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dermatrophia dermatrophia , dermatrophy (der-ma-tro´fe-a, der-mat´ro-fe)
Atrophy or thinning of the skin.



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dermenchysis dermenchysis (der-men´ki-sis)
Rarely used term for subcutaneous administration of remedies. [derm- + G. enchysis, a pouring in]



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dermic dermic (der´mik)
dermal



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dermis dermis [NA]
A layer of skin composed of a superficial thin layer that interdigitates with the epidermis, the stratum papillare, and the stratum reticulare; it contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and nerve endings, glands, and, except for glabrous skin, hair follicles.corium [NA] , cutis vera; [G. derma, skin]



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dermo- dermo-
See derm-. [G. derma, skin]



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dermoblast dermoblast (der´mo-blast)
One of the mesodermal cells from which the corium is developed. [dermo- + G. blastos, germ]



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dermocyma dermocyma (der´mo-sI´ma)
Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller parasite is buried in the integument of the autosite. [dermo- + G. kyma, fetus]



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dermographia dermographia , dermographism , dermography (der-mo-graf´e-a, -mog´ra-fizm, -mog´ra-fe)
dermatographism



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dermoid dermoid (der´moyd)
1. dermatoid (1) 2. dermoid cyst [dermo- + G. eidos, resemblance]
inclusion d. dermoid cyst
sequestration d. obsolete term for epidermal cyst.



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dermoidectomy dermoidectomy (der-moy-dek´to-me)
Rarely used term for operative removal of a dermoid cyst. [dermoid + G. ektome, excision]



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dermolysis dermolysis (der-mol´i-sis)
dermatolysis



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dermonecrotic dermonecrotic (der´mo-ne-krot´ik)
Pertaining to any application or illness which may cause necrosis of the skin.



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dermoneurosis dermoneurosis (der´mo-nu-ro´sis)
dermatoneurosis



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dermonosology dermonosology (der´mo-no-sol´o-je)
dermatonosology



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dermopathy dermopathy (der-mop´a-the)
dermatopathy
diabetic d. small macules and papules of the extensor surfaces of the extremities, most commonly the shins of diabetics, which become atrophic, hyperpigmented, and occasionally undergo ulceration with scarring; may be a manifestation of microangiopathy.



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dermophlebitis dermophlebitis (der´mo-fle-bI´tis)
Inflammation of the superficial veins and the surrounding skin. [dermo- + G. phleps, vein, + -itis, inflammation]



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dermoplasty dermoplasty (der´mo-plas-te)
dermatoplasty



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dermoskeleton dermoskeleton (der-mo-skel´e-ton)
exoskeleton (1)



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dermostenosis dermostenosis (der´mo-ste-no´sis)
Pathologic contraction of the skin. [dermo- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]



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dermostosis dermostosis (der´mos-to´sis)
osteoma cutis [derm- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]



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dermosyphilopathy dermosyphilopathy (der´mo-sif-i-lop´a-the)
Cutaneous lesions of syphilis; any syphilid.



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dermotoxin dermotoxin (der-mo-tok´sin)
A substance elaborated by a living agent, especially an exotoxin formed by bacteria, and characterized by its ability to cause pathologic changes in skin, e.g., erythema, degenerative changes, necrosis.



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dermotropic dermotropic (der-mo-trop´ik)
dermatotropic



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dermovascular dermovascular (der-mo-vas´kyu-lar)
Pertaining to the blood vessels of the skin. [dermo- + L. vasculus, small vessel]



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derodidymus derodidymus (dar´o-did´i-mus)
dicephalus diauchenos [G. dere, neck, + didymos, twin]



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derotation derotation (de-ro-ta´shun)
1. A turning back. 2. In orthopedics, the correction of a rotation deformity by turning or rotating the deformed structure toward a normal position. [L. de, away, + rotatio, turning]



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DES DES
Abbreviation for diethylstilbestrol.



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des- des-
In chemistry, a prefix indicating absence of some component of the principal part of the name; largely replaced by de- (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid, dehydro-) but retained where "de" could be taken for d or d, as part of "desmo" (e.g., desmosterol), and in such terms as desoxycortone.



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desamidize desamidize (de-sam´i-dIz)
deamidize



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De Sanctis De Sanctis
Carlo, Italian psychiatrist, *1888. See DeS.-Cacchione syndrome.



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desaturate desaturate (de-sat´yu-rat)
To produce desaturation.



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desaturation desaturation (de´sat-yu-ra´shun)
The act, or the result of the act, of making something less completely saturated; more specifically, the percentage of total binding sites remaining unfilled, e.g., when hemoglobin is 70% saturated with oxygen and nothing else, its d. is 30%. Cf. saturation (5).



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Desault Desault
Pierre J., French surgeon, 1744-1795. See D.'s bandage.



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Descartes Descartes , Cartesius
René, French philosopher, mathematician, physiologist, 1596-1650. The founder of modern philosophy and proponent of the mechanistic school or iatromathematical school. See D.'s law.



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Descemet Descemet
Jean, French physician, 1732-1810. See D.'s membrane.



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descemetitis descemetitis (des´e-me-tI´tis)
Inflammation of Descemet's membrane.



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descemetocele descemetocele (des-e-met´o-sel)
A bulging forward of Descemet's membrane caused by the destruction of the substance of the cornea by infection.



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descendens descendens (de-sen´denz)
descending [L.]
d. cervica´lis inferior root of ansa cervicalis
d. hypoglos´si superior root of ansa cervicalis



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descending descending (de-send´ing)
Running downward or toward the periphery.descendens; [L. de-scendo, pp. -scensus, to come down, fr. scando, to climb]



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descensus descensus (de-sen´sus)
A falling away from a higher position. See also ptosis, procidentia.descent (1); [L.]
d. tes´tis [NA] descent of the testis from the abdomen into the scrotum during the seventh and eighth months of intrauterine life.
d. u´teri prolapse of the uterus
d. ventric´uli gastroptosis



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descent descent (de-sent´)
1. descensus 2. In obstetrics, the passage of the presenting part of the fetus into and through the birth canal. [L. descensus]



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Deschamps Deschamps
Joseph F.L., French surgeon, 1740-1824. See D. needle.



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desensitization desensitization (de-sen´si-ti-za´shun)
1. The reduction or abolition of allergic sensitivity or reactions to the specific antigen (allergen).ananaphylaxis, antianaphylaxis; 2. The act of removing an emotional complex.hyposensitization;
heterologous d. stimulation by one agonist which leads to a broad pattern of unresponsiveness to further stimulation by a variety of other agonists.
homologous d. loss of sensitivity only to the class of agonist used to desensitize the tissue.
systematic d. a type of behavior therapy for eliminating phobias or anxieties: the patient and therapist construct a list of imagined scenes eliciting the phobia, ranked from least to most anxiety-producing; the patient then is trained in deep muscle relaxation, and is repeatedly asked to imagine himself in the presence of the least anxiety-producing scene on the list until he feels fully relaxed while doing so; the procedure is repeated for each scene on the list until the patient develops the capacity to feel relaxed with any of the anxiety-producing scenes; real life scenes are then substituted for the imagined scenes.reciprocal inhibition (2);



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desensitize desensitize (de-sen´si-tIz)
1. To reduce or remove any form of sensitivity.deallergize; 2. To effect desensitization (1). 3. In dentistry, to eliminate or subdue the painful response of exposed, vital dentin to irritative agents or thermal changes.



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deserpidine deserpidine (de-ser´pi-den)
11-Desmethoxyreserpine;ester alkaloid isolated from Rauwolfia canescens (family Apocynaceae) with the same actions and uses as reserpine.



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desetope desetope (de´se-top)
That part of the Class II major histocompatibility molecule that interacts with the antigen. The term desetope is derived from determinant selection. [determinant selection + -tope]



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desferrioxamine mesylate desferrioxamine mesylate (des´far-e-ok´sa-men)
deferoxamine mesylate



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desflurane desflurane (dés´flur´an)
1-Fluoro-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl difluoromethyl ether; an inhalation anesthesia with physical characteristics that provide rapid induction of and recovery from anesthesia.



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deshydremia deshydremia (des´hI-dre´me-a)
Hemoconcentration due to the loss of water from blood plasma. [L. de-, away from, + G. hydor, water, + haima, blood + -ia]



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desiccant desiccant (des´i-kant)
1. Drying; causing or promoting dryness.desiccative; 2. An agent that absorbs moisture; a drying agent.desiccator (1); exsiccant; [L. de-sicco, pp. -siccatus, to dry up]



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desiccate desiccate (des´i-kat)
To dry thoroughly; to render free from moisture.exsiccate;



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desiccation desiccation (des-i-ka´shun)
The process of being desiccated.dehydration (4) , exsiccation (1);



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desiccative desiccative (des-i-ka´tiv)
desiccant (1)



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desiccator desiccator (des´i-ka-ter, tor)
1. desiccant (2) 2. An apparatus, such as a glass chamber containing calcium chloride, sulfuric acid, or other drying agent, in which a material is placed for drying.
vacuum d. a d. that can be evacuated.



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desipramine hydrochloride desipramine hydrochloride (des-ip´ra-men)
Desmethylimipramine hydrochloride; norimipramine hydrochloride;a dibenzazepine derivative; an antidepressant similar to imipramine hydrochloride.



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deslanoside deslanoside (des-lan´o-sId)
Desacetyllanatoside C;a rapidly acting steroid glycoside obtained from lanatoside C (Digitalis lanata) by alkaline hydrolysis; a cardiotonic.



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desm- desm-
See desmo-.



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Desmarres Desmarres
Louis A., French ophthalmologist, 1810-1882. See D.'s dacryoliths, under dacryolith.



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desmectasis desmectasis , desmectasia (dez-mek´ta-sis, -mek-ta´ze-a)
Ectasia of a ligament. [desm- + G. ektasis, a stretching]



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desmins desmins (dez´minz)
Certain proteins found in intermediate filaments that copolymerizes with vimentin to form constituents of connective tissue, cell walls, filaments, etc.



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desmitis desmitis (dez-mI´tis)
Inflammation of a ligament. [desm- + G. -itis, inflammation]



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desmo- desmo- , desm-
Fibrous connection; ligament. [G. desmos, a band]



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desmocranium desmocranium (dez-mo-kra´ne-um)
The mesenchymal primordium of the cranium.



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Desmodus Desmodus (dez´mo-dus)
A blood-feeding genus of Chiroptera, known generally as vampire bats, found in Trinidad, Mexico, and Central and South America; D. artibaeus, D. rotundus, and D. rufus, three species present in Trinidad and South America, are reservoir hosts of rabies virus. [desmo- + G. odous, tooth]



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desmodynia desmodynia (dez-mo-din´e-a)
Pain in a ligament. [desmo- + G. odyne, pain]



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desmogenous desmogenous (dez-moj´e-nus)
Of connective tissue or ligamentous origin or causation; e.g., denoting a deformity due to contraction of ligaments, fascia, or a scar. [desmo- + G. -gen, producing]



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desmography desmography (dez-mog´ra-fe)
A description of, or treatise on, the ligaments. [desmo- + G. grapho, to describe]



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desmoid desmoid (dez´moyd)
1. Fibrous or ligamentous. 2. A nodule or relatively large mass of unusually firm scarlike connective tissue resulting from active proliferation of fibroblasts, occurring most frequently in the abdominal muscles of women who have borne children; the fibroblasts infiltrate surrounding muscle and fascia.abdominal fibromatosis, desmoid tumor; [desmo- + G. eidos, appearance, form]
extra-abdominal d. a deep-seated firm tumor, most frequently occurring on the shoulders, chest, or back of young men or women, consisting of collagenous fibrous tissue that infiltrates surrounding muscle; frequently recurs but does not metastasize.



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desmolases desmolases (dez´mo-la´sez)
Old and nonspecific term for enzymes catalyzing reactions other than those involving hydrolysis; e.g., those involving oxidation and reduction, isomerization, the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds.



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desmology desmology (dez-mol´o-je)
The branch of anatomy concerned with the ligaments. [desmo- + G. logos, study]



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desmon desmon (dez´mon)
An old term for complement-fixing antibody. [G. desmos, band, bond]



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desmopathy desmopathy (dez-mop´a-the)
Any disease of the ligaments. [desmo- + G. pathos, suffering]



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desmoplasia desmoplasia (dez-mo-pla´ze-a)
Hyperplasia of fibroblasts and disproportionate formation of fibrous connective tissue, especially in the stroma of a carcinoma. [desmo- + G. plasis, a molding]



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desmoplastic desmoplastic (des-mo-plas´tik)
1. Causing or forming adhesions. 2. Causing fibrosis in the vascular stroma of a neoplasm.



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desmopressin desmopressin (des-mo-pres´in)
An analog of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) possessing powerful antidiuretic activity.
d. acetate 1-(3-Mercaptopropionic acid)-8-d-arginine-vasopressin monoacetate trihydrate;a synthetic analog of vasopressin and an antidiuretic hormone.



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desmopressin acetate desmopressin acetate
See under desmopressin.



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desmosine desmosine (dez´mo-sen)
A cross-linking amino acid formed from lysyl residues found in elastin. [G. desmos, bond, fr. deo, to bind, + -ine]



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desmosome desmosome (dez´mo-som)
A site of adhesion between two epithelial cells, consisting of a dense attachment plaque separated from a similar structure in the other cell by a thin layer of extracellular material.bridge corpuscle, macula adherens; [desmo- + G. soma, body]



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desmosterol desmosterol (dez-mos´ter-ol)
5a-cholesta-5,24-diene-3beta-ol;postulated intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol via zymosterol; accumulates after prolonged administration of substances interfering with cholesterol biosynthesis.24-dehydrocholesterol;



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desonide desonide (des´o-nId)
Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 11,21-dihydroxy-16,17-[(1-methylethylidene)bis(oxy)]-, (11beta,16a)-;an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid used in topical preparations.



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desoximetasone desoximetasone (des-ok-si-met´a-son)
Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 9-fluoro-11,21-dihydroxy-16-methyl-, (11beta,16a)-;an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid used in topical preparations.



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desoxy- desoxy-
See deoxy-.



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desoxycorticosterone desoxycorticosterone (des-oks-e-kor´tI-os-ter-on)
A steroid derived from the adrenal cortex with strong mineralocorticoid activity.



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desoxycortone desoxycortone (des-oks-e-kor´ton)
deoxycorticosterone



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despeciation despeciation (de-spe´she-a´shun)
1. Alteration of, or loss of species characteristics. 2. Removal of species-specific antigenic properties from a foreign protein.



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D'&Euacute;spine D'&Euacute;spine
Jean H.A., French physician, 1846-1930. See D.'s sign.



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despumation despumation (des-pyu-ma´shun)
1. The rising of impurities to the surface of a liquid. 2. The skimming off of impurities on the surface of a liquid. [L. de-spumo, pp. -atus, to skim, fr. spumo, to foam, fr. spuma, foam]



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desquamate desquamate (des´kwa-mat)
To shred, peel, or scale off, as the casting off of the epidermis in scales or shreds, or the shedding of the outer layer of any surface. [L. desquamo, pp. -atus, to scale off, fr. squama, a scale]



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desquamation desquamation (des-kwa-ma´shun)
The shedding of the cuticle in scales or of the outer layer of any surface.
branny d. defurfuration



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desquamative desquamative (des-kwam´a-tiv)
Relating to or marked by desquamation.



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desthiobiotin desthiobiotin (des´thI-o-bI´o-tin)
A compound derived from biotin by the removal of the sulfur atom; a precursor of biotin in bacteria and molds; it can substitute for biotin in some microorganisms, but is without effect on or is inhibitory to the growth of others.



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destrudo destrudo (de-stru´do)
Energy associated with the death or destructive instinct. [coinage on the analogy of libido fr. L. destruo, to destroy]



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desulfhydrases desulfhydrases (de´sulf-hI´dra-sez)
Enzymes or groups of enzymes catalyzing the removal of a molecule of H2S or substituted H2S from a compound, as in the conversion of cysteine to pyruvic acid by cysteine desulfhydrase (cystathionine gamma-lyase).desulfurases;



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desulfinase desulfinase (de-sul´fin-as)
Term sometimes applied to the enzyme (aspartate-4-decarboxylase) removing sulfite: 1) from cysteinesulfinate, an intermediate in cysteine degradation, yielding alanine; 2) from sulfinylpyruvate, previously postulated to be formed by deamination of cysteinesulfinate, yielding pyruvate; degradation of sulfinylpyruvate is now considered to be spontaneous, not requiring an enzyme.



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Desulfotomaculum Desulfotomaculum
A genus of rod-shaped (straight or curved), anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic motile bacteria that stain Gram-negative but have Gram-positive cell walls. Found in soil, the rumen and elsewhere. The type species is D. nigrificans.
D. nigri´ficans a species found in canned corn showing "sulfur stinker spoilage." It is not pathogenic.



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desulfurases desulfurases (de-sul´fyur-as-ez)
desulfhydrases



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desynchronous desynchronous (de-sin´kron-us)
Lack of synchrony, as in brain waves. [de- + G. syn, with, + chronos, time]



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DET DET
Abbreviation for diethyltryptamine.



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det. det.
Abbreviation for L. detur, give. [let it be given]



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detachment detachment (de-tach´ment)
1. A voluntary or involuntary feeling or emotion that accompanies a sense of separation from normal associations or environment. 2. Separation of a structure from its support.
exudative retinal d. d. of the retina without retinal breaks, arising from inflammatory disease of choroid, retinal tumors, and retinal angiomatosis.
retinal d. , d. of retina loss of apposition between the sensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium.detached retina, separation of retina;
rhegmatogenous retinal d. retinal separation associated with a break, a hole, or a tear in the sensory retina.
vitreous d. separation of the peripheral vitreous humor from the retina.



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detection detection (de-tek´shun)
The act of discovery. 2. In chromatography, visualization of the separated material.



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detector detector (de-tek´ter, -tor)
The component of a laboratory instrument which detects the chemical or physical signal indicating the presence or quantity of the substance of interest.
solid-state d. a d. that uses a crystalline scintillating material rather than an ionization chamber to detect or measure radiation.



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detergent detergent (de-ter´jent)
1. Cleansing. 2. A cleansing or purging agent, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids (e.g., quaternary ammonium or sulfonic acid compounds) which, through a surface action that depends on their possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antibacterial effects; acridine derivatives (e.g., acriflavine, proflavine) as well as other dyes (e.g., brilliant green, crystal violet) have d. properties for the same reasons.detersive; [L. de-tergeo, pp. -tersus, to wipe off]
anionic d.'s d.'s, such as soaps (alkali metal salts of long-chain fatty acids), that carry a negative electric charge on a lipid-like molecule and exert a limited antibacterial effect.
cationic d.'s d.'s, such as the amine salts or quaternary ammonium or pyridinium compounds of long-chain fatty acids, that have positively charged groups attached to the larger hydrophobic portions.
zwitterionic d. zwittergents



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deterioration deterioration (de-ter´i-o-ra´shun)
The process or condition of becoming worse. [L. deterior, worse]
alcoholic d. dementia occurring in persons chronically addicted to alcohol. See chronic alcoholism.
senile d. a slowly progressing decline in physical and mental health, apparently due to natural causes attendant upon the processes of aging. See Alzheimer's disease.



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determinant determinant (de-ter´mi-nant)
The factor that contributes to the generation of a trait. [L. determans, determining, limiting]
allotypic d.'s antigenic d.'s of allotypes.
antigenic d. the particular chemical group of a molecule that determines immunological specificity.determinant group;
disease d.'s any variables that directly or indirectly influence the frequency of occurrence and/or the distribution of any given disease; they include specific disease agents, host characteristics, and environmental factors.
genetic d. any antigenic d. or identifying characteristic, particularly those of allotypes.genetic marker;
idiotypic antigenic d. idiotype
isoallotypic d.'s genetic d.'s that are both isotypic and allotypic in that they appear in all members of at least one subclass of immunoglobulin but only in some members of another subclass of the same species.
mathematical d. a formal algebraic operation on the terms of a square matrix of quantities, fundamental in solving multiple simultaneous equations and widely used in regression analysis, notably in epidemiology and quantitative genetics. If d. is zero, the equations have no unambiguous solution.



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determination determination (de-ter-mi-na´shun)
1. A change, for the better or for the worse, in the course of a disease. 2. A general move toward a given point. 3. The measurement or estimation of any quantity or quality in scientific or laboratory investigation. 4. Discernment of a state or category (e.g., in diagnosis). 5. A process, both necessary and sufficient, whereby an effect is caused. [L. de-termino, pp. -atus, to limit, determine, fr. terminus, a boundary]
cell d. the process by which embryonic cells, previously undifferentiated, take on a specific developmental character. See morphogenesis, induction, evocator.Although the mechanism is not fully understood, homeotic proteins coded for by certain gene sequences (the homeobox) appear to trigger the process. Genes for homeotic proteins show remarkable similarity among species.
sex d. d. of the sex of a fetus in utero by identification of fetal chromosomes.



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determinism determinism (de-ter´mi-nizm)
The proposition that all behavior is caused exclusively by genetic and environmental influences with no random components, and independent of free will. [L. determino, to limit, fr. terminus, boundary + -ism]
psychic d. in psychoanalysis, the concept that all psychological and behavioral phenomena result from antecedent, unconsciously operating causes.



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detersive detersive (de-ter´siv)
detergent



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De Toni De Toni
Giovanni, Italian pediatrician, *1895. See DeT.-Fanconi syndrome.



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detoxicate detoxicate (de-tok´si-kat)
To diminish or remove the poisonous quality of any substance; to lessen the virulence of any pathogenic organism.detoxify; [L. de, from, + toxicum, poison]



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detoxication detoxication (de-tok-si-ka´shun)
1. Recovery from the toxic effects of a drug. 2. Removal of the toxic properties from a poison. 3. Metabolic conversion of pharmacologically active principles to pharmacologically less active principles.detoxification;
ammonia d. the d. of ammonia and ammonium ion by the formation of ammonium salts, specific nitrogen-excretion products, or l-glutamine.



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detoxification detoxification (de-tok´si-fi-ka´shun)
detoxication



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detoxify detoxify (de-tok´si-fI)
detoxicate



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detrition detrition (de-trish´un)
A wearing away by use or friction. [L. de-tero, pp. -tritus, to rub off]



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detritus detritus (de-trI´tus)
Any broken-down material, carious or gangrenous matter, gravel, etc. [L. (see detrition)]



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detrusor detrusor (de-tru´ser, -sor)
A muscle that has the action of expelling a substance. [L. detrudo, to drive away]



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detumescence detumescence (de-tu-mes´ens)
Subsidence of a swelling. [L. de, from, + tumesco, to swell up, fr. tumeo, to swell]



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deturgescence deturgescence (de-tur-ges´ens)
The mechanism by which the stroma of the cornea remains relatively dehydrated. [L. de, from, + turgesco, to begin to swell]



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deut- deut-
See deutero-.



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deutencephalon deutencephalon (du´ten-sef´a-lon)
Rarely used term for diencephalon. [G. deuteros, second, + enkephalos, brain]



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deuteranomaly deuteranomaly (du´ter-a-nom´a-le)
A form of anomalous trichromatism due to a defect of the green-sensitive retinal cones. [G. deuteros, second, + anomalia, anomaly]



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deuteranope deuteranope (du´ter-a-nop)
A person affected with deuteranopia.



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deuteranopia deuteranopia (du´ter-a-no´pe-a)
A congenital abnormality of the retina in which there are two rather than three retinal cone pigments (dichromatism) and complete insensitivity to middle wavelengths (green). [G. deuteros, second, + anopia]



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deuterio- deuterio-
Prefix indicating "containing deuterium."



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deuterium (D) deuterium (D) (du-ter´e-um)
hydrogen-2 [G. deuteros, second]
d. oxide heavy water



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deutero- deutero- , deut- , deuto-
Combining forms meaning two, or second (in a series); secondary. [G. deuteros, second]



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deuteromycetes deuteromycetes (du´ter-o-mI-se´tez)
Members of the class Deuteromycetes or the phylum Deuteromycota.



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Deuteromycota Deuteromycota (du´ter-o-mI-ko-ta)
A phylum in which the sexual (teleomorph or perfect) part of the life cycle has not been discovered; only the asexual (anamorph or imperfect) part of the life cycle has been found. See also Fungi Imperfecti.



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deuteron deuteron (du´ter-on)
The nucleus of hydrogen-2, composed of one neutron and one proton; it thus has the one positive charge characteristic of a hydrogen nucleus.deuton, diplon;



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deuteropathic deuteropathic (du´ter-o-path´ik)
Relating to a deuteropathy.



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deuteropathy deuteropathy (du-ter-op´a-the)
A secondary disease or symptom. [deutero- + G. pathos, suffering]



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deuteroplasm deuteroplasm (du´ter-o-plazm)
deutoplasm [deutero- + G. plasma, thing formed]



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deuteroporphyrin deuteroporphyrin (du´ter-o-por´fi-rin)
A porphyrin derivative resembling the protoporphyrins except that the two vinyl side chains are replaced by hydrogen.



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deuterosome deuterosome (du´ter-o-som)
Dense spherical fibrous granules that occur in the centrosphere and act in the development of centrioles or basal bodies.procentriole organizer;



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deuterotocia deuterotocia (du´ter-o-to´se-a)
A form of parthenogenesis in which the female has offspring of both sexes.deuterotoky; [deutero- + G. tokos, childbirth]



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deuterotoky deuterotoky (du-ter-ot´o-ke)
deuterotocia



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deuto- deuto-
See deutero-.



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deutogenic deutogenic (du-to-jen´ik)
Of secondary origin following an inductive influence. [deuto- + G. -gen, production]



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deutomerite deutomerite (du-tom´er-It)
The posterior nucleated portion of an attached cephalont in a gregarine protozoan, separated by an ectoplasmic septum from the anterior portion, or protomerite. [deuto- + L. meros, part]



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deuton deuton (du´ton)
deuteron



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deutoplasm deutoplasm (du´to-plazm)
The yolk of a meroblastic egg; the nonliving material in the cytoplasm, especially that stored in the ovum as food for the developing embryo, the commonest types being lipoid droplets and yolk granules.deuteroplasm; [deuto- + G. plasma, thing formed]



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deutoplasmic deutoplasmic (du-to-plaz´mik)
Relating to the deutoplasm.



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deutoplasmigenon deutoplasmigenon (du´to-plaz-mi-jen´on)
That which produces or gives rise to deutoplasm. [deutoplasm + G. genos, birth]



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deutoplasmolysis deutoplasmolysis (du´to-plaz-mol´i-sis)
The disintegration of deutoplasm. [deutoplasm + G. lysis, dissolution]



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Deutschländer Deutschländer
Carl E. W., German surgeon, 1872-1942. See D.'s disease.



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DEV DEV
Abbreviation for duck embryo origin vaccine.



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devascularization devascularization (de-vas´kyu-lar-i-za´shun)
Occlusion of all or most of the blood vessels to any part or organ. [L. de, away, + vasculus, small vessel, + G. izo, to cause]



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develop develop (de-vel´op)
To process an exposed photographic or radiographic film in order to turn the latent image into a permanent one. [O. Fr. desveloper, to unwrap, fr. voloper, to wrap]



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developer developer (de-vel´op-er)
1. An individual or procedure that develops. 2. eluent 3. The chemicals used to develop film by reducing the light-activated silver halide molecules to atomic silver.



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development development (de-vel´op-ment)
1. The act or process of natural progression in physical and psychological maturation from a previous, lower, or embryonic stage to a later, more complex, or adult stage. 2. The process of chromatography.
cognitive d. the evolving d. of the infant's and child's intellectual functions.
life-span d. development and mastery (or loss) of differing biologic, intellectual, behavioral, and social skills in different epochs of the life-span from the prenatal through the gerontological periods of growth.
psychosexual d. maturation and development of the psychic and behavioral phases of sexuality from birth to adult life through the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital phases.



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Deventer Deventer
Hendrik van, Dutch obstetrician, 1651-1724. See D.'s pelvis.



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deviance deviance (de´ve-ans)
deviation (3)



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deviant deviant (de´ve-ant)
1. Denoting or indicative of deviation. 2. An individual exhibiting deviation, especially sexual.



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deviation deviation (de-ve-a´shun)
1. A turning away or aside from the normal point or course. 2. An abnormality. 3. In psychiatry and the behavioral sciences, a departure from an accepted norm, role, or rule.deviance; 4. A statistical measure representing the difference between an individual value in a set of values and the mean value in that set. [L. devio, to turn from the straight path, fr. de, from, + via, way]
axis d. deflection of the electrical axis of the heart to the right or left of the normal. See also left axis d., right axis d., axis.axis shift;
conjugate d. of the eyes 1. rotation of the eyes equally and simultaneously in the same direction, as occurs normally; 2. a condition in which both eyes are turned to the same side as a result of either paralysis or muscular spasm.
immune d. modification of an immune response to an antigen after prior exposure to that antigen.split tolerance;
d. to the left shift to the left (1)
left axis d. a mean electrical axis of the heart pointing to -30° or more negative. See hexaxial reference system.
primary d. the ocular deviation seen in paralysis of an ocular muscle when the nonparalyzed eye is used for fixation.
d. to the right shift to the right (1)
right axis d. a mean electrical axis of the heart pointing to the right of +90°. See hexaxial reference system.
secondary d. ocular deviation seen in paralysis of an ocular muscle when the paralyzed eye is used for fixation.
sexual d. a sexual practice that is biologically atypical, considered morally wrong, or legally prohibited. See bestiality, pedophilia.sexual perversion;
skew d. a hypertropia in which the eyes move in opposite directions equally; an acquired hypertropia, often fairly comitant, not fitting the characteristic pattern of trochlear nerve damage or of ocular muscle abnormality; often due to a brainstem or cerebellar lesion.
standard d. (SD, sigma) 1. statistical index of the degree of d. from central tendency, namely, of the variability within a distribution; the square root of the average of the squared d.'s from the mean. 2. a measure of dispersion or variation used to describe a characteristic of a frequency distribution.



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Devic Devic
Eugène, French physician, 1869-1930. See D.'s disease.



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device device (de-vIs´)
An appliance, usually mechanical, designed to perform a specific function, such as prosthesis or orthesis. [M.E., fr. O. Fr. devis, fr. L. divisum, divided]
central-bearing d. in dentistry, a d. which provides a central point of bearing, or support, between upper and lower record bases; it consists of a contacting point which is attached to one base and a plate attached to the other which provides the surface on which the bearing point rests or moves.
central-bearing tracing d. in dentistry, a central-bearing d. used for making a tracing and/or for support between upper and lower bases.
contraceptive d. a d. used to prevent pregnancy; e.g., occlusive diaphragm, condom, intrauterine d.
intra-aortic d. an externally and intermittently inflatable balloon placed into the descending aorta and which, on activation during diastole, augments blood pressure and organ perfusion by its pulsatile thrust; then, on deflation, decreases the cardiac work with each systole-the so-called counterpulsation principle-by reducing cardiac afterload.
intrauterine contraceptive d.'s (IUCD) intrauterine d.'s
intrauterine d.'s (IUD) pieces of plastic or metal of various shapes (e.g., coil, loop, bow) inserted into the uterus to exert a contraceptive effect.intrauterine contraceptive d.'s;
left-ventricular assist d. mechanical pump inserted at some point in the circulation to parallel the activity of the left ventricle and thereby reduce its load.
ventricular assist d. a d. that supports or replaces the function of a ventricle (LVAD or RVAD indicates which ventricle). The patient's heart remains in place when this device or system is used. The device is used in patients with potentially salvageable myocardium, where centrifugal or pneumatic devices can be placed in either heterotopic or orthotopic positions (the latter is termed a total artificial heart). The function of either the left, right, or both ventricles can thus be supported for days to weeks. Either recovery of heart function or need for transplantation then becomes apparent.



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Devine Devine
Sir Hugh B., Australian surgeon, 1878-1959. See D. exclusion.



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deviometer deviometer (de-ve-om´e-ter)
A form of strabismometer.



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devitalization devitalization (de-vi´tal-i-za´shun)
1. Deprivation of vitality or of vital properties. 2. In dentistry, the process by which tooth pulp is destroyed; e.g., by chemical means, by infection, or by extirpation.



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devitalize devitalize (de-vI´tal-Iz)
To deprive of vitality or of vital properties.



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devitalized devitalized (de-vI´tal-Izd)
Devoid of life; dead.



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devolution devolution (dev-o-lu´shun)
A continuing process of degeneration or breaking down, in contrast to evolution. See also involution, catabolism. [L. de-volvo, pp. -volutus, to roll down]



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Dewar Dewar
Sir James, English chemist, 1842-1923. See D. flask.



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de Wecker de Wecker
Louis H., French physician, 1832-1906. See deW.'s scissors.



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dewlap dewlap (doo´lap)
The loose fold of skin hanging below the neck of cattle and similar animals.



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dexamethasone dexamethasone (dek-sa-meth´a-son)
9a-Fluoro-16a-methylprednisolone;a potent synthetic analogue of cortisol, with similar biological action; used as an anti-inflammatory agent and as a test material for adrenal cortical function.



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dexamphetamine dexamphetamine (deks-am-fet´a-men)
dextroamphetamine sulfate
d. sodium phosphate the water-soluble ester of d., with the same actions and uses.



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dexbrompheniramine maleate dexbrompheniramine maleate (deks´brom-fen-ir´a-men)
d-2-[p-Bromo-a-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)benzyl]pyridine maleate;the dextrorotatory isomer of brompheniramine; an antihistamine.



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dexchlorpheniramine maleate dexchlorpheniramine maleate (deks´klor-fen-ir´a-men)
d-2-[p-Chloro-a-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)benzyl]pyridine maleate;the dextrorotatory isomer of chlorpheniramine; an antihistamine.



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dexiocardia dexiocardia (deks-e-o-kar´de-a)
dextrocardia



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dexpanthenol dexpanthenol (deks-pan´the-nol)
d-(+)-2,4-dihydroxy-N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyramide;pantothenic acid with -CH2OH replacing the terminal -COOH; a cholinergic agent and a dietary source of pantothenic acid.panthenol, pantothenyl alcohol;



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dexter (D) dexter (D) (deks´ter) [NA]
Located on or relating to the right side. [L. fr. dextra, neut. dextrum]



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dextr- dextr-
See dextro-.



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dextrad dextrad (deks´trad)
Toward the right side. [L. dexter, right, + ad, to]



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dextral dextral (deks´tral)
right-handed



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dextrality dextrality (deks-tral´i-te)
Right-handedness; preference for the right hand in performing manual tasks.



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dextran dextran (deks´tran)
1. Any of several water-soluble high molecular weight glucose polymers (average MW 75,000; ranging between 10,000 and 40,000,000) produced by the action of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and certain other microorganisms on sucrose; used in isotonic sodium chloride solution for the treatment of shock, and in distilled water for the relief of the edema of nephrosis; lower molecular weight d. (e.g., MW 40,000) improves blood flow in areas of stasis by reducing cellular aggregation. 2. Poly a(1,6-glucose);a-1,6-Glucan with branch points (1.2; 1.3; 1.4) and spacing of these characteristic of the species; used as plasma substitutes or expanders. See dextransucrase.
d. 40 d. (average MW 40,000) used as a plasma volume expander and blood flow adjuvant.
d. 70 d. (average MW 70,000) used as a plasma volume expander.
d. 75 d. (average MW 75,000) used as a plasma volume expander.
d. 110 d. (average MW 110,000) available as 5% solution in water or saline solution; used as a plasma volume expander.
acid d. the product of acid and heat treatment of d.
animal d. glycogen
blue d. high molecular weight d. containing a blue chlorotriazine dye, Cibacron Blue; used to measure the void volumes in gel filtration columns.
d. sulfate the sodium salt of sulfuric acid esters of the polysaccharide d.; it contains not less than 10 units per mg and not less than 14% of sulfate; an anticoagulant.



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dextranase dextranase (deks´tran-as)
An enzyme hydrolyzing 1,6-a-d-glucosidic linkages in dextran; used in the prevention of caries.



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dextransucrase dextransucrase (deks-tran-su´kras)
A glucosyltransferase that builds poly(1,6-a-d-glucosyl), i.e., polyglucoses, dextrans, or a-glucans, from sucrose, releasing d-fructose residues.



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dextrase dextrase (deks´tras)
Nonspecific term for the complex of enzymes that converts dextrose (d-glucose) into lactic acid.



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dextriferron dextriferron (deks-tri-fer´on)
A colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide in complex with partially hydrolyzed dextrin, used in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia; it is suitable for intravenous administration and contains 20 mg of iron per ml.



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dextrin dextrin (deks´trin)
A mixture of oligo(a-1,4-d-glucose) molecules formed during the enzymic or acid hydrolysis of starch, amylopectin, or glycogen; on further hydrolysis they are converted into d-glucose. D.'s are of much lower molecular weight than dextrans, hence are not suitable as plasma expanders; d. (usually white d.) is used in pharmaceutical preparations.starch gum;
acid dextrin the product of acid and heat treatment of d.
limit d. the polysaccharide fragments remaining at the end (limit) of exhaustive hydrolysis of amylopectin or glycogen by a-1,4-glucan maltohydrolase, which cannot hydrolyze the a-1,6 bonds at branch points; accumulates in individuals with type III glycogen storage disease.dextrin limit;
Schardinger d.'s cyclic rings of glucose monomer (usually 6 to 8) linked a-1,4; the result of action of Bacillus macerans on starch.



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dextrinase dextrinase (deks´tri-nas)
Any of the enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of dextrins; e.g., amylo-1,6-glucosidase, dextrin dextranase.
limit d. 1. a-dextrin endo-1,6-a-glucosidase 2. oligo-a1,6-glucosidase



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dextrin dextranase dextrin dextranase
A glucosyltransferase transferring 1,4-a-d-glucosyl residues, thus catalyzing the synthesis of dextrans (with 1,6 links between monosaccharide units) from dextrins (with 1,4 links) by glucose transfer.dextrin -> dextran transglucosidase, dextrin 6-glucosyltransferase;



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dextrin -> dextran transglucosidase dextrin -> dextran transglucosidase
dextrin dextranase



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a-dextrin endo-1,6-a-glucosidase a-dextrin endo-1,6-a-glucosidase
An enzyme with action similar to that of isoamylase; it cleaves 1,6-a-glucosidic linkages in pullalan, amylopectin, and glycogen, and in a- and beta-amylase limit-dextrins of amylopectin and glycogen. Cf. isoamylase. limit dextrinase (1) , pullulanase, R enzyme;



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dextrin 6-a-d-glucosidase dextrin 6-a-d-glucosidase
amylo-1,6-glucosidase



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dextrin 6-glucosyltransferase dextrin 6-glucosyltransferase
dextrin dextranase



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dextrin glycosyltransferase dextrin glycosyltransferase
4-a-d-glucanotransferase



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dextrin limit dextrin limit
limit dextrin



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dextrinogenic dextrinogenic (deks´trin-o-jen´ik)
Capable of producing dextrin.



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dextrinosis dextrinosis (deks-trin-o´sis)
glycogenosis
debranching deficiency limit d. , limit d. type 3 glycogenosis



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dextrin transglycosylase dextrin transglycosylase
4-a-d-glucanotransferase



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dextrinuria dextrinuria (deks-tri-nu´re-a)
The passage of dextrin in the urine.



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dextro- dextro- , dextr-
1. Prefixes meaning right, toward, or on the right side. 2. Chemical prefixes meaning dextrorotatory. [L. dexter, on the right-hand side]



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dextroamphetamine phosphate dextroamphetamine phosphate (deks´tro-am-fet´a-men)
monobasic d-a-methylphenethylamine phosphate;same actions and uses as dextroamphetamine sulfate.d-amphetamine phosphate;



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dextroamphetamine sulfate dextroamphetamine sulfate
(+)-a-methylphenethylamine sulfate;similar in action to racemic amphetamine sulfate, but is more stimulating to the central nervous system; sympathomimetic and appetite depressant.d-amphetamine sulfate, dexamphetamine;



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dextrocardia dextrocardia (deks´tro-kar´de-a)
Displacement of the heart to the right, either as dextroposition, with simple displacement to the right, or as cardiac heterotaxia, with complete transposition of the right and left chambers, resulting in a heart that is the mirror image of a normal heart.dexiocardia; [dextro- + G. kardia, heart]
corrected d. displacement and rotation of the heart into the right side of the chest but without mirror transposition of the cardiac chambers.dextroversion of the heart, false d., type 3 d;
false d. corrected d
isolated d. d. with mirror transposition of the cardiac chambers but without displacement of the abdominal viscera.type 2 d;
mirror image d. perfect right to left congenital reversal of the heart sometimes with other congenital abnormalities, sometimes normal except for position.
secondary d. dextroposition of the heart by some disease of the lungs, pleura, or diaphragm.type 4 d;
type 1 d. d. with situs inversus
type 2 d. isolated d
type 3 d. corrected d
type 4 d. secondary d
d. with si´tus inver´sus displacement of the heart to the right side of the chest with mirror transposition of the cardiac chambers together with transposition of the abdominal viscera.type 1 d;



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dextrocardiogram dextrocardiogram (deks´tro-kar´de-o-gram)
That part of the electrocardiogram that is derived from the right ventricle.



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dextrocerebral dextrocerebral (deks´tro-ser´e-bral)
Having a dominant right cerebral hemisphere.



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dextroclination dextroclination (deks´tro-kli-na´shun)
Obsolete term for dextrotorsion.dextrotorsion (2)



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dextrocular dextrocular (deks-trok´yu-lar)
Rarely used term for indicating right ocular dominance; denoting one who prefers the right eye in monocular work, such as microscopy.right-eyed; [dextro- + L. oculus, eye]



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dextrocycloduction dextrocycloduction (deks´tro-sI-klo-duk´shun)
Rotation of the upper pole of the cornea to the right. See excycloduction. [dextro- + cyclo- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]



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dextroduction dextroduction (deks-tro-duk´shun)
Seldom-used term for rotation of one eye to the right. [dextro- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]



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dextrogastria dextrogastria (deks-tro-gas´tre-a)
Condition in which the stomach is displaced to the right; may represent either simple displacement or situs inversus. Usually associated with dextrocardia. [dextro- + G. gaster, stomach]



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dextroglucose dextroglucose (deks-tro-glu´kos)
See d-glucose.



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dextrogram dextrogram (deks´tro-gram)
Electrocardiographic record in an experimental animal representing spread of impulse through the right ventricle alone.



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dextrogyration dextrogyration (deks´tro-jI-ra´shun)
A twisting to the right. [dextro- + L. gyro, pp. -atus, to turn in a circle, fr. gyrus, circle]



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dextromanual dextromanual (deks-tro-man´yu-al)
right-handed [dextro- + L. manus, hand]



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dextromethorphan hydrobromide dextromethorphan hydrobromide (deks´tro-meth-or´fan hI-dro-bro´mId)
Hydrobromide of d-racemethorphan; d-3-methoxy-N-methylmorphinan hydrobromide;a synthetic morphine derivative used as an antitussive agent. It has weak central depressant action, and appears to have little addiction liability.



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dextromoramide tartrate dextromoramide tartrate (deks-tro-mor´a-mId)
A narcotic analgesic related chemically and pharmacologically to methadone.



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dextropedal dextropedal (deks-trop´e-dal)
Denoting one who uses the right leg in preference to the left.right-footed; [dextro- + L. pes (ped-), foot]



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dextroposition dextroposition (deks´tro-po-zi´shun)
Abnormal right-sided location or origin of a normally left-sided structure, e.g., origin of the aorta from the right ventricle.
d. of the heart See dextrocardia.



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dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride (deks´tro-pro-pok´se-fen)
propoxyphene hydrochloride



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dextropropoxyphene napsylate dextropropoxyphene napsylate
propoxyphene napsylate



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dextrorotation dextrorotation (deks´tro-ro-ta´shun)
A turning or twisting to the right; especially, the clockwise twist given the plane of plane-polarized light by solutions of certain optically active substances. Cf. levorotation.



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dextrorotatory dextrorotatory (deks-tro-ro´ta-tor-e)
Denoting dextrorotation, or certain crystals or solutions capable of so doing; as a chemical prefix, usually abbreviated d-. Cf. levorotatory.



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dextrose dextrose (deks´tros)
See d-glucose.



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dextrosinistral dextrosinistral (deks´tro-si-nis´tral)
In a direction from right to left. [dextro- + L. sinister, left]



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dextrosuria dextrosuria (deks-tro-su´re-a)
Obsolete term for glycosuria.



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dextrothyroxine sodium dextrothyroxine sodium (deks-tro-thI-roks´en)
d-Thyroxine sodium salt;an antihypercholesterolemic agent.



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dextrotorsion dextrotorsion (deks-tro-tor´shun)
1. A twisting to the right. 2. In ophthalmology, a seldom-used term for a conjugate rotation of the upper pole of both corneas to the right.dextroclination; [dextro- + L. torsio, a twisting]



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dextrotropic dextrotropic (dek-tro-trop´ik)
Turning to the right. [dextro- + G. tropos, a turn]



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dextroversion dextroversion (deks´tro-ver´zhun)
1. Version toward the right. 2. In ophthalmology, a conjugate rotation of both eyes to the right. [dextro- + L. verto, pp. versus, to turn]
d. of the heart corrected dextrocardia



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d.f. d.f.
Abbreviation for degrees of freedom, under degree.



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df df , DF
Abbreviation for decayed and filled teeth.df caries index



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DFP DFP
Abbreviation for diisopropyl fluorophosphate.



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dGlc dGlc
Abbreviation for 2-deoxyglucose.



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1,4-a-d-glucan branching enzyme 1,4-a-d-glucan branching enzyme
amylo-(1,4->1,6)-transglucosylase or transglucosidase;an enzyme in muscle and in plants (Q enzyme) that cleaves a-1,4 linkages in glycogen or starch, transferring the fragments into a-1,6 linkages, creating branches in the polysaccharide molecules; in plants, it converts amylose to amylopectin; this enzyme is deficient in individuals with glycogen storage disease type IV.a-glucan branching glycosyltransferase, amylo-1,4:1,6-glucantransferase, amylo-(1,4->1,6)-transglucosidase, amylo-(1,4->1,6)-transglucosylase, branching enzyme;



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dGMP dGMP
Abbreviation for deoxyguanylic acid.



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DHAP DHAP
Abbreviation for dihydroxyacetone phosphate.



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Dharmendra antigen Dharmendra antigen
See under antigen.



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d'Herelle d'Herelle
Felix H., Canadian physician and bacteriologist, 1873-1949. See d'H. phenomenon; Twort-d'H. phenomenon.



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DHF DHF
Abbreviation for dihydrofolic acid.



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DHFR DHFR
Abbreviation for dihydrofolate reductase.



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D. Hy. D. Hy.
Abbreviation for Doctor of Hygiene.



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DI DI
Abbreviation for dental index.



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di- di-
1. Two, twice. 2. In chemistry, often used in place of bis- when not likely to be confusing; e.g., dichloro- compounds. Cf. bi-, bis-. [G. dis, two]



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dia- dia-
Through, throughout, completely. [G. dia, through]



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diabetes diabetes (dI-a-be´tez)
Either d. insipidus or d. mellitus, diseases having in common the symptom polyuria; when used without qualification, refers to d. mellitus. [G. diabetes, a compass, a siphon, diabetes]
adult-onset d. non-insulin-dependent d. mellitus.
alimentary d. alimentary glycosuria
alloxan d. experimental d. mellitus produced in animals by the administration of alloxan, which damages the insulin-producing islet cells of the pancreas.
brittle d. d. mellitus in which there are marked fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations that are difficult to control.
bronze d. d. mellitus associated with hemochromatosis, with iron deposits in the skin, liver, pancreas, and other viscera, often with severe liver damage and glycosuria. See also hemochromatosis.bronzed d., bronzed disease;
bronzed d. bronze d
calcinuric d. hypercalciuria
chemical d. latent d
galactose d. galactosemia
gestational d. carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy usually resolving after delivery.
growth-onset d. insulin-dependent d. mellitus
d. in´nocens renal glycosuria
d. insip´idus chronic excretion of very large amounts of pale urine of low specific gravity, causing dehydration and extreme thirst; ordinarily results from inadequate output of pituitary antidiuretic hormone; the urine abnormalities may be mimicked as a result of excessive fluid intake, as in psychogenic polydipsia. Several types exist: central, neurohypophyseal, and nephrogenic. Autosomal dominant [MIM*125700, *125800, *192340], X-linked [MIM*304800 and *304900], and even autosomal recessive forms [MIM*222000] have been described. See also nephrogenic d. insipidus.
insulin-dependent d. mellitus (IDDM) severe d. mellitus, often brittle, usually of abrupt onset during the first two decades of life but can develop at any age; characterized by polydipsia, polyuria, increased appetite, weight loss, low plasma insulin levels, and episodic ketoacidosis; immune-medicated destruction of pancreatic B cells; insulin therapy and dietary regulation are necessary.growth-onset d., juvenile-onset d., type I d;
insulinopenic d. any form of d. mellitus resulting from inadequate secretion of insulin.
d. intermit´tens d. mellitus in which there are periods of relatively normal carbohydrate metabolism followed by relapses to the previous diabetic state.
juvenile d. d. mellitus appearing in a child or adolescent; often fatal, usually of abrupt onset during first or second decaces of life; characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss; usually severe, insulin-dependent and prone to periods of ketoacidosis; can be familial, follow a viral infection such as mumps; thought to be due to viral-induced or immune destruction of pancreatic islets.type I d. mellitus;
juvenile-onset d. insulin-dependent d. mellitus
ketosis-prone d. type I or juvenile d. mellitus, in which inadequate treatment leads to development of ketoacidosis.
ketosis-resistant d. type II or adult onset d. mellitus, in which episodes of ketoacidosis rarely occur.
latent d. a mild form of d. mellitus in which the patient displays no overt symptoms, but displays certain abnormal responses to diagnostic procedures, such as an elevated fasting blood glucose concentration or reduced glucose tolerance.chemical d;
lipoatrophic d. lipoatrophy
lipogenous d. d. and obesity combined.
maturity-onset d. non-insulin-dependent d. mellitus.
maturity onset d. of youth a relatively mild, non-insulin requiring form of d. mellitus beginning at a younger age than usual.
d. mel´litus (DM) a metabolic disease in which carbohydrate utilization is reduced and that of lipid and protein enhanced; it is caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin and is characterized, in more severe cases, by chronic hyperglycemia, glycosuria, water and electrolyte loss, ketoacidosis, and coma; long-term complications include development of neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, generalized degenerative changes in large and small blood vessels, and increased susceptibility to infection. See also insulin-dependent d. mellitus, non-insulin-dependent d. mellitus. [L. sweetened with honey] Of the 14 million Americans with diabetes, roughly 90% have Type II (non-insulin-dependent) and roughly 10% have Type I (insulin-dependent) disease. Previously, it was thought diabetics were bound to suffer from chronic complications. However, in 1993, the results of a 10-year multicenter study found that by rigorously managing blood sugar levels, diabetics could substantially minimize long-term complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. The American Diabetes Association now recognizes that there can be no universal guidelines; rather, it recommends that dietary regimens and weight goals be tailored for each diabetic. This requires both greater commitment on the part of diabetics themselves, and greater involvement of medical professionals, particularly dieticians.
metahypophysial d. 1. d. mellitus caused by large quantities of endogenous or exogenous pituitary growth hormone; 2. term used to designate the irreversible phase of d. mellitus in acromegaly.
Mosler's d. inosituria with excretion of large quantities of water.
nephrogenic d. insipidus [MIM*304800] d. insipidus due to inability of the kidney tubules to respond to antidiuretic hormone; X-linked inheritance, with full expression in males and partial defect in heterozygous females.vasopressin-resistant d;
non-insulin-dependent d. mellitus (NIDDM) an often mild form of d. mellitus of gradual onset, usually in obese individuals over age 35; absolute plasma insulin levels are normal to high, but relatively low in relation to plasma glucose levels; ketoacidosis is rare, but hyperosmolar coma can occur; responds well to dietary regulation and/or oral hypoglycemic agents, but diabetic complications and degenerative changes can develop.
pancreatic d. 1. d. mellitus demonstrably dependent upon a pancreatic lesion; 2. d. following removal of the pancreas in an animal.
phlorizin d. (flo-rid´zin) phlorizin glycosuria
phosphate d. excessive secretion of phosphate in the urine due to a defect in tubular reabsorption; usually part of a more generalized abnormality, such as Fanconi syndrome.
piqûre d. puncture d [Fr.]
pregnancy d. See subclinical d.
puncture d. experimental d. produced in animals by puncture of the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain.piqûre d;
renal d. renal glycosuria
starvation d. after prolonged fasting, glycosuria following the ingestion of carbohydrate or glucose because of reduced output of insulin and/or reduced rate of glucose metabolism with a reduced ability to form glycogen.
steroid d. d. mellitus produced by pharmacological doses of steroid hormones, particularly glucocorticoids or estrogens; characterized by one or more of the typical manifestations of d. mellitus.
steroidogenic d. abnormal glucose tolerance, often frank d. mellitus, induced by the metabolic effects of adrenocortical steroid hormones such as cortisone or therapeutic analogues such as prednisone. The effect may be temporary, resolving when the steroid therapy is discontinued, or d. mellitus may persist.
subclinical d. a form of d. mellitus that is clinically evident only under certain circumstances, such as pregnancy or extreme stress; persons so afflicted may, in time, manifest more severe forms of the disease.
thiazide d. impaired carbohydrate metabolism associated with the use of thiazide diuretic drugs; severe manifestations are seen in persons having d. mellitus, but impairment is mild or absent in nondiabetic individuals.
type I d. insulin-dependent d. mellitus
type II d. non-insulin-dependent d. mellitus.
type I d. mellitus juvenile d
vasopressin-resistant d. nephrogenic d. insipidus



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diabetic diabetic (dI-a-bet´ik)
1. Relating to or suffering from diabetes. 2. One who suffers from diabetes.



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diabetogenic diabetogenic (dI´a-bet-o-jen´ik, -be-to-jen´ik)
Causing diabetes.



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diabetogenous diabetogenous (dI´a-be-toj´en-us)
Caused by diabetes.



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diabetology diabetology (dI´a-be-tol´o-je)
The field of medicine concerned with diabetes.



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diacele diacele (dI´a-sel)
third ventricle [G. dia-, through, + koilia, a hollow]



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diacetal diacetal (dI-as´e-tal)
See diacetyl.



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diacetate diacetate (dI-as´e-tat)
1. acetoacetate 2. A compound containing two acetate residues.



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diacetemia diacetemia (dI-as-e-te´me-a)
A form of acidosis resulting from the presence of acetoacetic (diacetic) acid in the blood.



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diacetic acid diacetic acid (dI-a-se´tik, -set´ik)
acetoacetic acid



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diacetonuria diacetonuria (dI-as´e-to-nu´re-a)
diaceturia



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diaceturia diaceturia (dI-as-e-tu´re-a)
The urinary excretion of acetoacetic (diacetic) acid.diacetonuria;



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diacetyl diacetyl , diacetal (dI-as´e-til, dI-as´e-tal)
2,3-Butanedione;a yellow liquid, (CH3CO)2, having the pungent odor of quinone and carrying the aromas of coffee, vinegar, butter, and other foods; a byproduct of carbohydrate degradation.



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diacetylcholine diacetylcholine (dI-as´e-til-ko´len)
succinylcholine



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diacetylmonoxime (DAM) diacetylmonoxime (DAM) (dI-as´e-til-mon-ok´sIm)
A 2-oxo-oxime that can reactivate phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase in vitro and in vivo; it penetrates the blood-brain barrier.



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diacetylmorphine diacetylmorphine (dI-as´e-til-mor´fen)
heroin



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diacetyltannic acid diacetyltannic acid (dI-as´e-til-tan´ik)
acetyltannic acid



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diachronic diachronic (dI-a-kron´ik)
Systematically observed over time in the same subjects throughout as opposed to synchronic or cross-sectional; the inferences are equivalent only where there is strict stability of all elements. [dia- + G. chronos, time]



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diacid diacid (dI-as´id)
Denoting a substance containing two ionizable hydrogen atoms per molecule; more generally, a base capable of combining with two hydrogen ions per molecule.



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diaclasis diaclasis , diaclasia (dI-ak´la-sis, dI-a-kla´ze-a)
osteoclasis [G. diaklasis, a breaking up, fr. dia, through, + klasis, a breaking]



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diacrinous diacrinous (dI-ak´ri-nus)
Excreting by simple passage through a gland cell. [G. dia-krino, to separate one from another]



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diacrisis diacrisis (dI-ak´ri-sis)
diagnosis [G. dia-, through, + krisis, a judgment]



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diacritic diacritic , diacritical (dI-a-krit´ik, -krit´i-kal)
Distinguishing; diagnostic; allowing of distinction. [G. diakritikos, able to distinguish]



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diactinic diactinic (dI´ak-tin´ik)
Having the property of transmitting light capable of bringing about chemical reactions. [G. dia, through, + aktis, ray]



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diacylglycerol (DAG) diacylglycerol (DAG) (dI´as-il-glis´er-ol)
Glycerol with two esterified acyl moieties, either 1,3-d. or 1,2-d.; if the two acyl groups are nonidentical, there are four possible stereoisomers; 1,2-d. is an intermediate in the synthesis of triacylglycerols and of lecithin; also serves as a second messenger in stimulating the activity of protein kinase C.
d. acyltransferase an enzyme, in fat biosynthesis, that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl-CoA to 1,2-d. thus forming free coenzyme A and triacylglycerol.
d. lipase lipoprotein lipase



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diad diad (dI´ad)
1. The transverse tubule and a cisterna in cardiac muscle fibers. 2. dyad (1)



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diadermic diadermic (dI-a-der´mik)
percutaneous [G. dia, through, + derma, skin]



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diadochocinesia diadochocinesia (dI-ad´o-ko-si-ne´ze-a)
diadochokinesia



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diadochokinesia diadochokinesia , diadochokinesis (dI-ad´o-ko-ki-ne´ze-a, -ki-ne´sis)
The normal power of alternately bringing a limb into opposite positions, as of flexion and extention or of pronation and supination.diadochocinesia; [G. diadochos, working in turn, + kinesis, movement]



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diadochokinetic diadochokinetic (dI-ad´o-ko-ki-net´ik)
Relating to diadochokinesia.



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diagnose diagnose (dI-ag-nos´)
To make a diagnosis.



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diagnosis diagnosis (dI-ag-no´sis)
The determination of the nature of a disease.diacrisis; [G. diagnosis, a deciding]
antenatal d. prenatal d
clinical d. a d. made from a study of the signs and symptoms of a disease.
differential d. the determination of which of two or more diseases with similar symptoms is the one from which the patient is suffering, by a systematic comparison and contrasting of the clinical findings.differentiation (2);
d. by exclusion a d. made by excluding those diseases to which only some of the patient's symptoms might belong, leaving one disease as the most likely d., although no definitive tests or findings establish that d.
laboratory d. a d. made by a chemical, microscopic, microbiologic, immunologic, or pathologic study of secretions, discharges, blood, or tissue.
neonatal d. systematic evaluation of the newborn for evidence of disease or malformations, and the conclusion reached.
pathologic d. a d., sometimes postmortem, made from an anatomic and/or histologic study of the lesions present.
physical d. a d. made by means of physical examination of the patient, or the process of a physical examination.
prenatal d. d. utilizing procedures available for the recognition of diseases and malformations in utero, and the conclusion reached.antenatal d;



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diagnosis-related group (DRG) diagnosis-related group (DRG)
A classification of patients by diagnosis or surgical procedure (sometimes including age) into major diagnostic categories (each containing specific diseases, disorders, or procedures) for the purpose of determining payment of hospitalization charges, based on the premise that treatment of similar medical diagnoses generate similar costs.



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diagnostic diagnostic (dI-ag-nos´tik)
1. Relating to or aiding in diagnosis. 2. Establishing or confirming a diagnosis.



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diagnostician diagnostician (dI´ag-nos-tish´an)
One who is skilled in making diagnoses; formerly, a name for specialists in internal medicine.



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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
An American Psychiatric Association publication which classifies mental illnesses.Currently in its fourth edition (DSM-IV) and first published in 1980, the manual provides health practitioners with a comprehensive system for diagnosing mental illnesses based on specific ideational and behavioral symptoms. The DSM approach supplants older, less rigorous methods of diagnosis, and as such represents a major step forward for the field of psychiatry. It consists of five axes covering clinical syndromes, developmental and personality disorders, physical disorders, severity of psychosocial stressors, and global assessment of functioning. It is used primarily in the U.S.; elsewhere, the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases is preferred.



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diagram diagram
a simple, graphic depiction of an idea or object.
Dieuaide d. triaxial reference system
Venn d. pictorial representation of the extent to which two or more quantities or concepts are mutually inclusive and exclusive.



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diakinesis diakinesis (dI´a-ki-ne´sis)
Final stage of prophase in meiosis I, in which the chiasmata present during the diplotene stage disappear, the chromosomes continue to shorten, and the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear. [G. dia, through, + kinesis, movement]



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dial dial (dI´al, dIl)
A clock face or instrument resembling a clock face. [L. dies, day]
astigmatic d. a diagram of radiating lines, used to test for astigmatism.



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Dialister Dialister (dI-al-is´ter)
An obsolete genus of bacteria, the type species of which, D. pneumosintes, is now placed in the genus Bacteroides.



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diallyl diallyl (dI-al´il)
A compound containing two allyl groups.



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dialysance dialysance (dI-al´i-sans)
The number of milliliters of blood completely cleared of any substance by an artificial kidney or by peritoneal dialysis in a unit of time; conventional clearance formulas are expressed as mm/min. [fr. dialysis]



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dialysate dialysate (dI-al´i-sat)
That part of a mixture that passes through a dialyzing membrane.diffusate;



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dialysis dialysis (dI-al´i-sis)
A form of filtration to separate crystalloid from colloid substances (or smaller molecules from larger ones) in a solution by interposing a semipermeable membrane between the solution and water; the crystalloid (smaller) substances pass through the membrane into the water on the other side, the colloids do not.diffusion (2); [G. a separation, fr. dia- lyo, to separate]
continuous ambulatory peritoneal d. (CAPD) method of peritoneal d. performed in ambulatory patients with influx and efflux of dialysate during normal activities.
equilibrium d. in immunology, a method for determination of association constants for hapten-antibody reactions in a system in which the hapten (dialyzable) and antibody (nondialyzable) solutions are separated by semipermeable membranes. Since at equilibrium the quantity of free hapten will be the same in the two compartments, quantitative determinations can be made of hapten-bound antibody, free antibody, and free hapten.
extracorporeal d. hemodialysis performed through an apparatus outside the body.
peritoneal d. removal from the body of soluble substances and water by transfer across the peritoneum, utilizing a d. solution which is intermittently introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity; transfer of diffusable solutes and water between the blood and the peritoneal cavity depends on the concentration gradient between the two fluid compartments.
d. ret´inae congenital or traumatic separation of the peripheral sensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium at the ora serrata, often causing a retinal detachment.retinodialysis;



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dialyze dialyze (dI´a-lIz)
To perform dialysis; to separate a substance from a solution by means of dialysis.



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dialyzer dialyzer (dI´a-lI-zer)
The apparatus for performing dialysis; a membrane used in dialysis.



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diamagnetic diamagnetic (dI´a-mag-net´ik)
Having the property of diamagnetism.



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diamagnetism diamagnetism (dI-a-mag´ne-tizm)
The property of zero magnetic movement, given by molecules in which all electrons are paired; an unpaired electron yields a magnetic movement, hence the molecule containing such exhibits paramagnetism.



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di-amelia di-amelia (dI-a-me´le-a)
Absence of two limbs.



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diameter diameter (dI-am´e-ter)
1. A straight line connecting two opposite points on the surface of a more or less spherical or cylindrical body, or at the boundary of an opening or foramen, passing through the center of such body or opening. 2. The distance measured along such a line. [G. diametros, fr. dia, through, + metron, measure]
anteroposterior d. of the pelvic inlet conjugate of pelvic inlet
Baudelocque's d. external conjugate
biparietal d. the d. of the fetal head between the two parietal eminences.
buccolingual d. the d. of the crown of a tooth measured from the buccal to the lingual surfaces.
conjugate d. of pelvic inlet conjugate of pelvic inlet
conjugate d. of pelvic outlet conjugate of pelvic outlet
diagonal conjugate d. diagonal conjugate
external conjugate d. external conjugate
d. media´na conjugate of pelvic inlet
d. obli´qua [NA] oblique d
oblique d. a measurement across the pelvic inlet from the sacroiliac joint of one side to the opposite iliopectineal eminence.d. obliqua [NA];
obstetric conjugate d. obstetric conjugate
occipitofrontal d. the d. of the fetal head from the external occipital protuberance to the most prominent point of the frontal bone in the midline.
occipitomental d. the d. of the fetal head from the external occipital protuberance to the midpoint of the chin.
posterior sagittal d. distance from the sacrococcygeal junction to the middle of an imaginary line running between the left and right ischial tuberosities.
suboccipitobregmatic d. the d. of the fetal head from the lowest posterior point of the occipital bone to the center of the anterior fontanelle.
total end-diastolic d. (TEDD) cross sectional d. of the left ventricle including the septum and posterior wall thicknesses in diastole.
total end-systolic d. (TESD) cross sectional d. of the left ventricle including the septum and posterior wall thicknesses in systole.
trachelobregmatic d. the d. of the fetal head from the middle of the anterior fontanelle to the neck.
d. transver´sa [NA] transverse d
transverse d. the transverse d. of the pelvic inlet, measured between the terminal lines.d. transversa [NA];
zygomatic d. the extreme breadth of the skull at the zygomatic arches.



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diamide diamide (dI´am-id, -Id)
A compound containing two amide groups.



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diamidines diamidines (dI-am´i-denz)
A group of compounds containing two amidine groups; e.g., stilbamidine, propamidine.



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diamine diamine (dI´a-men, -min)
An organic compound containing two amine groups per molecule; e.g., ethylenediamine, NH2CH2CH2NH2.
d. oxidase amine oxidase (copper-containing), amine oxidase (flavin-containing)



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diamino oxyhydrase diamino oxyhydrase (dI-am´i-no oks-e-hI´dras)
amine oxidase (copper-containing)



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diamniotic diamniotic (dI-am-ne-ot´ik)
Exhibiting two amniotic sacs.



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Diamond Diamond
Louis K., U.S. physician, *1902. See D.-Blackfan anemia, syndrome; Gardner-D. syndrome.



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diamthazole dihydrochloride diamthazole dihydrochloride (dI-am´tha-zol)
6-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)-2-dimethylaminobenzothiazole dihydrochloride;an antifungal agent for topical use.dimazole dihydrochloride;



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diandry diandry , diandria (dI´an-dre, dI-an´dre-a)
The phenomenon in which a single ovum is fertilized by a diploid sperm and hence produces a triploid fetus. Cf. digyny. [di- + G. andros, male]



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dianoetic dianoetic (dI´a-no-et´ik)
Of or pertaining to reason or other intellectual functions. [G. dia, through, + noeo, to think]



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diapause diapause (dI´a-pawz)
A period of biological quiescence or dormancy with decreased metabolism; an interval in which development is arrested or greatly slowed. [dia- + G. pausis, pause]
embryonic d. a d. in the course of embryogenesis; postulated to occur in instances of double parturition and possibly of delayed implantation.



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diapedesis diapedesis (dI´a-pe-de´sis)
The passage of blood, or any of its formed elements, through the intact walls of blood vessels.migration (2); [G. dia, through, + pedesis, a leaping]



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diaphanography diaphanography (dI-a-fa-nog´ra-fe)
Examination of a body part by transillumination, especially for the detection of breast cancer. [G. diaphanes, transparent, + grapho, to write]



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diaphanoscope diaphanoscope (dI-af´a-no-skop)
An instrument for illuminating the interior of a cavity to determine the translucency of its walls.polyscope; [G. diaphanes, transparent, + skopeo, to examine]



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diaphanoscopy diaphanoscopy (dI-af-a-nos´ko-pe)
Examination of a cavity with a diaphanoscope.



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diaphemetric diaphemetric (dI´a-fe-met´rik)
Relating to the determination of the degree of tactile sensibility. [G. dia, through, + haphe, touch, + metron, measure]



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diaphen hydrochloride diaphen hydrochloride (dI´a-fen)
2-Diethylaminoethyl a-chlorodiphenylacetate hydrochloride;an antihistaminic agent with anticholinergic properties.



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diaphorase diaphorase (dI-af´or-as)
Originally, a series of flavoproteins with reductase activity in mitochondria; now dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase.



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diaphoresis diaphoresis (dI´a-fo-re´sis)
perspiration (1) [G. diaphoresis, fr. dia, through, + phoreo, to carry]



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diaphoretic diaphoretic (dI-a-fo-ret´ik)
1. Relating to, or causing, perspiration. 2. An agent that increases perspiration.



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diaphragm diaphragm (dI´a-fram)
1. The musculomembranous partition between the abdominal and thoracic cavities.diaphragma (2) [NA] , interseptum, midriff, phren (1); 2. A thin disk pierced with an opening, used in a microscope, camera, or other optical instrument in order to shut out the marginal rays of light, thus giving a more direct illumination. 3. A flexible ring covered with a dome-shaped sheet of elastic material used in the vagina to prevent pregnancy. 4. In radiography, a grid (2). [G. diaphragma]
aperture d. a metal device that limits the area of the beam emerging from an x-ray tube.
Bucky d. in radiography, a d. with a moving grid that avoids grid shadows.Potter-Bucky d;
pelvic d. , d. of pelvis the paired levator ani and coccygeus muscles together with the fascia above and below them.diaphragma pelvis [NA];
Potter-Bucky d. Bucky d
d. of sella a fold of dura mater extending transversely across the sella turcica and roofing over the hypophyseal fossa; it is perforated in its center for the passage of the infundibulum.diaphragma sellae [NA] , d. sellae, tentorium of hypophysis;
d. sellae d. of sella
urogenital d. a triangular sheet of muscle between the ischiopubic rami; composed of the sphincter urethrae, and the deep transverse perineal muscles.diaphragma urogenitale [NA];



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diaphragma diaphragma , pl. diaphragmata (dI-a-frag´ma, -frag´ma-ta) [NA]
1. A thin partition separating adjacent regions. 2. diaphragm (1) [G. diaphragma, a partition wall, midriff]
d. pel´vis [NA] pelvic diaphragm
d. sel´lae [NA] diaphragm of sella
d. urogenita´le [NA] urogenital diaphragm



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diaphragmalgia diaphragmalgia (dI´a-frag-mal´je-a)
Rarely used term for a pain in the diaphragm.diaphragmodynia; [diaphragm + G. algos, pain]



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diaphragmatic diaphragmatic (dI´a-frag-mat´ik)
Relating to a diaphragm.phrenic (1);



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diaphragmatocele diaphragmatocele (dI´a-frag-mat´o-sel)
Rarely used term for diaphragmatic hernia. [diaphragm + G. kele, hernia]



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diaphragmodynia diaphragmodynia (dI´a-frag-mo-din´e-a)
diaphragmalgia [diaphragm + G. odyne, pain]



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diaphyseal diaphyseal (dI-a-fiz´e-al)
diaphysial



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diaphysectomy diaphysectomy (dI´a-fi-sek´to-me)
Partial or complete removal of the shaft of a long bone. [diaphysis + G. ektome, excision]



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diaphysial diaphysial (dI-a-fiz´e-al)
Relating to a diaphysis.diaphyseal;



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diaphysis diaphysis , pl. diaphyses (dI-af´i-sis, -sez) [NA]
shaft [G. a growing between]



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diaphysitis diaphysitis (dI-af-i-sI´tis)
Inflammation of the shaft of a long bone.



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diapiresis diapiresis (dI´a-pI-re´sis)
Passage of colloidal or other small particles of suspended matter through the unruptured walls of the blood vessels. See also diapedesis. [G. diapeiro, to drive through, fr. peiro, to pierce]



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diaplacental diaplacental (dI´a-pla-sen´tal)
Passing through or "across" the placenta.



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diaplasis diaplasis (dI-ap´la-sis)
Obsolete term for setting of a fracture or reduction of a dislocation. [G. a putting in shape]



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diaplastic diaplastic (dI-a-plas´tik)
Pertaining to diaplasis.



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diaplexus diaplexus (dI-a-plek´sus)
Rarely used term for choroid plexus of third ventricle. [G. dia, through, + L. plexus, a plaiting]



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diapnoic diapnoic , diapnotic (dI-ap-no´ik, -not´ik)
1. Relating to, or causing perspiration, especially insensible perspiration. 2. A mild sudorific.



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diapophysis diapophysis (dI´a-pof´i-sis)
A transverse process of a thoracic vertebra or the portion of a cervical or lumber vertebra homologous thereto. Cf. pleurapophysis. [G. dia, through, + apophysis, an offshoot]



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Diaptomus Diaptomus (dI-ap´to-mus)
A genus of copepod crustacea, the principal intermediate host for Diphyllobothrium latum in North America.



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diarrhea diarrhea (dI-a-re´a)
An abnormally frequent discharge of semisolid or fluid fecal matter from the bowel. [G. diarrhoia, fr. dia, through, + rhoia, a flow, a flux]
d. al´ba pullorum disease
bovine virus d. a specific infectious disease of cattle, caused by a togavirus; characterized by ulceration of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and sometimes the stomachs and intestines; may or may not be accompanied by severe d.mucosal disease;
cachectic d. d. occurring in patients with severe wasting. Usually due to underlying gastrointestinal disease.
choleraic d. summer d
chronic bacillary d. prolonged diarrhea occurring in association with bacterial infection, usually occurring in patients with gastrointestinal stasis, allowing bacterial proliferation in the intestine with secondary malabsorption. Occurs in blind-loop syndrome after intestinal surgery, following vagotomy, and occasionally in scleroderma or diabetes.
Cochin China d. obsolete term for tropical sprue.
colliquative d. d. associated with excessive discharge of fluid.
dientamoeba d. d. thought to be due to infection with the flagellate, Dientamoeba fragilis.
dysenteric d. d. in bacillary or amebic dysentery.
fatty d. d. seen in malabsorption syndromes including chronic pancreatic disease, characterized by foul smelling stools with increased fat content that usually float in water.pimelorrhea;
flagellate d. d. due to infection with flagellate Giardia lamblia.
gastrogenous d. a d. that may occur in achylia gastrica, or that is caused by excess secretion of gastric and other intestinal juices.
lienteric d. d. in which undigested food appears in the stools.
morning d. a form in which there are several loose stools in the early morning and during the forenoon, the bowels being quiet during the remainder of the day and night.
mucous d. d. with the presence of considerable mucus in the stools.
nocturnal d. d. that occurs chiefly at night, usually in association with diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
pancreatic d. d. pancreatica
d. pancreatica (pan-kre-a´ti-ka) d. characterized by severe, watery, secretory d. and hyperkalemia; most patients have hypercalcemia, many have hyperglycemia; results from excessive secretion of VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) by an islet cell tumor of the pancreas. Sometimes called WDHA syndrome. See Verner-Morrison syndrome, WDHA syndrome.pancreatic cholera, pancreatic d;
pancreatogenous d. d. in which the stools are bulky, pale, foul, greasy, and oily, as a result of malabsorption of fat due to deficient secretion of pancreatic enzymes in chronic pancreatitis.
porcine epidemic d. a disease of pigs caused by the porcine epidemic d. virus and characterized by acute d., with high mortality in piglets.
serous d. d. characterized by watery stools.
summer d. d. of infants in hot weather, usually an acute gastroenteritis due to the presence of Shigella or Salmonella.choleraic d;
traveler's d. d. of sudden onset, often accompanied by abdominal cramps, vomiting, and fever, occurring sporadically in travelers usually during the first week of a trip; most commonly caused by unfamiliar strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
tropical d. tropical sprue
white d. pullorum disease



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diarrheal diarrheal , diarrheic (dI-a-re´al, -re´ik)
Relating to diarrhea.



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diarthric diarthric (dI-ar´thrik)
Relating to two joints.biarticular, diarticular; [G. di-, two, + arthron, joint]



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diarthrosis diarthrosis , pl. diarthroses (dI-ar-thro´sis, -sez)
synovial joint [G. articulation]



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diarticular diarticular (dI-ar-tik´yu-lar)
diarthric



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diaschisis diaschisis (dI-as´ki-sis)
A sudden inhibition of function produced by an acute focal disturbance in a portion of the brain at a distance from the original seat of injury, but anatomically connected with it through fiber tracts. [G. a splitting]



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diascope diascope (dI´a-skop)
A flat glass plate through which one can examine superficial skin lesions by means of pressure. [G. dia, through, + skopeo, to view]



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diascopy diascopy (dI-as´ko-pe)
Examination of superficial skin lesions with a diascope. [G. dia, through, + skopeo, to see]



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diastalsis diastalsis (dI-a-stal´sis)
The type of peristalsis in which a region of inhibition precedes the wave of contraction, as seen in the intestinal tract. [G. an arrangement]



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diastaltic diastaltic (dI-a-stal´tik)
Pertaining to diastalsis.



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diastase diastase (dI´as-tas)
A mixture, obtained from malt and containing amylolytic enzymes (principally a- and beta-amylases), that converts starch into dextrin and maltose; used to make soluble starches, to aid in digestion of starches in certain types of dyspepsia, and to digest glycogen in histologic sections. [Fr., fr. G. diastasis, separation, fr. dia, apart + histemi, to make to stand]



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diastasis diastasis (dI-as´ta-sis)
1. Any simple separation of normally joined parts.divarication; 2. The mid-portion of diastole when the blood enters the ventricle slowly or ceases to enter prior to atrial systole. Diastasis duration is in inverse proportion to heart rate and is absent at very high heart rates. [G. a separation]
d. rec´ti separation of rectus abdominis muscles away from the midline, sometimes seen during or following pregnancy.



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diastasuria diastasuria (dI-as-tas-yu´re-a)
amylasuria



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diastatic diastatic (dI-a-stat´ik)
Relating to a diastasis.



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diastema diastema , pl. diastemata (dI´a-ste´ma, -ste´ma-ta)
1. Fissure or abnormal opening in any part, especially if congenital. 2. [NA] Space between two adjacent teeth in the same dental arch. 3. Cleft or space between the maxillary lateral incisor and canine teeth, into which the lower canine is received when the jaws are closed; abnormal in man but normal in dogs and many other animals. [G. diastema, an interval]



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diastematocrania diastematocrania (dI-a-ste´ma-to-kra´ne-a)
Congenital sagittal fissure of the skull. [G. diastema, an interval, + kranion, skull]



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diastematomyelia diastematomyelia (dI-a-ste´ma-to-mI-e´le-a)
Complete or incomplete sagittal division of the spinal cord by an osseous or fibrocartilaginous septum. [G. diastema, interval, + myelon, marrow]



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diaster diaster (dI´as-ter)
amphiaster [G. di-, two, + aster, star]



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diastereoisomers diastereoisomers (dI´a-star-e-o-I´so-merz)
Optically active isomers that are not enantiomorphs (mirror images); e.g., d-glucose and d-galactose.



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diastole diastole (dI-as´to-le)
Normal postsystolic dilation of the heart cavities, during which they fill with blood; d. of the atria precedes that of the ventricles; d. of either chamber alternates rhythmically with systole or contraction of that chamber. [G. diastole, dilation]
atrial d. period of relaxation and repolarization of the atrial muscle.
electrical d. period from end of T wave to beginning of next Q wave.
gastric d. a phase of relaxation of stomach peristalsis seen fluoroscopically or with the gastroscope.
late d. presystole
ventricular d. period of relaxation and repolarization of the ventricular muscle.



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diastolic diastolic (dI-a-stol´ik)
Relating to diastole.



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diastrophism diastrophism (dI-as´trof-izm)
Distortion that occurs in objects as a result of bending. [G. diastrophe, fr. diastrephein, distortion]



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diataxia diataxia (dI´a-tak´se-a)
Ataxia affecting both sides of the body.
cerebral d. the ataxic type of cerebral birth palsy.



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diatela diatela (dI-a-te´la)
Rarely used term for choroid tela of third ventricle. [G. dia, through, between, + L. tela, web]



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diathermal diathermal (dI-a-ther´mal)
diathermic [G. dia, through, + therme, heat]



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diathermancy diathermancy (dI-a-ther´man-se)
The condition of being diathermic.



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diathermanous diathermanous (dI-a-ther´man-us)
Permeable by heat rays.transcalent; [G. dia-thermaino, to heat through, fr. thermos, hot]



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diathermic diathermic (dI-a-ther´mik)
Relating to, characterized by, or affected by diathermy.diathermal;



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diathermocoagulation diathermocoagulation (dI-a-ther´mo-ko-ag-yu-la´shun)
surgical diathermy



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diathermy diathermy (dI´a-ther-me)
Local elevation of temperature within the tissues, produced by high frequency current, ultrasonic waves, or microwave radiation.transthermia; [G. dia, through, + therme, heat]
medical d. d. of mild degree causing no destruction of tissue.thermopenetration;
short wave d. therapeutic elevation of temperature in the tissues by means of an oscillating electric current of extremely high frequency (10 to 100 million Hz) and short wavelength of 3 to 30 meters.
surgical d. electrocoagulation with a high frequency electrocautery, resulting in local tissue destruction; usually used to seal blood vessels and arrest bleeding.diathermocoagulation;
ultrashortwave d. shortwave d. in which the wavelength is under 10 meters.



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diathesis diathesis (dI-ath´e-sis)
The constitutional or inborn state disposing to a disease, group of diseases, or metabolic or structural anomaly. [G. arrangement, condition]
contractural d. a tendency to have contractures in hysteria.
cystic d. a condition in which multiple cysts form in the liver, kidneys, and other organs.
gouty d. a state of susceptibility to attacks of gout or development of tophi, usually associated with hyperuricemia or hyperexcretion of urate in urine.
hemorrhagic d. any tendency to spontaneous bleeding or bleeding from trivial trauma caused by a defect in clotting or a flaw in the structure of blood vessels.
spasmophilic d. a condition in which there is an abnormal excitability of the motor nerves, shown by a tendency to tetany, laryngeal spasm, or general convulsions.



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diathetic diathetic (dI-a-thet´ik)
Relating to a diathesis.



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diatom diatom (dI´a-tom)
An individual of microscopic unicellular algae, the shells of which compose a sedimentary infusorial earth. [G. diatomos, cut in two]



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diatomaceous diatomaceous (dI´a-to-ma´shus)
Pertaining to diatoms or their fossil remains.



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diatomic diatomic (dI-a-tom´ik)
1. Denoting a compound with a molecule made up of two atoms. 2. Denoting any ion or atomic grouping composed of two atoms only.



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diatoric diatoric (dI´a-tor´ik)
1. The vertical cylindric aperture formed in the base of artificial porcelain teeth and extending into the body of the tooth, serving as a mechanical means of attaching the tooth to the denture base. 2. Denoting teeth that contain a d. [G. diatoros, pierced]



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diatrizoate diatrizoate
Sodium 3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate See sodium diatrizoate.



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diazepam diazepam (dI-az´e-pam)
7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one;a skeletal muscle relaxant, sedative, and antianxiety agent; also used as an anticonvulsant, particularly in the treatment of status epilepticus by the parenteral route.



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diazines diazines (dI´a-zenz)
A group of synthetic tuberculostatic drugs, such as pyrazine carboxamide and pyridazine-3-carboxamide.



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diazinon diazinon (dI-az´in-on)
A sulfur-containing organophosphate compound used as an insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.



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diazo- diazo-
Prefix denoting a compound containing the C-N=N-X grouping, where X is not carbon (except for CN), or the grouping N2 attached by one atom to carbon (e.g., diazomethane, CH2N2). Cf. azo-. [G. di-, two, + Fr. azote, nitrogen]



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diazotize diazotize (dI-az´o-tIz)
To introduce the diazo group into a chemical compound, usually through the treatment of an amine with nitrous acid.



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diazoxide diazoxide (dI-a-zok´sId)
7-Chloro-3-methyl-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide;an antihypertensive agent.



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dibasic dibasic (dI-ba´sik)
Having two replaceable hydrogen atoms, denoting an acid with two ionizable hydrogen atoms.bibasic;



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dibenamine dibenamine (dI-ben´a-men)
A nonspecific and irreversible antagonist at alpha adrenergic receptors. Prevents vasoconstriction produced by epinephrine and norepinephrine and similar agents causing vasoconstriction by an action on alpha adrenergic receptors. Similar to dibenzyline.



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dibenzepin hydrochloride dibenzepin hydrochloride (dI-benz´e-pin)
10-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-5,10-dihydro-5-methyl-11H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-11-one hydrochloride;an antidepressant.



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dibenzheptropine citrate dibenzheptropine citrate (dI-benz-hep´tro-pen)
deptropine citrate



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dibenzopyridine dibenzopyridine (dI-ben´zo-pir´i-den)
acridine



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dibenzothiazine dibenzothiazine (dI-ben´zo-thI´a-zen)
phenothiazine



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dibenzthione dibenzthione (dI-benz-thI´on)
3,5-dibenzyltetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione;an antifungal antiseptic.sulbentine;



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Dibothriocephalus Dibothriocephalus (dI-both´re-o-sef´a-lus)
Former name for Diphyllobothrium. [G. di-, two, + bothrion, dim. of bothros, a pit, + kephale, head]
D. la´tus Diphyllobothrium latum



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dibromopropamidine isethionate dibromopropamidine isethionate (dI-bro´mo-pro-pam´i-den)
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, a compound with 4,4´-(trimethylenedioxy)bis(3-bromobenzamidine);an antiseptic.



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dibromsalan dibromsalan (dI-brom´sa-lan)
4´,5-Dibromosalicylanilide;a disinfectant.



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dibucaine dibucaine (dI´bu-kan)
A potent local anesthetic with a long duration of action used by injection or topically on skin or mucous membranes.



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dibucaine hydrochloride dibucaine hydrochloride (dI-byu´kan)
2-n-Butoxy-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]cinchoninamide monohydrochloride;a potent local anesthetic (surface and spinal anesthesia).



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dibucaine number (DN) dibucaine number (DN)
A test for differentiation of one of several forms of atypical pseudocholinesterases that are unable to inactivate succinylcholine at normal rates; based upon percent inhibition of the enzymes by dibucaine, normal enzyme has a DN of 75 and above, heterozygous atypical enzyme has a DN of 40-70, and homozygous atypical enzyme has a DN of less than 20. See also fluoride number.



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dibutoline sulfate dibutoline sulfate (dI-byu´to-len)
Dibutyl urethane of dimethylethyl-beta-hydroxyethylammonium sulfate;an anticholinergic agent used as a mydriatic, a cycloplegic, and a gastrointestinal antispasmodic.



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dibutyl phthalate dibutyl phthalate (dI-byu´til thal´at)
n-Butyl phthalate; di-n-butyl ester of benzene-o-dicarboxylic acid;an insect repellent.



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DIC DIC
Abbreviation for disseminated intravascular coagulation.



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dicacodyl dicacodyl (dI-kak´o-dil)
cacodyl



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dicelous dicelous (dI-se´lus)
Having two cavities or excavations on opposite surfaces. [G. di-, two, + koilos, hollow]



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dicentric dicentric (dI-sen´trik)
Having two centromeres, an abnormal state.



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dicephalous dicephalous (dI-sef´a-lus)
Having two heads.



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dicephalus dicephalus (dI-sef´a-lus)
Symmetrical conjoined twins with two separate heads. See conjoined twins, under twin.bicephalus, diplocephalus; [G. di-, two, + kephale, head]
d. di´auchenos a d. with separate necks.derodidymus;
d. di´pus dibra´chius a d. in which the merging of the bodies has obliterated the appendages on the side of the union, leaving only two arms and two legs for the double body.
d. di´pus tetrabra´chius a d. with two legs and four separate arms.
d. di´pus tribra´chius a d. with two legs and three arms.
d. dip´ygus anakatadidymus See conjoined twins, under twin.
d. mon´auchenos a d. in which fusion has involved the cervical region so that the two heads are on a single neck.



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dicheilia dicheilia , dichilia (dI-kI´le-a)
A lip appearing to be double because of the presence of an abnormal fold of mucosa. [G. di-, two, + cheilos, lip]



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dicheiria dicheiria , dichiria (dI-kI´re-a)
Complete or incomplete duplication of the hand. See also polydactyly.diplocheiria, diplochiria; [G. di-, two, + cheir, hand]



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Dichelobacter nodosus Dichelobacter nodosus
Bacteroides nodosus



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dichloramine-T dichloramine-T (dI-klor´a-men)
CH3C6H4SO2NCl2; p-Toluenesulfonic acid dichloramide;used as an antiseptic in surgical dressings.



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dichloride dichloride (dI-klor´Id)
A compound with a molecule containing two atoms of chlorine to one of another element.bichloride;



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dichlorisone dichlorisone (dI-klor´i-son)
9a,11beta-Dichloro-17a,21-dihydroxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione; 9,11-dichloropredisolone;a topical antipruritic agent.



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dichlorisoproterenol dichlorisoproterenol (dI-klor´is-o-pro-tar´e-nol)
dichloroisoproterenol



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dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene (dI-klor´o-ben´zen)
ClC6H4Cl;an insecticide used chiefly as a moth repellent.



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dichlorodifluoromethane dichlorodifluoromethane (dI-klor´o-dI-flu-ro-meth´an)
CF2Cl2;an easily liquefiable gas used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant.



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p,p´-dichlorodiphenyl methyl carbinol (DMC) p,p´-dichlorodiphenyl methyl carbinol (DMC) (dI-chlor´o-dI-fen´il)
A synthetic compound found effective as a miticide.



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dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (dI-chlor´o-di-fen´il-trI-klor-o-eth´an)
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane;an insecticide that came into prominence during and after World War II. For a time it proved very effective, but insect populations rapidly developed tolerance for it, hence much of its original effectiveness has been lost; general usage is now widely discouraged because of the toxicity that results from the environmental persistence of this agent.chlorophenothane, dicophane;



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di(2-chloroethyl)sulfide di(2-chloroethyl)sulfide
mustard gas



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dichloroformoxime dichloroformoxime
phosgene oxime



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dichlorohydrin dichlorohydrin (dI-klor-o-hI´drin)
A colorless, odorless fluid prepared by heating anhydrous glycerin with sulfur monochloride; a solvent of resins.dichloroisopropyl alcohol;



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2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-dichloroindophenol (dI-klor´o-in-do-fe´nol)
A reagent for the chemical assay of ascorbic acid which depends upon the reducing properties of the latter. It is red in acid solution; in the presence of the vitamin C it undergoes reduction and becomes colorless, the vitamin being oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid. Often misnamed dichlorophenol-indophenol.



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dichloroisopropyl alcohol dichloroisopropyl alcohol (dI-klor´o-is-o-pro´pil)
dichlorohydrin



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dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) (dI-klor´o-is-o-pro-tar´e-nol)
dl-1-[3,4-dichlorophenyl]-2-isopropylaminoethanol;the congener of the adrenergic beta receptor stimulant, isoproterenol; it blocks the responses, involving beta receptors, to epinephrine and other sympathomimetic drugs.dichlorisoproterenol;



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dichlorophen dichlorophen (dI-klor´o-fen)
2,2´-Dihydroxy-5,5´methylenebix(4-chlorophenol);used topically as a fungicide and bactericide, and internally in the treatment of infections by tapeworms of man and domestic animals.



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dichlorophenarsine hydrochloride dichlorophenarsine hydrochloride (dI-klor´o-fen-ar´sen)
(3-Amino-4-Hydroxyphenyl)dichloroarisine hydrochloride, formerly used as an arsenical antisyphilitic.



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2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (dI´klor-o-fe´nol-in-do-fe´nol)
Misnomer for 2,6-dichloroindophenol.



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(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D)
A herbicide, more toxic to broad-leaved dicotyledonous plants (weeds) than to monocotyledonous ones (grains and grass), used with (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid as a constituent of Agent Orange.



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dichlorovos dichlorovos (dI-klor´o-vos)
dichlorvos



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dichlorphenamide dichlorphenamide (dI-klor-fen´a-mId)
4,5-Dichloro-m-benzenedisulfonamide;a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with actions similar to those of acetazolamide.



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dichlorvos dichlorvos (dI-klor´vos)
phosphoric acid 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate;an anthelmintic in veterinary and human medicine.dichlorovos;



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dichorial dichorial , dichorionic (dI-ko´re-al, dI-ko-re-on´ik)
Showing evidence of two chorions. [G. di-, two, + chorion]



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dichotic dichotic (dI-kot´ik)
dichotomous



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dichotomous dichotomous (dI-kot´o-mus)
Denoting or characterized by dichotomy.dichotic;



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dichotomy dichotomy (dI-kot´o-me)
Division into two parts. [G. dichotomia, a cutting in two, fr. dicha, in two, + tome, a cutting]



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dichroic dichroic (dI-kro´ik)
Relating to dichroism.



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dichroism dichroism (dI´kro-izm)
The property of seeming to be differently colored when viewed from emitted light and from transmitted light. [G. di-, two, + chroa, color]
circular d. (CD) the change from circular polarization to elliptical polarization of monochromatic, circularly polarized light in the immediate vicinity of the absorption band of the substance through which the light passes. See also Cotton effect.



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dichromat dichromat (dI´kro-mat)
An individual with dichromatism.



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dichromate dichromate (dI-kro´mat)
A compound containing the radical Cr2O7=.bichromate;



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dichromatic dichromatic (dI-kro-mat´ik)
1. Having or exhibiting two colors. 2. Relating to dichromatism (2).



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dichromatism dichromatism (dI-kro´ma-tizm)
1. The state of being dichromatic (1). 2. The abnormality of color vision in which only two of the three retinal cone pigments are present, as in protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia.dichromatopsia; [G. di-, two, + chroma, color]



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dichromatopsia dichromatopsia (dI-kro-ma-top´se-a)
dichromatism (2) [G. di-, two, + chroma, color, + opsis, vision]



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dichromic dichromic (dI-kro´mik)
Having, or relating to, two colors.



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dichromophil dichromophil , dichromophile (dI-kro´mo-fil, dI-kro´mo-fIl)
Taking a double stain; denoting a tissue or cell taking both acid and basic dyes in different parts. [G. di-, two, + chroma, color, + philos, fond]



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Dick Dick
George Frederick, U.S. internist, 1881-1967. See D. method, test, test toxin.



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Dick Dick
Gladys R.H., U.S. internist, 1881-1963. See D. method, test, test toxin.



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Dickens Dickens
Frank, British biochemist, *1899. See D. shunt; Warburg-Lipmann-D.-Horecker shunt.



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diclofenac diclofenac (dI-clo´fén-ák)
One of several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in the treatment of rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis; also used in osteoarthritis and other conditions. Acts by preventing prostaglandin synthesis.



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dicloxacillin sodium dicloxacillin sodium (dI-klok-sa-sil´in)
Sodium salt of 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-isoazolylpenicillin;a semisynthetic penicillin resistant to penicillinase.



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dicophane dicophane (dI´ko-fan)
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane



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dicoria dicoria (dI-ko´re-a)
diplocoria [G. di-, two, + kore, pupil]



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dicotyledon dicotyledon
Plant (shrub, herb, or tree) whose seeds consist of two cotyledons, i.e., the primary or rudimentary leaf of the embryo of seed plants.



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dicrocoeliosis dicrocoeliosis (dI´kro-se-li-o´sis)
Infection of animals and rarely man with trematodes of the genus Dicrocoelium.



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Dicrocoelium Dicrocoelium (dIk-ro-se´le-um)
A genus of digenetic trematodes inhabiting the bile ducts and gallbladder of herbivores. The species D. dentriticum (lancet fluke) is rarely found in humans, but is an important parasite of sheep in some localities. [G. dikroos, forked, + koilia, belly]



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dicrotic dicrotic (dI-krot´ik)
Relating to dicrotism. [G. dikrotos, double-beating]



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dicrotism dicrotism (dI´kro-tizm)
That form of the pulse in which a double beat can be appreciated at any arterial pulse for each beat of the heart; due to accentuation of the dicrotic wave. [G. di-, two, + krotos, a beat]



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dicta- dicta- (dik´ta)
Prefix used to signify two hundred. [G.]



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Dictyocaulus Dictyocaulus (dik´te-o-kaw´lus)
A genus of thin elongate metastrongylid nematode lungworms (subfamily Dictyocaulinae) that inhabit the air passages of herbivorous animals; the life cycle is direct, infection occurring from ingestion of infective larvae. [G. diktyon, net, + kaulos, stalk]
D. arnfiel´di species that occurs in the bronchi of horses, mules, and donkeys; generally produces few or no symptoms, except with heavy infection.
D. fila´ria the large or thread lungworm, a species that is the common lungworm of sheep, goats, camels, and many wild ruminants; it causes much damage, especially in younger heavily infected animals, which cough and suffer from dyspnea; emaciation and anemia often occur.
D. vivip´arus species that is the common lungworm of cattle, deer, and other ruminants, usually found in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles; the chronic cough caused by this parasite is sometimes called hoose or husk, especially in Great Britain.



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dictyoma dictyoma (dik-te-o´ma)
A benign tumor of the ciliary epithelium with a net-like structure resembling embryonic retina. [G. dikyton, net (retina), + -oma, tumor]



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dictyosome dictyosome (dik´te-o-som)
Golgi apparatus [G. diktyon, net, + -some]



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dictyotene dictyotene (dik´te-o-ten)
The state of meiosis at which the oocyte is arrested during the several years between late fetal life and menarche. [G. diktyon, net, + tainia, band]



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dicumarol dicumarol (dI-ku´ma-rol)
3,3´-methylene-bis(4-hydroxycoumarin);an anticoagulant that inhibits the formation of prothrombin in the liver.bishydroxycoumarin;



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dicyclomine hydrochloride dicyclomine hydrochloride (dI-sI´klo-men)
2-Diethylaminoethyl bicyclohexyl-1-carboxylate hydrochloride;an anticholinergic agent.



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dicysteine dicysteine (dI-sis´ten)
cystine



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didactic didactic (dI-dak´tik)
Instructive; denoting medical teaching by lectures or textbooks, as distinguished from clinical demonstrations with patients or laboratory exercises. [G. didaktikos, fr. didasko, to teach]



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didactylism didactylism (dI-dak´ti-lizm)
Congenital condition of having two fingers on a hand or two toes on a foot. [G. di-, two, + daktylos, finger or toe]



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didelphic didelphic (dI-del´fik)
Having or relating to a double uterus. [G. di-, two, + delphys, womb]



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Didelphis Didelphis (dI-del´fis)
A genus of marsupials, commonly called opossums, that serve as reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi. D. marsupialis is the common North American variety; D. paraguayensis is a South American form. [G. di-, two, + delphys, womb]



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dideoxyadenosine (DDA) dideoxyadenosine (DDA) (dI´de-oks´e-a-den´o-sen)
An antiviral agent that has been tried in AIDS, similar to DDC.



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dideoxycytidine dideoxycytidine (dI´-de-ok´-se-sI´-ti-dn)
Pyrimidine nucleoside analog with antiviral activity; has been tried in AIDS.



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dideoxyinosine (DDI) dideoxyinosine (DDI) (dI´-de-oks-e-I´-no-sen)
Antiviral agent; has been used in treatment of AIDS.



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didym- didym- , didymo-
The didymus, testis. [G. didymos, twin]



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didymus didymus (did´e-mus)
testis [G. didymos, a twin, pl. didymoi, testes]



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-didymus -didymus
A conjoined twin, with the first element of the complete word designating fused parts. See also -dymus, -pagus. [G. didymos, twin]



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die die (dI)
In dentistry, the positive reproduction of the form of a prepared tooth in any suitable hard substance, usually in metal or specially prepared artificial stone. See also counterdie.



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dieb. alt. dieb. alt.
Abbreviation for L. diebus alternis, every other day.



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diecious diecious (dI-e´shus)
Denoting animals or plants that are sexually distinct, the individuals being of one or the other sex. [G. di-, two, + oikia, house]



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Dieffenbach Dieffenbach
Johann F., German surgeon, 1792-1847. See D.'s method.



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Diego blood group Diego blood group , Di blood group
See Blood Groups appendix.



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diel diel (dI´el)
Term frequently used synonymously with diurnal (2) or circadian. [irreg., fr. L. dies, day]



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dieldrin dieldrin (dI-el´drin)
A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an insecticide; may cause toxic effects in persons and animals exposed to its action through skin contact, inhalation, or food contamination.



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dielectrography dielectrography (dI-e-lek-trog´ra-fe)
impedance plethysmography



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dielectrolysis dielectrolysis (dI´e-lek-trol´i-sis)
electrophoresis



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Diels Diels
Otto, German chemist and Nobel laureate, 1876-1954. See D. hydrocarbon.



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diencephalohypophysial diencephalohypophysial (dI-en-sef´a-lo-hI-po-fiz´e-al)
Relating to the diencephalon and hypophysis.



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diencephalon diencephalon , pl. diencephala (dI-en-sef´a-lon, -sef´a-la) [NA]
That part of the prosencephalon composed of the epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus. [G. dia, through, + enkephalos, brain]



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diener diener (de´ner)
A laboratory worker who assists in cleaning. [Ger. Diener, servant]



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dienestrol dienestrol (dI-en-es´trol)
3,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-hexadiene;an estrogenic agent.estrodienol;



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Dientamoeba fragilis Dientamoeba fragilis (dI-ent-a-me´ba fraj´i-lis)
A species of small ameba-like flagellates, formerly considered a true ameba, now recognized as an amebo-flagellate related to Trichomonas, parasitic in the large intestine of humans and certain monkeys; usually nonpathogenic, but believed to be capable of sometimes causing low-grade inflammation with mucous diarrhea and gastrointestinal disturbance in humans. See also Histomonas meleagridis.



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dieresis dieresis (dI-er´e-sis)
solution of continuity [G. diairesis, a division]



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dieretic dieretic (dI-er-et´ik)
1. Relating to dieresis. 2. Dividing; ulcerating; corroding.



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diesterase diesterase (dI-es´ter-as)
See phosphodiesterases.



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diestrous diestrous (dI-es´trus)
Pertaining to diestrus.



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diestrus diestrus (dI-es´trus)
A period of sexual quiescence intervening between two periods of estrus. [G. dia, between, + oistros, desire]



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diet diet (dI´et)
1. Food and drink in general. 2. A prescribed course of eating and drinking in which the amount and kind of food, as well as the times at which it is to be taken, are regulated for therapeutic purposes. 3. Reduction of caloric intake so as to lose weight. 4. To follow any prescribed or specific d. [G. diaita, a way of life; a diet]
acid-ash d. alkaline-ash d
alkaline-ash d. a d. consisting mainly of fruits, vegetables, and milk (with minimal amounts of meat, fish, eggs, cheese, and cereals), which, when catabolized, leave an alkaline residue to be excreted in the urine.acid-ash d., basic d;
balanced d. a d. containing the essential nutrients with a reasonable ration of all the major food groups.
basal d. 1. a d. having a caloric value equal to the basal heat production and sufficient quanties of essential nutrients to meet basic needs; 2. in experiments in nutrition, a d. from which a given constituent (e.g., a vitamin, mineral, or amino acid), the nutritional value of which is to be determined, is omitted for a period and the effects observed; the subject is observed for a second period during which the ingredient being studied is added to the d.
basic d. alkaline-ash d
bland d. a regular d. omitting foods that mechanically or chemically irritate the gastrointestinal tract.
challenge d. a d. in which one or more specific substances are included for the purpose of determining whether an abnormal reaction occurs.
clear liquid d. a d., often used postoperatively, consisting usually of water, tea, coffee, gelatin preparations, and clear soups or broth.
diabetic d. a dietary adjustment for patients with diabetes mellitus intended to decrease the need for insulin or oral diabetic agents and control weight by adjusting caloric and carbohydrate intake.
elimination d. a d. designed to detect what ingredient of the food causes allergic manifestations in the patient; food items to which the patient may be sensitive are withdrawn separately and successively from the d. until that which causes the symptoms is discovered.
full liquid d. a d. consisting only of liquids but including cream soups, ice cream, and milk.
Giordano-Giovannetti d. a d. designed for patients with renal failure; it provides small amounts of protein, primarily as essential amino acids, along with alpha-keto derivatives of amino acids; breakdown of protein in skeletal muscle is retarded and, because transaminase reactions are reversible, a small proportion of the ammonia released by urea breakdown is used for synthesis of nonessential amino acids.Giovannetti d;
Giovannetti d. Giordano-Giovannetti d
gluten-free d. elimination of all wheat, rye, barley, and oat gluten from the d.; treatment for gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease). See celiac disease.
gout d. a d. containing a minimal quantity of purine bases (meats); liver, kidney, and sweetbread especially are excluded and replaced by dairy products, fruits, and cereals; alcoholic beverages also are excluded.purine-free d;
high-calorie d. a d. containing upward of 4,000 calories per day.
high-fat d. a d. containing large amounts of fat.
high-fiber d. a d. high in the nondigestible part of plants, which is fiber. Fiber is found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk, decreases transit time of food in the bowel, and decreases constipation and the risk of colon cancer. Soluble fiber delays absorption of glucose, which helps to control blood sugar in diabetes mellitus, and delays absorption of lipids, which helps to control hyperlipidemia. Recommended in treatment of diverticular disease of the colon.
Kempner d. rice d
ketogenic d. a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and normal protein d. causing ketosis.
low-calorie d. a d. of 1,200 calories or less per day.
low-fat d. a d. containing minimal amounts of fat.Diets containing low amounts of fat and cholesterol are designed to reduce the risk of heart disease and, in some cases, cancer. Dozens of such diets have been promulgated, both by medical and lay advisors. Their popularity can be attributed in part to clinical studies that have, since the 1980s, revealed, on the one hand, the hazards of eating high-fat, high-cholesterol foods and, on the other, the benefits of ingesting less saturated fat and LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol. Although coronary deaths have been reduced by roughly 30% since 1970, the aim of health officials is to further reduce heart attack rates. The average cholesterol level among adult Americans has fallen from 213 to 205 mg/dl since 1978. However, the National Cholesterol Education Program recommends that individuals maintain a total cholesterol level of no more than 200 mg/dl, with LDL at less than 130 mg/dl and HDL (high density lipoprotein) around 60 mg/dl. About one-half of American adults exceed those recommendations. Low-fat, low-cholesterol diets are rich in whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, and legumes, and limit or exclude consumption of processed oils, dairy products, nuts and seeds, and meats. See atherosclerosis, free radicals.
low purine d. a d. low in precursors of purines (such as tissues rich in cells with abundant nuclei, as in liver, glandular meats, etc.) to minimize formation of uric acid. Useful in treatment of patients with gout or urate-containing renal calculi.
low residue d. a d. that leaves minimal unabsorbed components in the intestine, to minimize functional stress on the colon.
low salt d. a d. with restricted amounts of sodium chloride, necessary in the treatment of some cases of hypertension, heart failure, and other syndromes characterized by fluid retention and/or edema formation.
macrobiotic d. a d. claimed to promote longevity, often by promoting an emphasis on natural foods and restrictions on non-cereal foods, as well as liquids.
Meulengracht's d. a feeding program for patients with peptic ulcer disease, containing a relatively full diet free of acidic or highly seasoned food.
Minot-Murphy d. the use of large amounts of raw liver in the treatment of pernicious anemia. First successes in the treatment of this disease occurred with this diet and led to development of liver extract for treatment.
Ornish prevention d.'s relaxed versions of the Ornish reversal d., which is designed to prevent coronary artery disease. These d.'s reduce dietary fat in proportion to blood cholesterol level.
Ornish reversal d. a d. designed by Dean Ornish, who has evidence that it will reverse coronary artery disease. It consists of 10% of calories from fat (mostly polyunsaturated or monounsaturated, with 5 mg cholesterol per day), 70 to 75% from carbohydrate, and 15 to 20% from protein.
purine-free d. gout d
purine-restricted d. See gout d.
rachitic d. a d. that will induce rickets in susceptible experimental animals.
reducing d. a d. in which caloric expenditure is greater than caloric intake.
rice d. a d. of rice, fruit, and sugar, plus vitamin and iron supplements, devised by Kempner to treat hypertension. In 2,000 calories, the d. contains 5 gm or less of fat, about 20 gm of protein, and not more than 150 mg of sodium.Kempner d;
Schmidt d. Schmidt-Strassburger d
Schmidt-Strassburger d. an obsolete d. designed to facilitate examination of the stools in patients with diarrhea, consisting of milk, zwieback, oatmeal gruel, eggs, butter, small amounts of beef and potato.Schmidt d;
sippy d. a d. formerly used in the initial stages of treatment of peptic ulcer, beginning with milk and cream every hour or two to keep gastric acid neutralized, gradually increasing to include cereal, eggs and crackers after three days, pureed vegetables later.
smooth d. a d. containing little roughage; used primarily in diseases of the colon.
soft d. a normal d. limited to soft foods for those who have difficulty chewing or swallowing; there are no restrictions on seasoning or method of food preparation.
subsistence d. a meager d. providing barely enough for sustenance.
Wilder's d. obsolete d., low in potassium, for treating Addison's disease.



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dietary dietary (dI´e-tar-e)
Relating to the diet.



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Dieterle's stain Dieterle's stain
See under stain.



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dietetic dietetic (dI´e-tet´ik)
1. Relating to the diet. 2. Descriptive of food that, naturally or through processing, has a low caloric content.



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dietetics dietetics (dI-e-tet´iks)
The practical application of diet in the prophylaxis and treatment of disease.



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diethadione diethadione (dI-eth-a-dI´on)
5,5-Diethyldihydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione;an analeptic.



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diethanolamine diethanolamine (dI-eth-a-nol´a-men)
bis(hydroxyethyl)amine; 2,2´-iminodiethanol;used as an emulsifier and as a dispersing agent in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.diethylolamine;



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diethazine diethazine (dI-eth´a-zen)
10-(2-Diethylaminoethyl)phenothiazine;an anticholinergic agent.



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diethyl diethyl (dI-eth´il)
A compound containing two ethyl radicals.



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5,5-diethylbarbituric acid 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid (dI-eth´il-bar-bi-tyu´rik)
barbital



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diethylcarbamazine citrate diethylcarbamazine citrate (dI-eth´il-kar-bam´a-zen)
N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide citrate;an effective microfilaricide, although relatively ineffective against the adult filariae.



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diethylenediamine diethylenediamine (dI-eth´il-en-dI´a-men)
piperazine



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1,4-diethylene dioxide 1,4-diethylene dioxide (dI-eth´il-en)
dioxane



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diethylene glycol diethylene glycol (dI-eth´il-en)
An organic solvent chemically related to ethylene glycol. Upon metabolic conversion it becomes oxalic acid, which is toxic to the kidney. A sweet, viscous liquid that was used to make the infamous elixir of sulfanilamide that proved fatal to over 100 children in 1937, leading to the establishment of the FDA to monitor drug safety.



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diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) (dI-eth´il-en-trI´a-men pen-ta-a-se´tik)
An important chelating agent used in therapy (e.g., in therapy for lead poisoning), and in metal-containing diagnostic agents for magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear scanning.



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diethyl ether diethyl ether
CH3CH2OCH2CH3;a flammable, volatile organic solvent used in extraction procedures; formerly widely used as an inhalation anesthetic; shortcomings include: irritating vapor, slow onset and prolonged recovery phase, explosion hazard.ethyl ether, ethyl oxide, sulfuric ether;



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diethylolamine diethylolamine (dI-eth-i-lol´a-men)
diethanolamine



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diethylpropion hydrochloride diethylpropion hydrochloride (dI-eth-il-pro´pe-on)
1-Phenyl-2-diethylaminopropanone-1 hydrochloride;a sympathomimetic drug resembling amphetamine in its actions and used as an appetite suppressant. Increases blood pressure, heart rate.



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diethylstilbestrol (DES) diethylstilbestrol (DES) (dI-eth´il-stil-bes´trol)
A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogenic compound. Sometimes used as a postcoital antipregnancy agent to prevent implantation of the fertilized ovum. The first demonstrated transplacental carcinogen responsible for a delayed clear cell vaginal carcinoma in female offspring of mothers who took the drug during pregnancy when the drug was erroneously thought to prevent threatened abortion.stilbestrol;



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diethyltoluamide diethyltoluamide (dI-eth´il-to-lu´a-mId)
m-Delphene; N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide;an insect repellent.



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diethyltryptamine (DET) diethyltryptamine (DET) (dI-eth-il-trip´ta-men)
N,N-Diethyltryptamine;a hallucinogenic agent similar to dimethyltryptamine.



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dietitian dietitian (dI-e-tish´un)
An expert in dietetics.



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Dietl Dietl
Józef, Polish physician, 1804-1878. See D.'s crisis.



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Dieuaide diagram Dieuaide diagram
See under diagram.



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Dieulafoy Dieulafoy
Georges, French physician, 1839-1911. See D.'s erosion, theory.



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difarnesyl group difarnesyl group (di-far´ne-sil)
A 30-carbon open chain hexaisoprenoid hydrocarbon radical; occurs as a side chain in vitamin K2.



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difenoxin difenoxin (dI-fen-ok´sin)
1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenylisonipecotic acid;an antidiarrheal agent with actions similar to those of diphenoxylate.difenoxylic acid;



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difenoxylic acid difenoxylic acid (dI-fen-ok´si-lik)
difenoxin



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difference difference (dif´er-ens)
The magnitude or degree by which one quality or quantity differs from another of the same kind.
alveolar-arterial oxygen d. the d. or gradient between the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar spaces and the arterial blood: P(A-a)02. Normally in young adults this value is less than 20 mm Hg. See also alveolar gas equation.
arteriovenous carbon dioxide d. the d. in carbon dioxide content (in ml per 100 ml blood) between arterial and venous blood.
arteriovenous oxygen d. the d. in the oxygen content (in ml per 100 ml blood) between arterial and venous blood.
A-V d. abbreviation for arteriovenous difference of concentration of a substance.
cation-anion d. anion gap
individual d.'s in clinical psychology, deviations of individuals from the group average or from each other.
light d. 1. the d. in light sensitivity of the two eyes; 2. brightness difference threshold
standard error of d. a statistical index of the probability that a d. between two sample means is greater than zero.



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differential differential (dif-er-en´shal)
Relating to, or characterized by, a difference; distinguishing. [L. dif-fero, to carry apart, differ, fr. dis, apart]
threshold d. differential threshold



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differentiated differentiated (dif-er-en´she-a-ted)
Having a different character or function from the surrounding structures or from the original type; said of tissues, cells, or portions of the cytoplasm.



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differentiation differentiation (dif´er-en-she-a´shun)
1. The acquisition or possession of one or more characteristics or functions different from that of the original type.specialization (2); 2. differential diagnosis 3. Partial removal of a stain from a histologic section to accentuate the staining differences of tissue components.
correlative d. d. due to the interaction of different parts of an organism.
echocardiographic d. the processing of a signal so that the output depends upon the rate of change of the input; e.g., it will display changes in amplitude but will reduce the duration of the waveform.
invisible d. chemodifferentiation



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diffluence diffluence (dif´lu-ens)
The process of becoming fluid. [L. dif-fluo, to flow in different directions, dissolve]



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diffraction diffraction (di-frak´shun)
Deflection of the rays of light from a straight line in passing by the edge of an opaque body or in passing an obstacle of about the size of the wavelength of the light. [L. dif- fringo, pp. -fractus, to break in pieces]



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diffraction grating diffraction grating
A variety of filter composed of lined grooves in a thin layer of aluminum-copper alloy on a glass surface. See monochromator.



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diffusate diffusate (di-fyu´zat)
dialysate [L. dif-fundo, pp. -fusus, to pour in different directions]



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diffuse diffuse (di-fyus)
1. (di-fyuz´) To disseminate; to spread about. 2. (di-fyus´) Disseminated; spread about; not restricted. [L. dif-fundo, pp. -fusus, to pour in different directions]



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diffusible diffusible (di-fyuz´i-bl)
Capable of diffusing.



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diffusion diffusion (di-fyu´zhun)
1. The random movement of molecules or ions or small particles in solution or suspension under the influence of brownian (thermal) motion toward a uniform distribution throughout the available volume; the rate is relatively rapid among liquids and gases, but takes place very slowly among solids. 2. dialysis
facilitated d. See facilitated transport.
gel d. d. in a gel, as in the case of gel d. precipitin tests in which the immune reactants diffuse in agar. See also immunodiffusion.
passive d. See facilitated transport.



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diflorasone diacetate diflorasone diacetate (dI-flor´a-son)
Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-6,9-difluoro-11-hydroxy-16-methyl-, (6a,11beta,16beta)-;an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid used in topical preparations.



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diflucortolone diflucortolone (dI-flu-kor´ti-lon)
6a,9-Difluoro-11beta,21-dihydroxy-16a-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione;a synthetic glucocorticoid steroid analog.



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diflunisal diflunisal (dI-flu´ni-saul)
[1-1´-Biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid, 2´,4´-difluoro-4-hydroxy-;a salicyclic acid derivative with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic actions.



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digametic digametic (dI-ga-met´ik)
heterogametic



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digastric digastric (dI-gas´trik)
1. Having two bellies; denoting especially a muscle with two fleshy parts separated by an intervening tendinous part.biventral; See digastric muscle. 2. Relating to the d. muscle; denoting a fossa or groove with which it is in relation and a nerve supplying its posterior belly.digastricus (1); [G. di-, two, + gaster, belly]



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digastricus digastricus (dI-gas´tri-kus)
1. digastric 2. Denoting the musculus digastricus. [L.]



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Digenea Digenea (dI-je´ne-a)
Subclass of parasitic flatworms (class Trematoda) characterized by a complex life cycle involving developmental multiplying stages in a mollusk intermediate host, an adult stage in a vertebrate, and often involving an additional transport host or an additional intermediate host; includes all of the common flukes of humans and other mammals. [G. di-, two, + genesis, generation]



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digenesis digenesis (dI-jen´e-sis)
Reproduction in distinctive patterns in alternate generations, as seen in the nonsexual (invertebrate) and the sexual (vertebrate) cycles of digenetic trematode parasites. [G. di-, two, + G. genesis, generation]



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digenetic digenetic (dI-je-net´ik)
1. Pertaining to or characterized by digenesis.heteroxenous; 2. Pertaining to the digenetic fluke.



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DiGeorge DiGeorge
Angelo M., U.S. pediatrician, *1921. See DiG. syndrome.



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digest digest
1. (di-jest´, dI-) To soften by moisture and heat. 2. (di-jest´, dI-) To hydrolyze or break up into simpler chemical compounds by means of hydrolyzing enzymes or chemical action, as in the action of the secretions of the alimentary tract upon food. 3. (dI´jest) The materials resulting from digestion or hydrolysis. [L. digero, pp. -gestus, to force apart, divide, dissolve]



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digestant digestant (di-jes´tant, dI-)
1. Aiding digestion. 2. An agent that favors or assists the process of digestion.digestive (2);



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digestion digestion (di-jes´chun, dI-)
1. The process of making a digest. 2. The mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic process whereby ingested food is converted into material suitable for assimilation for synthesis of tissues or liberation of energy. [L. digestio. See digest]
buccal d. that part of d. carried on in the mouth; e.g., the action of salivary amylases.
duodenal d. that part of d. carried on in the duodenum.
gastric d. that part of d., chiefly of the proteins, carried on in the stomach by the enzymes of the gastric juice.peptic d;
intercellular d. d. in a cavity by means of secretions from the surrounding cells, such as occurs in the metazoa.
intestinal d. that part of d. carried on in the intestine; it affects all the foodstuffs: starches, fats, and proteins.
intracellular d. d. within the boundaries of a cell, such as occurs in the protozoa and in phagocytes.
pancreatic d. d. in the intestine by the enzymes of the pancreatic juice.
peptic d. gastric d
primary d. d. in the alimentary tract.
salivary d. the conversion of starch into sugar by the action of salivary amylase.
secondary d. the change in the chyle effected by the action of the cells of the body, whereby the final products of d. are assimilated in the process of metabolism.



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digestive digestive (di-jes´tiv, dI-)
1. Relating to digestion. 2. digestant (2)



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digin digin (dij´in)
gitogenin



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digit digit (dij´it)
A finger or toe.digitus [NA] , dactyl, dactylus; [L. digitus]
binary d. 1. The smallest unit of digital information expressed in the binary system of notation (either 0 or 1). 2. The signal in computing.
clubbed d.'s See clubbing.



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digital digital (dij´i-tal)
Relating to or resembling a digit or digits or an impression made by them; based on numerical methodology.



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digitalin digitalin (dij-i-tal´in)
C36H56O14;a standardized mixture of digitalis glycosides used as a cardiotonic.
crystalline d. digitoxin



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Digitalis Digitalis (dij-i-tal´is, -ta´lis)
A genus of perennial flowering plants of the family Schrophulariaceae. D. lanata, a European species, and D. purpurea, purple foxglove, are the main sources of cardioactive steroid glycosides used in the treatment of certain heart diseases, especially congestive heart failure; also used to treat tachyarrhythmias of atrial origin.foxglove; [L. digitalis, relating to the fingers; in allusion to the finger-like flowers]



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digitalism digitalism (dij´i-tal-izm)
The symptoms caused by digitalis poisoning or overdosage.



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digitalization digitalization (dij´i-tal-i-za´shun)
Administration of digitalis by any one of a number of schedules until sufficient amounts are present in the body to produce the desired therapeutic effects.



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digitate digitate (dij´i-tat)
Marked by a number of finger-like processes or impressions. [L. digitatus, having fingers, fr. digitus, finger]



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digitation digitation (dij-i-ta´shun)
A process resembling a finger. [Mod. L. digitatio]



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digitationes hippocampi digitationes hippocampi (dij-i-ta-she-o´nez hip-o-kam´pe)
foot of hippocampus [Mod. L. pl. of digitatio]



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digiti digiti (dij´i-tI)
Plural of digitus. [L.]



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digitigrade digitigrade (dij´i-ti-grad)
Animals whose weight is borne on the digits only, such as the dog and cat. Cf. plantigrade. [L. digitus, finger, + gradior, to walk]



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digitin digitin (dij´i-tin)
digitonin



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digitonin digitonin (dij-i-to´nin)
1. A steroid glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea that has no cardiac action; used as a reagent in the determination of plasma cholesterol and steroids having a 3-hydroxyl group in beta configuration. 2. A mixture of four different steroids found in the seeds of Digitalis purpurea; a strong hemolytic poison.digitin;



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digitoxicity digitoxicity (dij´i-tok-sis´i-te)
Colloquialism for digitalis toxicity.



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digitoxigenin digitoxigenin (dij´i-toks´I-jen-in)
The aglycon derived from digitoxin; can be prepared by refluxing digitoxin in a mixture of water, alcohol, and hydrochloric acid.



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digitoxin digitoxin (dij-i-tok´sin)
A cardioactive glycoside obtained from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea; it is more completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract than is digitalis.crystalline digitalin;



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digitoxose digitoxose (dij´I-toks´os)
The sugar moiety obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the glycosides digitoxin, gitoxin, and digoxin. The hydrolysis yields 3 moles of d. for each mole of the respective aglycon.



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d-digitoxose d-digitoxose (dij´i-toks´os)
The carbohydrate moiety found in digitalis glycosides.



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digitus digitus , pl. digiti (dij´i-tus, -tI) [NA]
digit [L.]
d. annula´ris [NA] ring finger
d. auricula´ris little finger
dig´iti hippocrat´ici obsolete term for clubbed digits or fingers. See clubbing.
d. ma´nus [NA] finger
d. me´dius [NA] middle finger
d. min´imus [NA] little finger
d. ped´is [NA] toe
d. pri´mus [NA] thumb
d. quin´tus [NA] little finger
d. secun´dus [NA] index finger
d. ter´tius [NA] middle finger
d. val´gus permanent deviation of one or more fingers to the radial side.
d. va´rus permanent deviation of one or more fingers to the ulnar side.



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diglossia diglossia (dI-glos´e-a)
A developmental condition that results in a longitudinal split in the tongue. See bifid tongue. [G. di-, two, + glossa, tongue]



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diglyceride lipase diglyceride lipase (dI-glis´er-Id)
lipoprotein lipase



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diglycocoll hydroiodide-iodine diglycocoll hydroiodide-iodine (dI-glI´ko-kol hI-dro-I´o-dId-I´o-dIn)
Two moles of diglycocoll hydroiodide combined with two atomic weights of iodine; an antibacterial agent used in tablet form to disinfect drinking water.



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dignathus dignathus (dI-nath´us)
A malformed fetus with a double mandible.augnathus; [G. di-, two, + gnathos, jaw]



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digoxigenin digoxigenin (dI-joks´I-jen-in)
The aglycon of digoxin which is joined by 3 moles of digitoxose to form the glycoside, digoxin.



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digoxin digoxin (di-jok´sin)
A cardioactive steroid glycoside obtained from Digitalis lanata.



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Di Guglielmo Di Guglielmo
Giovanni, Italian physician, 1886-1961. See DiG.'s's disease, syndrome.



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digyny digyny , digynia (dI´ji-ne, dI-jin´e-a)
Fertilization of a diploid ovum by a sperm, which results in a triploid zygote. Cf. diandry. [di- + G. gyne, woman]



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diheterozygote diheterozygote (dI-het´er-o-zI´got)
An individual heterozygous at two loci of interest, especially in genetic linkage analysis.



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dihybrid dihybrid (dI-hI´brid)
The offspring of parents differing in two characters. [G. di-, two, + L. hybrida, offspring of a tame sow and a wild boar]



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dihydralazine dihydralazine (dI-hI-dral´a-zen)
1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine;an antihypertensive agent.



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dihydrate dihydrate (dI-hI´drat)
A compound with two molecules of water of crystallization.



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dihydrazone dihydrazone (dI-hI´dra-zon)
osazone



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dihydro- dihydro-
Prefix indicating the addition of two hydrogen atoms. [G. di, two + hydr, water]



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dihydroascorbic acid dihydroascorbic acid (di-hI´dro-as-kor´bik)
l-gulonolactone



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dihydrobiopterin dihydrobiopterin (dI-hI´dro-bI-op´ter-in)
Precursor to tetrahydrobiopter, a required cofactor for a number of enzymes, including the biosynthesis of l-tyrosine; the inability to synthesize d. can result in a form of malignant hyperphenylalaninemia.
d. reductase dihydropteridine reductase



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dihydrocodeine tartrate dihydrocodeine tartrate (dI-hI-dro-ko´den)
6-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methyl-4,5-epoxymorphinan bitartrate;an analgesic derivative of codeine, about one-sixth as potent as morphine; a narcotic antitussive.



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dihydrocodeinone dihydrocodeinone (dI-hI-dro-ko´den-on)
hydrocodone



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4,5a-dihydrocortisol 4,5a-dihydrocortisol (dI-hI-dro-kor´ti-sol)
hydrallostane



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dihydrocortisone dihydrocortisone (dI-hI-dro-kor´ti-son)
17a,21-Dihydroxy-5beta-pregnane-3,11,20-trione;a metabolite of cortisone, reduced at the 4,5 double bond.



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dihydroergocornine dihydroergocornine (dI-hI´dro-er-go-kor´nIn)
An ergot alkaloid derivative prepared by the hydrogenation of ergocornine and less toxic than the latter. See dihydroergotoxine mesylate.



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dihydroergocristine dihydroergocristine (dI-hI´dro-er-go-kris´ten)
An ergot alkaloid derivative prepared by the hydrogenation of ergocristine and less toxic than the latter. See dihydroergotoxine mesylate.



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dihydroergocryptine dihydroergocryptine (dI-hI´dro-er-go-krip´ten)
An ergot alkaloid derivative prepared by the hydrogenation of ergocryptine and less toxic than the latter. See dihydroergotoxine mesylate.



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dihydroergotamine dihydroergotamine (dI-hI´dro-er-got´a-men)
An ergot alkaloid derivative prepared by the hydrogenation of ergotamine; used in the treatment of migraine; less toxic and less oxytocic than ergotamine.



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dihydroergotoxine mesylate dihydroergotoxine mesylate (dI-hI´dro-er-go-tok´sen)
A mixture of dihydroergocornine methanesulfate, dihydroergocristine methanesulfate, and dihydroergocryptine methane sulfate; used as an a-adrenergic blocking agent for relief of cardiovascular insufficiency.



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dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) (dI-hI-dro-fo´lat)
An enzyme reversibly oxidizing tetrahydrofolate to 7,8-dihydrofolate with NADP+. A crucial enzyme in one-carbon metabolism; used as a marker of drug resistance to methotrexate.5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase;



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7,8-dihydrofolic acid 7,8-dihydrofolic acid (dI-hI-dro-fo´lik)
Intermediate between folic acid and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, oxidation of the latter requiring NADP+ and dehydrofolate reductase.



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dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (dI-hI´dro-lip-o-am´id a-se-til-trans´fer-az)
An enzyme transferring acetyl from S6-acetyldihydrolipoamide to coenzyme A. A part of many enzyme complexes (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase complex).lipoate acetyltransferase, thioltransacetylase A;



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dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dI-hI´dro-lip-o-am´id dI-hI-dro´jen-az)
An enzyme oxidizing dihydrolipoamide at the expense of NAD+; completes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate; a part of several enzyme complexes (e.g., a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex). Decreased activity leads to neuronal loss in brain resulting in psychomotor retardation.coenzyme factor, lipoamide dehydrogenase, lipoamide reductase (NADH), lipoyl dehydrogenase;



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dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid (dI-hI´dro-lip-o´ik)
Reduced lipoic acid, formed by cleavage of the -S-S- bond as a result of the acceptance of two hydrogens. Cf. lipoic acid.



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dihydromorphinone hydrochloride dihydromorphinone hydrochloride (dI-hI-dro-mor´fi-non)
hydromorphone hydrochloride



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dihydro-orotase dihydro-orotase (dI-hi´dro-or-o´tas)
An enzyme catalyzing ring closure of N-carbamoyl-l-aspartate to form l-5,6-dihydroorotate and water; an enzyme in pyrimidine biosynthesis.carbamoylaspartate dehydrase;



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dihydro-orotate dihydro-orotate (dI-hI´dro-or-o´tat)
l-5,6-dihydroorotate;an intermediate in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines.



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dihydropteridine reductase dihydropteridine reductase
An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible formation of tetrahydrobiopterin from dihydrobiopterine using NADPH; a deficiency of this enzyme can result in malignant hyperphenylalaninemia.dihydrobiopterin reductase;



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dihydropteroic acid dihydropteroic acid (dI-hI´dro-te-ro´ik)
An intermediate in the formation of folic acid; a compound of 6-hydroxymethylpterin and p-aminobenzoic acid, the combining of which is inhibited by sulfonamides.



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dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (dI-hI-dro´pI-rim´I-den de-hI-dro´jen-as)
An enzyme in pyrimidine biosynthesis that reacts 5,6-dihydrouracil with NADP+ to form uracil and NADPH; it also acts on dihydrothymine; a deficiency of this enzyme can result in hyperuracil thyminuria.dihydrouracil dehydrogenase;



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dihydrostreptomycin dihydrostreptomycin (dI-hI´dro-strep-to-mI´sin)
An aminoglycoside antibiotic similar in action to streptomycin but with a higher risk of ototoxicity.



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dihydrotachysterol dihydrotachysterol (dI-hI´dro-ta-kis´ter-ol)
See tachysterol.



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dihydrotestosterone dihydrotestosterone (dI-hI´dro-tes-tos´ter-on)
stanolone



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dihydrouracil dihydrouracil (dI-hI-dro-yur´a-sil)
5,6-Dihydrouracil;a reduction product of uracil and one of the intermediates of uracil catabolism.



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dihydrouracil dehydrogenase dihydrouracil dehydrogenase
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase



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dihydrouridine (hU, hu, D) dihydrouridine (hU, hu, D) (dI-hI-dro-yur´i-den)
Uridine in which the 5,6- double bond has been saturated by addition of two hydrogen atoms; a rare constituent of transfer ribonucleic acids.



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dihydroxy- dihydroxy-
Prefix denoting addition of two hydroxyl groups; as a suffix, becomes -diol.



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dihydroxyacetone dihydroxyacetone (dI´hI-drok-se-as´e-ton)
HOCH2-CO-CH2OH; 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone;the simplest ketose.glycerone, glycerulose;
d. phosphate (DHAP) HOCH2-CO-CH2-O-PO3 2;one of the intermediates in the glycolytic pathway and in fat biosynthesis.
d. phosphate acyltransferase an enzyme that catalyzes an important step in plasmalogen biosynthesis; an acyl group from acyl-CoA is transferred to d. phosphate producing free coenzyme A and 1-acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate.



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2,8-dihydroxyadenine 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (di-hI-drok´se-ad´e-nen)
An insoluble minor product of adenine catabolism that is elevated in individuals with an absence of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase.



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dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate (dI-hI-drok´se-a-lu´mi-num am´i-no-as´e-tat)
Dihydroxy(glycinato)aluminum; (glycinato-N,O) dihydroxyaluminum;basic aluminum glycinate, a basic aluminum salt of aminoacetic acid containing small amounts of aluminum hydroxide and aminoacetic acid; used as an antacid in hyperchlorhydria and peptic ulcer.



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dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate
Aluminum sodium carbonate hydroxide;a gastric antacid.



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1a,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol 1a,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (dI-hI-drok´se-ko´le-kal-si´fer-ol)
An active form of vitamin D formed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. A deficiency of the receptor for 1a,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol results in all of the features of a vitamin D3 deficiency.



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1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol (dI-hI-drok´se-er´go-kal-sif´er-ol)
A biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2.ercalcitriol;



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3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dI-hI-droks´e-fen-il-al´a-nen)
dopa



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diiodide diiodide (dI-I´o-dId)
A compound containing two atoms of iodine per molecule.



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diiodo- diiodo-
Prefix indicating two atoms of iodine. [G. di, + ioeides, violet flower color]



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diiodohydroxyquin diiodohydroxyquin (dI-I-o´do-hI-drok´si-kwin)
C9H5I2NO; 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol; diiodohydroxyquinoline;an antiprotozoal agent, used in the treatment of intestinal amebiasis.diodoquin;



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diiodotyrosine (DIT) diiodotyrosine (DIT) (di´I-o-do-tI´ro-sen)
An intermediate in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormone.



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diisopromine diisopromine (dI-I-so-pro´men)
N,N-diisopropyl-3,3-diphenylpropylamine;a cholagogue.disopromine;



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diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) (dI-I-so-pro´pil flur-o-fos´fat)
isofluorphate



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diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid (DISIDA) diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid (DISIDA) (dI-e-so-pro´pil im´i- no-dI-a-se-tik)
A radiopharmaceutical labeled with 99mTc, used for cholescintigraphy.disofenin;



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2,6-diisopropyl phenol 2,6-diisopropyl phenol
propofol



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2,3-diketo-l-gulonate 2,3-diketo-l-gulonate
A product of catabolism of vitamin C; formed from l-dehydroascorbate; it has no vitamin C activity.



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diketohydrindylidene-diketohydrindamine diketohydrindylidene-diketohydrindamine (dI-ke´to-hI-drin-dil´i-den dI-ke´to-hI-drind´a-men)
The colored product formed in the reaction of an a-amino acid and ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate); a reaction used in the quantitative assay of a-amino acids.



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diketone diketone (dI-ke´ton)
A molecule containing two carbonyl groups; e.g., acetylacetone (CH3COCH2COCH3).



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diketopiperazines diketopiperazines (dI-ke´to-pI-per´a-zenz)
A class of organic compounds with a closed ring structure formed from two a-amino acids by the joining of the a-amino group of each to the carboxyl group of the other, with the loss of two molecules of water.



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dil. dil.
Abbreviation for L. dilue, dilute, or L. dilutus, diluted.



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dilaceration dilaceration (dI-las-er-a´shun)
Displacement of some portion of a developing tooth which is then further developed in its new relation, resulting in a tooth with sharply angulated root(s). [L. di-lacero, pp. laceratus, to tear in pieces, fr. lacer, mangled]



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dilatancy dilatancy (dI-la´tan-se)
An increasing viscosity with increasing rate of shear accompanied by volumetric expansion. [L. dilato, to dilate]



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dilatation dilatation (dil-a-ta´shun)
dilation
digital d. use of the finger or finger-tip to enlarge an orifice or opening, such as enlarging the orifice of a sclerosed mitral valve surgically.



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dilatator dilatator (dil´a-ta-ter, -tor)
dilator



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dilate dilate (dI´lat)
To perform or undergo dilation.



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dilation dilation (dI-la´shun)
1. Physiologic or artificial enlargement of a hollow structure or opening. 2. The act of stretching or enlarging an opening or the lumen of a hollow structure.dilatation; [L. dilato, pp. dilatatus, to spread out, dilate]
post-stenotic d. d. of an artery, most commonly the pulmonary artery or the aorta, distal to an area of narrowing.
urethral d. increasing the caliber of the urethra by passage of a dilator.



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dilation and curettage (D & C) dilation and curettage (D & C)
Dilation of the cervix and curettement of the endometrium.



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dilation and evacuation (D & E) dilation and evacuation (D & E)
Dilation of the cervix and removal of the products of conception.



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dilator dilator (dI´la-ter)
1. An instrument designed for enlarging a hollow structure or opening. 2. A muscle that pulls open an orifice. 3. A substance that causes dilation or enlargement of an opening or the lumen of a hollow structure.dilatator;
Chevalier-Jackson d. an esophageal dilator that passes through a rigid endoscope.
Goodell's d. obsolete term for a uterine d. used for dilating the cervix.
Hanks d.'s uterine d.'s of solid metal construction.
Hegar's d.'s a series of cylindrical bougies of graduated sizes used to dilate the cervical canal.
hydrostatic d. an instrument for dilating esophageal strictures; fluid pressure is delivered into a flexible area of the instrument placed in the stricture to establish a uniform dilating pressure.
d. ir´idis dilator pupillae muscle
Kollmann's d. a metallic expandable instrument used to dilate urethral strictures.
Plummer's d. an instrument for dilating the lower end of the esophagus in cardiospasm; it consists of a rubber tube with a perforated metal tip, and a dilatable elongated balloon near its lower end; in difficult cases the tube is threaded along a guiding thread swallowed by the patient.
Pratt d.'s cylindrical metal rods of graduated sizes used to dilate the cervical canal.
d. of pupil dilator pupillae muscle
d. tu´bae tensor veli palati muscle
Walther's d. a gently curved instrument that tapers to an increased diameter, used to dilate the female urethra.



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dildo dildo , dildoe (dil´do)
An artificial penis; an object having the approximate shape and size of an erect penis, and commonly made of wood, plastic, or rubber; utilized for sexual pleasure.



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dill oil dill oil
A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of Anethum graveolens (family Umbelliferae); a carminative.



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diloxanide furoate diloxanide furoate (dI-lok´sa-nId fyu´ro-at)
2,2-Dichloro-4´-hydroxy-N-methylacetanilide furoate;an amebicide used in the treatment of dysentery.



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diltiazem hydrochloride diltiazem hydrochloride (dil-tI´a-zem)
1,5-Benzothiazepin-4(5H)one,3-(acetyloxy)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-monohydrochloride, (+)-cis-;a calcium channel blocking agent used as a coronary vasodilator and antihypertensive.



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diluent diluent
1. Ingredient in a medicinal preparation which lacks pharmacological activity but is pharmaceutically necessary or desirable. In tablet or capsule dosage forms this may be lactose or starch; it is particularly useful in increasing the bulk of potent drug substances whose mass is too small for dosage form manufacture or administration. May be a liquid for the dissolution of drug(s) to be injected, ingested, or inhaled. 2. Diluting; denoting that which dilutes.



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dilute dilute (dI-lut´)
1. To reduce a solution or mixture in concentration, strength, quality, or purity. 2. Diluted; denoting a solution or mixture so effected. [L. di-luo, to wash away, dilute]



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dilution dilution (dI-lu´shun)
1. The act of being diluted. 2. A diluted solution or mixture. 3. In microbiologic techniques, a method for counting the number of viable cells in a suspension; a sample is diluted to the point where an aliquot, when plated, yields a countable number of separate colonies.



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dim. dim.
Abbreviation for L. dimidus, one-half.



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dimazole dihydrochloride dimazole dihydrochloride (dI´ma-zol)
diamthazole dihydrochloride



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dimazon dimazon (dI-ma´zon)
4-o-Tolylazo-o-diacetotoluide;an azo compound occurring in red crystals; used with petrolatum as an ointment to stimulate epithelial cell proliferation and thus promote the healing of superficial wounds.



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dimelia dimelia (dI-me´le-a)
Congenital duplication of the whole or a part of a limb. [G. di-, two, + melos, limb]



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dimenhydrinate dimenhydrinate (dI-men-hI´dri-nat)
The 8-chlorotheophylline salt of the antihistamine, diphenhydramine; used for the prevention of motion sickness, as an antihistamine and mild sedative.dramamine(R);



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dimension dimension (di-men´shun)
Scope, size, magnitude; denoting, in the plural, linear measurements of length, width, and height.
buccolingual d. the diameter or d. of a premolar or molar tooth from buccal to lingual surface.
occlusal vertical d. the vertical d. of the face when the teeth or occlusion rims are in contact in centric occlusion; decrease in occlusal vertical d. may result from modification of tooth form by attrition or grinding, drifting of teeth, or, in edentulous patients, by resorption of residual ridges; increase may result from modifications of tooth form, tooth position, height of occlusion rims, rebasing or relining, or occlusal splints.
rest vertical d. the vertical d. of the face with the jaws in rest relation; decrease in rest vertical d. may or may not accompany a decrease in occlusal vertical d.; it may occur without a decrease in occlusal vertical d. in patients with a preponderant activity of the jaw-closing musculature, as in patients with muscular hypertenseness or in chronic gum chewers; increase in rest vertical d. may or may not accompany an increase in occlusal vertical d.; it sometimes occurs after the removal of remaining occlusal contacts, perhaps as a result of the removal of noxious reflex stimuli.
vertical d. a vertical measurement of the face between any two arbitrarily selected points which are conveniently located, one above and one below the mouth, usually in the midline.vertical opening;



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dimer dimer (dI´mer)
A compound or unit produced by the combination of two like molecules; in the strictest sense, without loss of atoms (thus nitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, is the d. of nitrogen dioxide, NO2), but usually by elimination of H2O or a similar small molecule between the two (e.g., a disaccharide), or by simple noncovalent association (as of two identical protein molecules); higher orders of complexity are called trimers, tetramers, oligomers, and polymers. [G. di-, two, + -mer]
pyrimidine d. a product of ultraviolet radiation of pyrimidines in nucleic acids; most frequently thymidine d.'s.
thymine d. a product of ultraviolet irradiation of thymine (free in ice or bound in nucleic acids) in which two thymine residues become linked by formation of a cyclobutane ring involving both C-5's and both C-6's at the expense of the two double bonds; several stereoisomeric forms are possible.



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dimercaprol dimercaprol (dI-mer-kap´rol)
HSCH2CH(SH)CH2OH; 2,3-dimercaptopropanol;a chelating agent, developed as an antidote for lewisite and other arsenical poisons. It acts by competing for the metal with the essential -SH groups in the pyruvate oxidase system of the cells and forms, with arsenic, a stable, relatively nontoxic cyclic compound, the metal having a greater affinity for it than for the -SH groups of the cell proteins; also used as an antidote for antimony, bismuth, chromium, mercury, gold, and nickel.antilewisite, British anti-Lewisite;



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dimercurion dimercurion (dI-mer´kyur-I´on)
The mercuric ion, Hg2+.



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dimeric dimeric (dI´mer-ik)
Having the characteristics of a dimer.



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dimerous dimerous (dim´er-us)
Consisting of two parts. [G. di-, two, + meros, part]



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dimetacrine tartrate dimetacrine tartrate (dI-met´a-kren)
10-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-9,9-dimethylacridan tartrate;an antidepressant.



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dimethadione dimethadione (dI-meth-a-dI´on)
The active metabolite formed by the N-demethylation of trimethadione, an oxazolidinedione type antiepileptic agent. Can be used for in vivo measurement of intracellular pH.



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dimethicone dimethicone (dI-meth´i-kon)
A silicone oil consisting of dimethylsiloxane polymers, usually incorporated into a petrolatum base or a nongreasy preparation and used for the protection of normal skin against various, chiefly industrial, skin irritants; may also be used to prevent diaper dermatitis.



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dimethindene maleate dimethindene maleate (dI-meth´in-den)
2-[1-[2-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)inden-3-yl]ethyl]pyridine maleate;an antihistamine also used as an antipruritic.



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dimethisterone dimethisterone (dI-me-this´ter-on)
6a-Methyl-17-(1-propynyl)testosterone; 6a,21-dimethylethisterone;a modified testosterone or ethisterone; an orally effective synthetic progestin used alone or in combination with ethynyl estradiol as a contraceptive agent.



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dimethothiazine mesylate dimethothiazine mesylate (dI-meth-o-thI´a-zen)
fonazine mesylate



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dimethoxanate hydrochloride dimethoxanate hydrochloride (dI´me-thok´sa-nat)
2-Dimethylaminoethoxyethyl phenothiazine-10-carboxylate hydrochloride;a non-narcotic antitussive agent, less effective than codeine.



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dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA) dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA)
A hallucinogen with properties resembling lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).



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2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM)
An hallucinogenic agent chemically related to amphetamine and mescaline, a drug of abuse.



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dimethylallylpyrophosphate dimethylallylpyrophosphate (di-meth´il-al´lil-pI´ro -fos´fat)
An intermediate in steroid and terpene biosynthesis.



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dimethylaminoazobenzene dimethylaminoazobenzene (dI-meth´il-a-me-no-az-o-ben´zen) [C.I. 11160]
butter yellow



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dimethylarsinic acid dimethylarsinic acid (dI-meth´il-ar-sin´ik)
cacodylic acid



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dimethylbenzene dimethylbenzene (dI-meth-il-ben´zen)
xylol



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5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (dI-meth´il-benz-e-mid-a-zol)
A structural moiety found in one of the cobalamins.



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dimethylcarbinol dimethylcarbinol (dI-meth-il-kar´bi-nol)
isopropyl alcohol



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dimethyl-1-carbomethoxy-1-propen-2-yl phosphosphate dimethyl-1-carbomethoxy-1-propen-2-yl phosphosphate
An organic phosphorus compound used as a systemic poison for the extermination of such pests as mites, aphids, and houseflies.



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beta, beta-dimethylcysteine beta, beta-dimethylcysteine (dI-meth-il-sis´te-en)
penicillamine



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dimethyl iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) dimethyl iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) (dI-meth´il im´i-no-dI-a-se-tik)
A radiopharmaceutical labeled with 99mTc, an early agent used for cholescintigraphy.



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dimethyl ketone dimethyl ketone (dI-meth´il ke´ton)
acetone



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dimethylmercury dimethylmercury (dI-meth-il-mer´kyu-re)
A contaminant of seafood products synthesized in sediments from mercury and mercury-containing chemicals dumped in waters supporting marine life. The methylmercury is concentrated in aquatic life forms and can thus be deposited in fishes intended for human consumption. Probable cause of Minimata disease, a teratogenic condition characterized by multiple birth defects. An inorganic reagent. See also Minamata disease.methylmercury;



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dimethylphenol dimethylphenol (dI-meth-il-fe´nol)
xylenol



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dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) (dI-meth´il-fen´il-pi-par-a-zin´e-um)
A highly selective stimulant of autonomic ganglionic cells; used experimentally.



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dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate (dI-meth´il thal´at)
An insect repellent.



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dimethylpiperazine tartrate dimethylpiperazine tartrate (dI-meth´il-pi-par´a-zen)
A diuretic, also used as a uric acid solvent.



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dimethyl sulfate dimethyl sulfate
An industrial chemical (sulfuric acid dimethyl ester (CH3)2SO4), used in synthesis as an alkylating agent; it causes nystagmus, convulsions, and death from pulmonary complications.



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dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (dI-meth´il)
Me2SO; Methyl sulfoxide;a penetrating solvent, enhancing absorption of therapeutic agents from the skin; an industrial solvent that has been proposed as an effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent in arthritis and bursitis.



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N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) (dI-meth´il-trip´ta-men)
A psychotomimetic agent present in several South American snuffs (e.g., cohoba snuff) and in the leaves of Prestonia amazonica (family Apocynaceae). Effects are similar to those of LSD, but with more rapid onset, greater likelihood of a panic reaction, and a shorter duration (1 to 2 hours, "businessman's trip"); it produces pronounced autonomic effects, including a marked increase in blood pressure.



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dimethyl d-tubocurarine dimethyl d-tubocurarine
metocurine iodide



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dimethyl tubocurarine chloride dimethyl tubocurarine chloride
Dimethyl ether of d-tubocurarine chloride; a skeletal muscle relaxant. See tubocurarine chloride.



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dimethyl tubocurarine iodide dimethyl tubocurarine iodide
metocurine iodide



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dimetria dimetria (dI-me´tre-a)
Obsolete term for uterus didelphys. [G. di-, two, + metra, womb]



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Dimmer Dimmer
Friedrich, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1855-1926. See D.'s keratitis.



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dimorphic dimorphic (dI-mor´fik)
1. In fungi, a term referring to growth and reproduction in two forms: mold and yeast.dimorphous (2); 2. dimorphous (1)



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dimorphism dimorphism (dI-mor´fizm)
Existence in two shapes or forms; denoting a difference of crystaline form exhibited by the same substance, or a difference in form or outward appearance between individuals of the same species. [G. di-, two, + morphe, shape]
sexual d. the somatic differences within species between male and female individuals that arise as a consequence of sexual maturation; inclusive of, but not restricted to, the secondary sexual characters.



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dimorpholamine dimorpholamine (dI-mor-fol´a-men)
N,N´-1,2-Ethanediylbis [N-butyl-4-morpholinecarboxamide];an analeptic.



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dimorphous dimorphous (dI-mor´fus)
1. Having the property of dimorphism.dimorphic (2); 2. dimorphic (1)



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dimple dimple (dim´pl)
1. A natural indentation, usually circular and of small area, in the chin, cheek, or sacral region. 2. A depression of similar appearance to a d., resulting from trauma or the contraction of scar tissue. 3. To cause d.'s.
coccygeal d. coccygeal foveola



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dimpling dimpling
1. Causing dimples. 2. A condition marked by the formation of dimples, natural or artificial.



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dineric dineric (dI-ner´ik)
Denoting the interface between two mutually immiscible liquids (e.g., oil and water) in the same container. [di- + G. neron, water]



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dinitrocellulose dinitrocellulose (dI-nI-tro-sel´yu-los)
pyroxylin



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4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol;an insecticide used against mites in the form of a spray or dust; also used as a weed killer.



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dinitrogen monoxide dinitrogen monoxide (dI-nI´tro-jen)
nitrous oxide



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2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP, Dnp) 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP, Dnp) (dI-nI-tro-fe´nol)
N2pH-OH;a toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation; it is also a metabolic stimulant.



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dinoflagellate dinoflagellate (dI´no-flaj´e-lat)
A plantlike flagellate of the subclass Phytomastigophorea, some species of which (e.g., Gonyaulax cantanella) produce a potent neurotoxin that may cause severe food intoxication following ingestion of parasitized shellfish. [G. dinos, whirling, + L. flagellum, a whip]



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dinoprost dinoprost (dI´no-prost)
7-[3a,5a-dihydroxy-2beta-[(3S)-hydroxy-trans-1-octenyl]cyclopentyl]-cis-5-heptenoic acid;an oxytocic agent.prostaglandin F2a;
d. tromethamine an oxytocic agent.prostaglandin F2a tromethamine;



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dinoprostone dinoprostone (dI-no-pros´ton)
Prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid, 11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxo, (5Z,11a,13E,15S)-;an oxytocic agent used as an abortifacient.prostaglandin E2;



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dinormocytosis dinormocytosis (dI-nor´mo-sI-to´sis)
Obsolete term for isonormocytosis.



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dinucleotide dinucleotide (dI-nu´kle-o-tId)
A compound containing two nucleotides; e.g., NAD+, ApGp.



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Dioctophyma Dioctophyma (dI-ok-to-fI´ma)
A genus of very large nematode worms infecting the kidney. [L. fr. G. dionkoo, to distend, + phyma, growth]
D. rena´le a large blood red nematode found in the pelvis of the kidney and the peritoneal cavity of the dog; fairly common in wild carnivores like the mink, but rarely found in man; the life cycle is via leeches ectoparasitic on crayfish, which are then eaten by various fishes and finally by man or any of a number of other mammalian fish-eating hosts.



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dioctophymiasis dioctophymiasis (dI-ok´to-fi-mI´a-sis)
Infection of animals and rarely humans with the giant kidney worm, Dioctophyma renale.



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dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate (dI-ok´til kal´se-um sul-fo-suk´si-nat)
docusate calcium



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dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
docusate sodium



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Diodon Diodon (dI´o-don)
A genus of porcupine fishes related to balloon fish, globefish, and puffers. Although the common puffer is widely eaten as "sea squab" in the United States, many puffers, especially in the Pacific, are poisonous because of the presence of a neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, in the liver and ovary. [G. di-, two, + odous (odont-), tooth]



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diodone diodone (dI´o-don)
iodopyracet



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diodoquin diodoquin (dI-o´do-kwin)
diiodohydroxyquin



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Diogenes Diogenes
Of Sinope, Greek philosopher, 412-323 B.C. See D. cup; poculum diogenis.



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-diol -diol (dI´ol)
1. Suffix form of the prefix dihydroxy. 2. A member of a class of compounds containing two hydroxyl groups.
gym-diol a compound in which both hydroxyl groups are attached to the same carbon atom; an intermediate in many reactions.



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diolamine diolamine (dI-ol´a-men)
USAN-approved contraction for diethanolamine.



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diopter (D) diopter (D) (dI-op´ter)
The unit of refracting power of lenses, denoting the reciprocal of the focal length expressed in meters. [G. dioptra, a leveling instrument]
prism d. (p.d.) the unit of measurement of the deviation of light in passing through a prism, being a deflection of 1 cm at a distance of 1 m.



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dioptrics dioptrics (dI-op´triks)
The branch of optics concerned with the refraction of light.



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diorthosis diorthosis (dI´or-tho´sis)
Obsolete term for setting of a fracture or reduction of a dislocation. [G. a making straight, fr. di-orthoo, to make straight, fr. orthos, straight]



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dioscin dioscin (dI-os-in)
A steroid saponin found in yams (Dioscorea) and trilliums.



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diose diose (dI´os)
glycolaldehyde



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diosgenin diosgenin (dI´os-jen´in)
(25R)-Spirost-5-en-3beta-ol;the aglycon of dioscing a sapogenin derived from the saponins dioscin and trillin found in the roots of plants such as the yam; its steroid portion serves as a source from which pregnenolone and progesterone can be prepared.



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diovular diovular (dI´ov-yu-lar)
Relating to two ova.biovular; [di- + Mod. L. ovulum, dim. of L. ovum, egg]



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diovulatory diovulatory (dI-o´vyu-la-to´re)
Releasing two ova in one ovarian cycle.



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dioxane dioxane (dI-oks´an)
1,4-dioxane;a colorless liquid used as a solvent for cellulose esters and in histology as a drying agent.1,4-diethylene dioxide;



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dioxide dioxide (dI-oks´Id)
A molecule containing two atoms of oxygen; e.g., carbon dioxide, CO2.



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dioxin dioxin (dI-oks´in)
1. A ring consisting of two oxygen atoms, four CH groups, and two double bonds; the positions of the oxygen atoms are specified by prefixes, as in 1,4-dioxin. 2. Abbreviation for dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin which may be visualized as an anhydride of two molecules of 1,2 benzenediol (pyrocatechol), thus forming two oxygen bridges between two benzene moieties, or as a 1,4-dioxin with a benzene ring fused to catch each of the two CH=CH groups. 3. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin;a contaminant in the herbicide, 2,4,5-T; it is potentially toxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic.



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dioxybenzone dioxybenzone (dI-ok-se-ben´zon)
2,2´-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone;an ultraviolet screen for topical application to the skin.



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dioxygenase dioxygenase (dI-oks´e-jen-as)
An oxidoreductase that incorporates two atoms of oxygen (from one molecule of O2) into the (reduced) substrate.



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D.I.P. D.I.P.
Abbreviation for desquamative interstitial pneumonia.



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dip dip
1. A downward inclination or slope. 2. A preparation for coating a surface by submersion, as for the destruction of skin parasites. [M.E. dippen]
Cournand's d. in constrictive pericarditis, rapid early diastolic fall and reascent of the ventricular pressure curve to an elevated plateau.
type I d. early deceleration of the fetal heart rate at the height of uterine contraction, as displayed on a fetal monitor graph.
type II d. late deceleration of the fetal heart rate, 30 seconds or more after the height of uterine contraction, as displayed on a fetal monitor graph.



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dipeptidase dipeptidase (dI-pep´ti-das) [EC 3.4.13.11.]
A hydrolase catalyzing the hydrolysis of a dipeptide to its constituent amino acids.
methionyl d. a hydrolase catalyzing the hydrolysis of an l-methionyl-amino acid to l-methionine and an amino acid.



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dipeptide dipeptide (dI-pep´tId)
A combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link.



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dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (dI-pep´ti-dil)
peptidyl dipeptidase A



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dipeptidyl peptidase dipeptidyl peptidase
A hydrolase occurring in two forms: dipeptidyl peptidase I , dipeptidyl transferase, cleaving dipeptides from the amino end of polypeptides; dipeptidyl peptidase II , with properties similar to those of I, has a different specificity.



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dipeptidyl transferase dipeptidyl transferase
Cleaving dipeptides from the amino end of polypeptides. See dipeptidyl peptidase.



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Dipetalonema Dipetalonema (dI-pet´a-lo-ne´ma)
A genus of nematode filariae with species in man and many other mammals; as with other filarial worms, it produces microfilariae in blood or tissue fluids, with adults found in deep connective tissue, membranes, or visceral surfaces. [G. di-, two, + petalon, leaf, + nema, thread]
D. recondi´tum a filarial species found in dogs, transmitted by fleas and lice, in contrast to the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, which is transmitted by mosquitoes.
D. streptocer´ca former name for Mansonella streptocerca.



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diphallus diphallus (dI-fal´us)
A rare congenital anomaly in which the penis is partly or completely duplicated; may be symmetrical, or placed one above the other; often there are associated urogenital or other anomalies; occurs when two genital tubercles develop. May also be associated with exstrophy of the urinary bladder.bifid penis; [G. di-, two, + phallos, penis]



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diphasic diphasic (dI-fa´zik)
Occurring in or characterized by two phases or stages.



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diphemanil methylsulfate diphemanil methylsulfate (dI-fe´ma-nil)
4-Diphenylmethylene-1,1-dimethyl piperidinium methyl sulfate;an anticholinergic agent.



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diphemethoxidine diphemethoxidine (dI-fem-e-thok´si-den)
2-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-piperidineethanol;an anorexigenic drug.



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diphenadione diphenadione (dI-fen-a-dI´on)
2-Diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione;an orally effective anticoagulant with actions and uses similar to those of bishydroxycoumarin.



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diphenan diphenan (dI´fen-an, dI-fen´an)
p-Benzylphenylcarbamate;used as a vermicide in oxyuriasis.



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diphenhydramine hydrochloride diphenhydramine hydrochloride (dI-fen-hI´dra-men)
2-(Diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride;an antihistaminic with anticholinergic and sedative properties.



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diphenidol diphenidol (dI-fen´i-dol)
a,a-Diphenyl-1-piperidinebutanol;an antiemetic.



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o-diphenolase o-diphenolase (dI-fen´o-las)
catechol oxidase



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diphenol oxidase diphenol oxidase (dI-fen´ol)
catechol oxidase



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diphenoxylate hydrochloride diphenoxylate hydrochloride (dI-fen-ok´si-lat)
1-(3-Cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride;an antidiarrheal agent, chemically related to meperidine, that inhibits rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle; it has modest addiction liability.



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diphenyl diphenyl (dI-fen´il)
Phenylbenzene;colorless liquid; used as heat transfer agent, frequently as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); as fungistat for oranges (applied to inside of shipping container or wrappers); and in organic syntheses. Produces convulsions and central nervous system depression.biphenyl, phenylbenzene;



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diphenyl- diphenyl-
Prefix denoting two independent phenyl groups attached to a third atom or radical, as in diphenylamine.



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diphenylchlorarsine diphenylchlorarsine (dI-fen´il-klor-ar´sen)
(C6H5)2A5Cl;a sternutator, inhalation of which causes violent sneezing, cough, salivation, headache, and retrosternal pain; a common vomiting agent used in mob and riot control.



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diphenylcyanoarsine diphenylcyanoarsine (dI-fen´il-sI-an-o-ar-sen)
A common vomiting agent used for mob and riot control.



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diphenylenimine diphenylenimine (dI´fen-il-en´i-men)
carbazole



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diphenylhydantoin diphenylhydantoin (dI´fen-il-hI-dan´to-in)
See phenytoin.



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5,5-diphenylhydantoin 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (dI-fen´il-hI-dan´to-in)
phenytoin



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2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) (dI´fen-il-oks´a-zol)
A scintillator used in radioactivity measurements by scintillation counting.



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diphenylpyraline hydrochloride diphenylpyraline hydrochloride (dI-fen-il-pir´a-len)
4-Diphenylmethoxy-1-methylpiperidine hydrochloride;an antihistaminic similar in action and use to diphenhydramine.



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diphosgene diphosgene (dI-fos´jen)
ClCOOCCl3; Trichloromethyl chloroformate;a poison gas used in World War I; it is also slightly lacrimatoric.



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diphosphate diphosphate
pyrophosphate



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1,3-diphosphoglycerate (1,3-P2Gri) 1,3-diphosphoglycerate (1,3-P2Gri) (dI-fos´fo-glis´er-at)
An intermediate in glycolysis which enzymatically reacts with ADP to generate ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.



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2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-P2Gri) 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-P2Gri)
An intermediate in the Rapoport-Luebering shunt, formed between 1,3-P2Gri and 3-phosphoglycerate; an important regulator of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen; an intermediate of phosphoglycerate mutase.
2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase an enzyme of the Rapaport-Leubering shunt; catalyzes the reversible interconversion of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate; it also has a phosphatase activity, converting 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to Pi and 3-phosphoglycerate; a deficiency of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase can result in mild erythrocytosis.



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diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) (dI´fos-fo-pir´i-den)
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide



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diphosphothiamin diphosphothiamin (dI´fos-fo-thI´a-min)
thiamin pyrophosphate



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diphtheria diphtheria (dif-ther´e-a)
A specific infectious disease due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae and its highly potent toxin; marked by severe inflammation that can form a membranous coating, with formation of a thick fibrinous exudate of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, the nose, and sometimes the tracheobronchial tree; the toxin produces degeneration in peripheral nerves, heart muscle, and other tissues. Had a high fatality rate, especially in children; now rare due to an effective vaccine.diphtheritis; [G. diphthera, leather]
avian d. an infection by the fowlpox virus in which tracheal involvement is especially severe. See also fowlpox.fowl d;
calf d. a necrotic oropharyngolaryngitis of calves associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum infection that may spread to the lungs.
cutaneous d. an ulcer resulting from infection of the skin by Corynebacterium diphtheriae; systemic manifestations are the same as those of pharyngeal d.
false d. diphtheroid (1)
faucial d. severe pharyngitis affecting the fauces, the usual site affected by infection with Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
fowl d. avian d
laryngeal d. d. affecting the larynx, usually with asphyxiation due to obstruction of the airway by the membrane that forms, with fatal outcome.laryngotracheal d;
laryngotracheal d. laryngeal d



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diphtherial diphtherial , diphtheritic (dif-ther´e-al, dif-the-rit´ik)
Relating to diphtheria, or the membranous exudate characteristic of this disease.diphtheric;



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diphtheric diphtheric
diphtherial



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diphtheritis diphtheritis (dif-the-rI´tis)
diphtheria



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diphtheroid diphtheroid (dif´the-royd)
1. One of a group of local infections suggesting diphtheria, but caused by microorganisms other than Corynebacterium diphtheriae.Epstein's disease, false diphtheria, pseudodiphtheria; 2. Any microorganism resembling Corynebacterium diphtheriae. [diphtheria + G. eidos, resemblance]



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diphtherotoxin diphtherotoxin (dif´ther-o-tok´sin)
The toxin of diphtheria.



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diphyllobothriasis diphyllobothriasis (dI-fil´o-both-rI´a-sis)
Infection with the cestode Diphyllobothrium latum; human infection is caused by ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked fish infected with the plerocercoid larva. Leukocytosis and eosinophilia may occur; if the worm is high enough in the alimentary canal, it may preempt the supply of vitamin B12 or alter its absorption, leading to hyperchromic macrocytic anemia resembling pernicious anemia, although the condition is rare, even in hyperendemic areas.bothriocephaliasis;



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Diphyllobothrium Diphyllobothrium (dI-fil-lo-both´re-um)
A large genus of tapeworms (order Pseudophyllidea) characterized by a spatulate scolex with dorsal and ventral sucking grooves or bothria. Several species are found in humans, although only one, D. latum, is of widespread importance. [G. di-, two, + phyllon, leaf, + bothrion, little ditch]
D. corda´tum a species found in dogs, sea mammals, and occasionally man, in Greenland.
D. la´tum the broad or broad fish tapeworm, a species that causes diphyllobothriasis, found in man and fish-eating mammals in many parts of northern Europe, Japan and elsewhere in Asia, and in Scandinavian populations of the American north central states; it often has 3 or 4 thousand segments, broader than long; the head has typical bothria characteristic of the genus.Dibothriocephalus latus;
D. linguloi´des Spirometra mansoni
D. man´soni Spirometra mansoni
D. mansonoi´des Spirometra mansonoides



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diphyodont diphyodont (dif´e-o-dont)
Possessing two sets of teeth, as occurs in humans and most other mammals. [G. di-, two, + phyo, to produce, + odous (odont-), tooth]



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dipiproverine dipiproverine (dI-pI-pro´ver-en)
a-Phenyl-1-piperidineacetic acid 2-piperidinoethyl ester;an intestinal antispasmodic.



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dipivefrin hydrochloride dipivefrin hydrochloride (dI-piv´e-frin)
Propanoic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-methylamino)ethyl]-1,2-phenylene ester, hydrochloride, (±)-;an adrenergic epinephrine prodrug used in drop form in initial therapy for control of intraocular pressure in chronic open-angle glaucoma.



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diplacusis diplacusis (dip-la-ku´sis)
Abnormal perception of sound, either in time or in pitch, so that one sound is heard as two. [G. diplous, double, + akousis, a hearing]
d. binaura´lis a condition in which the same sound is heard differently by the two ears.
d. dysharmon´ica a condition in which the same sound is heard with a different pitch in each ear.
d. echo´ica a condition in which sound heard in the affected ear is repeated.
d. monaura´lis a condition in which one sound is perceived as two in the same ear.



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diplegia diplegia (dI-ple´je-a)
Paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body.double hemiplegia; [G. di-, two, + plege, a stroke]
congenital facial d. Möbius' syndrome
facial d. paralysis of both sides of the face.
infantile d. spastic d
masticatory d. paralysis of all the muscles of mastication.
spastic d. a type of cerebral palsy in which there is bilateral spasticity, with the lower extremities more severely affected. Cf. flaccid paralysis. Erb-Charcot disease (1) , infantile d., Little's disease, spastic spinal paralysis, tabes spasmodica;



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diplo- diplo-
Double, twofold. See haplo-. [G. diploos, double]



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diploalbuminuria diploalbuminuria (dip´lo-al-byu-mi-nu´re-a)
The coexistence of nephritic, or pathologic, and nonnephritic, or physiologic, albuminuria.



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diplobacillus diplobacillus (dip´lo-ba-sil´us)
Two rod-shaped bacterial cells linked end to end. [diplo- + bacillus]
Morax-Axenfeld d. Moraxella lacunata



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diplobacteria diplobacteria (dip´lo-bak-ter´e-a)
Bacterial cells linked together in pairs.



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diploblastic diploblastic (dip-lo-blas´tik)
Formed of two germ layers. [diplo- + G. blastos, germ]



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diplocardia diplocardia (dip-lo-kar´de-a)
An anomaly in which the two lateral halves of the heart are separated to varying degrees by a central fissure. [diplo- + G. kardia, heart]



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diplocephalus diplocephalus (dip-lo-sef´a-lus)
dicephalus



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diplocheiria diplocheiria , diplochiria (dip´lo-kI´re-a)
dicheiria [diplo- + G. cheir, hand]



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diplococcemia diplococcemia (dip-lo-kok-se´me-a)
The presence of diplococci in the blood; used especially in referring to Neisseria meningitidis (meningococci) in circulating blood.



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diplococci diplococci (dip´lo-kok´sI)
Plural of diplococcus.



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diplococcin diplococcin (dip-lo-kok´sin)
HAn antibiotic crystalline substance isolated from cultures of lactic acid-producing cocci present in milk active against lactobacilli and certain Gram-positive cocci, but inactive against Gram-negative bacteria.



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Diplococcus Diplococcus (dip´lo-kok´us)
Species of this genus of bacteria are now assigned to other genera. Diplococcus pneumoniae, the type species of D., is a member of the genus Streptococcus. See Neisseria, Peptococcus, Streptococcus. [diplo- + G. kokkos, berry]



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diplococcus diplococcus , pl. diplococci (dip´lo-kok´us, -kok´sI)
1. Spherical or ovoid bacterial cells joined together in pairs. 2. Common name of any organism belonging to the bacterial genus Diplococcus. [diplo- + G. kokkos, berry]



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diplocoria diplocoria (dip-lo-ko´re-a)
The occurrence of two pupils in the eye.dicoria; [diplo- + G. kore, pupil]



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diploë diploë (dip´lo-e) [NA]
The central layer of spongy bone between the two layers of compact bone, outer and inner plates, or tables, of the flat cranial bones. [G. diploe, fem. of diplous, double]



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diplogenesis diplogenesis (dip-lo-jen´e-sis)
Production of a double fetus or of one with some parts doubled. [diplo- + G. genesis, production]



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Diplogonoporus Diplogonoporus (dip´lo-go-nop´o-rus)
A genus of tapeworms found in Japan (D. grandis) and probably also in Rumania (D. brauni) [diplo- + G. gonos, seed, + poros, pore]



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diploic diploic (dip-lo´ik)
Relating to the diploë.



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diploid diploid (dip´loyd)
Denoting the state of a cell containing two haploid sets derived from the father and from the mother respectively; the normal chromosome complement of somatic cells (in man, 46 chromosomes). [diplo- + G. eidos resemblance]



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diplokaryon diplokaryon (dip´lo-kar´e-on)
A cell nucleus containing four haploid sets; i.e., a tetraploid nucleus. See also polyploidy. [diplo- + G. karyon, nut (nucleus)]



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diplomelituria diplomelituria (dip´lo-mel-i-tu´re-a)
The occurrence of diabetic and nondiabetic glycosuria in the same individual. [diplo- + G. meli, honey, + ouron, urine]



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diplomyelia diplomyelia (dip-lo-mI-e´le-a)
Complete or incomplete doubling of the spinal cord; may be accompanied by a bony septum of the vertebral canal. [diplo- + G. myelon, marrow]



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diplon diplon (dip´lon)
deuteron



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diplonema diplonema (dip-lo-ne´ma)
The doubled form of the chromosome strand visible at the diplotene stage of meiosis. [diplo- + G. nema, thread]



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diploneural diploneural (dip-lo-nu´ral)
Supplied by two nerves from different sources, said of certain muscles. [diplo- + G. neuron, nerve]



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diplopagus diplopagus (dip-lop´a-gus)
General term for conjoined twins, each with fairly complete bodies, although one or more internal organs may be in common. See conjoined twins, under twin. [diplo- + G. pagos, something fixed]



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diplopia diplopia (di-plo´pe-a)
The condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects.double vision; [diplo- + G. ops, eye]
crossed d. d. in which the image seen by the right eye is to the left of the image seen by the left eye.heteronymous d;
heteronymous d. crossed d
homonymous d. homonymous images, under image
monocular d. a double image or an extra ghost image produced in one eye, almost always by an aberration of the ocular media; for example, a corneal or lenticular irregularity, an uncorrected astigmatism or an irregularity of the vitreous or the retina. If a similar process occurs in both eyes (bilateral monocular diplopia), that is, the doubling is still present with either eye covered, the patient may still only see two images; seeing multiple images (polyopia) is rare.
simple d. homonymous images, under image
uncrossed d. homonymous images, under image



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diplopodia diplopodia (dip-lo-po´de-a)
Duplication of digits of the foot. [diplo- + G. pous, foot]



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diplosome diplosome (dip´lo-som)
Paired allosomes; the pair of centrioles of mammalian cells.paired allosome; [diplo- + G. soma, body]



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diplosomia diplosomia (dip-lo-so´me-a)
Condition in which twins who seem functionally independent are joined at one or more points. See conjoined twins, under twin. [diplo- + G. soma, body]



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diplotene diplotene (dip´lo-ten)
The late stage of prophase in meiosis in which the paired homologous chromosomes begin to repel each other and move apart, but are usually held together by chiasmata. The chiasmata are associated with breakage of two chromatids at corresponding points followed by refusion of the broken ends with exchange of segments between the chromatids; this is considered to be the cytologic basis for the crossing-over of genes. [diplo- + G. tainia, band]



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diploteratology diploteratology (dip´lo-tar-a-tol´o-je)
The division of teratology concerned with conjoined twins.



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dipodia dipodia (dI-po´de-a)
1. A developmental anomaly involving complete or incomplete duplication of a foot. 2. In conjoined twins and sirenomelia, a degree of fusion leaving two feet evident. [G. di-, two, + pous (pod-), foot]



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dipole dipole (dI´pol)
A pair of separated electrical charges, one or more positive and one or more negative; or a pair of separated partial charges.doublet (2);



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dipotassium phosphate dipotassium phosphate (dI-po-tas´e-um)
potassium phosphate



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diprenorphine diprenorphine (dI-pren´or-fen)
A narcotic antagonist resembling naloxone but more potent.



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dipropyltryptamine dipropyltryptamine (dI-pro-pil-trip´ta-men)
N,N-Dipropyltryptamine;a hallucinogenic agent similar to dimethyltryptamine.



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diprosopus diprosopus (dI-pros´o-pus, dI-pro-so´pus)
Conjoined twins with almost complete fusion of the bodies and with normal limbs. Part or all of the face may be duplicated. See conjoined twins, under twin. [G. di-, two + prosopon, face]



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dipsesis dipsesis (dip-se´sis)
An abnormal or excessive thirst, or a craving for unusual forms of drink.dipsosis, morbid thirst; [G. dipseo, to thirst]



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dipsogen dipsogen (dip´so-jen)
A thirst-provoking agent. [G. dipsa, thirst, + -gen, producing]



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dipsomania dipsomania (dip-so-ma´ne-a)
A recurring compulsion to drink alcoholic beverages to excess. See alcoholism. [G. dipsa, thirst, + mania, madness]



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dipsosis dipsosis (dip-so´sis)
dipsesis [G. dipsa, thirst, + -osis, condition]



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dipsotherapy dipsotherapy (dip´so-thar´a-pe)
Treatment of certain diseases by abstention, as far as possible, from liquids.



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Diptera Diptera (dip´ter-a)
An important order of insects (the two-wing flies and gnats), including many significant disease vectors such as the mosquito, tsetse fly, sandfly, and biting midge. [G. di-, two, + pteron, wing]



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dipteran dipteran (dip´ter-an)
Denoting insects of the order Diptera.



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dipterous dipterous (dip´ter-us)
Relating to or characteristic of the order Diptera.



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Dipus sagitta Dipus sagitta (dI´pus saj´i-ta)
A small rodent of southern Russia that serves as a vector, through fleas, of Yersinia pestis (plague bacillus). [G. dipous, jerboa, two-footed; L. sagitta, arrow]



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dipygus dipygus (dI-pI´gus, dip´e-gus)
Conjoined twins with the head and thorax completely merged, and the pelvis and lower extremities duplicated; when the duplications of the lower parts are symmetrical, usually called duplicitas posterior. See conjoined twins, under twin. [G. di-, two, + pyge, buttocks]



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dipylidiasis dipylidiasis (dip´i-li-dI´a-sis)
Infection of carnivores and man with the cestode Dipylidium caninum.



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Dipylidium caninum Dipylidium caninum (dip-I-lid´e-um ka-nI´num)
The commonest species of dog tapeworm, the double-pored tapeworm, the larvae of which are harbored by dog fleas or lice; the worm occasionally infects humans, especially children licked by dogs that have recently nipped infected fleas. [G. dipylos, with two entrances; L. ntr. of caninus, pertaining to canis, dog]



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dipyridamole dipyridamole (dI-pI-rid´a-mol)
2,2´,2",2"-[4,8-Dipiperidinopyrimidino [5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo]tetraethanol;a coronary vasodilator that also has a weak action to reduce platelet aggregation; commonly used in place of exercise for radionuclide studies of the myocardium.



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dipyrimidine photolyase dipyrimidine photolyase (dI-pi-rim´i-den)
deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase



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dipyrine dipyrine (dI-pI´ren)
aminopyrine



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dipyrone dipyrone (dI-pI´ron)
C13H16N3NaO4S. H2O;an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic agent rarely used because of a high incidence of agranulocytosis.methampyrone;



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director director (di-rek´ter, -tor, dI-)
1. A smoothly grooved instrument used with a knife to limit the incision of tissues.staff (2); 2. The head of a service or specialty division. [L. dirigo, pp. -rectus, to arrange, set in order]



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dirigation dirigation (dir´i-ga´shun)
Development of voluntary control over functions that are ordinarily involuntary. [irreg., fr. L. dirigo, to direct, control]



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dirigomotor dirigomotor (dir´i-go-mo´ter)
Directing muscular movement.



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Dirofilaria Dirofilaria (dI-ro-fi-la´re-a)
A genus of filaria (family Onchocercidae, superfamily Filarioidea); D. species are usually found in mammals other than man, but rare examples of human infection are known, as by D. immitis. [L. dirus, dread, + filum, thread]
D. conjuncti´vae name assigned to filarial worms removed from tumors and abscesses in various sites in human cases, especially palpebral conjunctivae and other eye tissues, but also subcutaneous tissues from other sites; probably caused by a number of species of animal origin.
D. im´mitis a species of filarial worms of dogs and other canids in tropical and subtropical areas, found chiefly in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries of dogs; sometimes a serious pathogen of racing and show dogs, especially in the southern U.S. where mosquito vectors are common; D. immitis and its canine host have been used to test chemotherapeutic agents, and an extract of D. immitis may be used as a nonspecific intradermal antigen in the diagnosis of human filariasis and in complement-fixation tests. See also Dipetalonema reconditum.heartworm;



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dirofilariasis dirofilariasis (dir´o-fil-a-rI´a-sis)
Infection of animals and rarely man with nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria.



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dir. prop. dir. prop.
Abbreviation for L. directione propria, with proper direction.



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dirt-eating dirt-eating
geophagia



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dis- dis-
In two, apart; un-, not; very. Cf. dys-. [L. separation]



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disability disability (dis-a-bil´i-te)
1. According to the "International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps" (World Health Organization), any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. The term disability reflects the consequences of impairment in terms of functional performance and activity by the individual; disabilities thus represent disturbances at the level of the person; 2. An impairment or defect of one or more organs or members.
developmental d. loss of function brought on by prenatal and postnatal events in which the predominant disturbance is in the acquisition of cognitive, language, motor, or social skills; e.g., mental retardation, autistic disorder, learning disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
learning d. a disorder in one or more of the basic cognitive and psychological processes involved in understanding or using written or spoken language; may be manifested in age-related impairment in the ability to read, write, spell, speak, or perform mathematical calculations.



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disaccharidases disaccharidases (dI-sak´a-rid-as-ez)
A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of disaccharides, producing two monosaccharides.



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disaccharide disaccharide (dI-sak´a-rId)
A condensation product of two monosaccharides by elimination of water (usually between an alcoholic OH and a hemiacetal OH); e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose.bioside;



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disaggregation disaggregation (dis´ag-gre-ga´shun)
1. A breaking up into component parts. 2. An inability to coordinate various sensations and failure to comprehend their mutual relations. [L. dis-, separating, + ag- grego (adg-), pp. -gregatus, to add to something]



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disarticulation disarticulation (dis-ar-tik-yu-la´shun)
Amputation of a limb through a joint, without cutting of bone.exarticulation; [L. dis-, apart, + articulus, joint]



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disassimilation disassimilation (dis´a-sim-i-la´shun)
Destructive or retrograde metabolism.dissimilation (1);



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disassociation disassociation (dis´a-so-se-a´shun)
dissociation (1)



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disc disc (disk)
1. A round, flat plate; any approximately flat circular structure. 2. lamella (2)
articular d. a plate or ring of fibrocartilage attached to the joint capsule and separating the articular surfaces of the bones for a varying distance, sometimes completely; it serves to adapt two articular surfaces that are not entirely congruent.discus articularis [NA] , articular disk, fibrocartilago interarticularis, fibroplate, interarticular fibrocartilage, intra-articular cartilage (1);
articular d. of acromioclavicular joint the articular disk of fibrocartilage usually found between the acromial end of the clavicle and the medial border of the acromion.discus articularis acromioclavicularis [NA] , acromioclavicular disk, Weitbrecht's cartilage;
articular d. of distal radioulnar joint the disk that holds together the distal ends of the radius and ulna; it is attached by its apex to a depression between the styloid process and distal surface of the head of the ulna, and by its base to the ridge separating the ulnar notch from the carpal surface of the radius.discus articularis radioulnaris [NA] , radioulnar disk, radioulnar articular disk, triangular cartilage, triangular disk of wrist, triquetrous cartilage (1);
articular d. of sternoclavicular joint the fibrocartilaginous disk that subdivides the sternoclavicular joint into two cavities.discus articularis sternoclavicularis [NA] , sternoclavicular disk, sternoclavicular articular disk;
interpubic d. the disk of fibrocartilage that unites the pubic bones at the pubic symphysis.discus interpubicus [NA] , interpubic disk, lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica;
intervertebral d. a disk interposed between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. It is composed of an outer fibrous part (annulus fibrosus) that surrounds a central gelatinous mass (nucleus pulposus).discus intervertebralis [NA] , fibrocartilago intervertebralis, intervertebral cartilage, intervertebral disk;
sacrococcygeal d. a thin plate of fibrocartilage interposed between the sacrum and coccyx.



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disc- disc-
See disco-.



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discectomy discectomy (dis-ek´to-me)
Excision, in part or whole, of an intervertebral disk.discotomy; [disco- + G. ektome, excision]



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discharge discharge (dis´charj)
1. That which is emitted or evacuated, as an excretion or a secretion. 2. The activation or firing of a neuron.
after-d. See afterdischarge.



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Dische Dische
Zacharias, 20th century Austrian-U.S. biochemist, *1895. See D. reaction, reagent; D.-Schwarz reagent.



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dischronation dischronation (dis-kro-na´shun)
A disturbance in the consciousness of time. [L. dis-, apart, + G. chronos, time]



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disci disci (dis´kI)
Plural of discus.



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disciform disciform (dis´i-form)
Disk-shaped.



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discission discission (di-sish´un)
1. Incision or cutting through a part. 2. In ophthalmology, opening of the capsule and breaking up of the cortex of the lens with a needle knife or laser. [L. di- scindo, pp. -scissus, to tear asunder]



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discitis discitis (dis-kI´tis)
Nonbacterial inflammation of an intervertebral disk or disk space.diskitis;



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disco- disco- , disc-
A disk; disk-shaped. [G. diskos]



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discoblastic discoblastic (dis-ko-blas´tik)
Denoting a discoblastula.



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discoblastula discoblastula (dis´ko-blas´tyu-la)
A blastula of the type produced by the meroblastic discoidal cleavage of a large-yolked ovum.



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discogastrula discogastrula (dis´ko-gas´tru-la)
A gastrula of the type formed after the discoidal cleavage of a large-yolked ovum.



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discogenic discogenic (dis´ko-gen´ik)
Denoting a disorder originating in or from an intervertebral disk. [disco- + G. genesis, origin]



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discoid discoid (dis´koyd)
1. Resembling a disk. 2. In dentistry, an excavating or carving instrument having a circular blade with a cutting edge around the periphery. [disco- + G. eidos, appearance]



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disconjugate disconjugate (dis-con´ju-gat)
Not paired in action or joined together; the opposite of conjugate. See disconjugate movement of eyes. [L. dis-, apart, + jugatus, yoked]



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discopathy discopathy (dis-kop´a-the)
Disease of a disk, particularly of an invertebral disk. [disco- + G. pathos, disease]
traumatic cervical d. an injury characterized by fissuration, laceration and/or fragmentation of a cervical disk or surrounding ligaments, with or without displacement of fragments against spinal cord, nerve roots, or ligaments.



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discoplacenta discoplacenta (dis-ko-pla-sen´ta)
A placenta of discoid shape.



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discordance discordance (dis-kor´dans)
Dissociation of two characteristics in the members of a sample from a population; used as a measure of dependence. Cf. concordance.



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discotomy discotomy (dis-kot´o-me)
discectomy [disco- + G. tome, incision]



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discrete discrete (dis-kret´)
Separate; distinct; not joined to or incorporated with another; denoting especially certain lesions of the skin. [L. dis- cerno, pp. -cretus, to separate]



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discrimination discrimination (dis´krim-i-na´shun)
In conditioning, responding differentially, as when an organism makes one response to a reinforced stimulus and a different response to an unreinforced stimulus. [L. discrimino, pp. -atus, to separate]



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discus discus , pl. disci (dis´kus, -kI) [NA]
lamella (2) [L. fr. G. diskos, a quoit, disk]
d. articula´ris [NA] articular disc
d. articula´ris acromioclavicula´ris [NA] articular disc of acromioclavicular joint
d. articula´ris radioulna´ris [NA] articular disc of distal radioulnar joint
d. articula´ris sternoclavicula´ris [NA] articular disc of sternoclavicular joint
d. articula´ris temporomandibula´ris [NA] articular disc of temporomandibular joint
d. interpu´bicus [NA] interpubic disc
d. intervertebra´lis [NA] intervertebral disc
d. lentifor´mis rarely used term for subthalamic nucleus.
d. ner´vi op´tici [NA] optic disk
d. prolig´erus cumulus oöphorus



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discussive discussive (di-sku´siv)
discutient



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discutient discutient (di-skyu´she-ent)
1. Scattering or dispersing a pathologic accumulation. 2. An agent that causes the dispersal of a tumor or pathologic collection of any sort.discussive; [L. dis-cutio, pp. -cussus, to strike asunder, shatter]



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disdiaclast disdiaclast (dis-dI´a-klast)
A doubly refractive element in striated muscular tissue. [G. dis, twice, + dia, through, + klastos, broken]



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disease disease (di-zez´)
1. An interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs.illness, morbus, sickness; 2. A morbid entity characterized usually by at least two of these criteria: recognized etiologic agent(s), identifiable group of signs and symptoms, or consistent anatomical alterations. See also syndrome. 3. Literally, dis-ease, the opposite of ease, when something is wrong with a bodily function. [Eng. dis- priv. + ease]
aaa d. endemic anemia of ancient Egypt, ascribed in the Papyrus Ebers to intestinal infestation with ancylostoma; now called ancylostomiasis.
ABO hemolytic d. of the newborn erythroblastosis fetalis due to maternal-fetal incompatibility with respect to an antigen of the ABO blood group; the fetus possesses A or B antigen which is lacking in the mother, and the mother produces immune antibody which causes hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes.
accumulation d. a disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of a metabolic product in certain cells and tissues; examples include the mucopolysaccharidoses, lipoidoses.
Acosta's d. altitude sickness (1)
Adams-Stokes d. Adams-Stokes syndrome
adaptation d.'s d.'s falling theoretically into Selye's concept of the general-adaptation syndrome.
Addison-Biermer d. pernicious anemia
Addison's d. chronic adrenocortical insufficiency
Akabane d. a d. of cattle, sheep and goats, caused by the Akabane virus and characterized by fetal or neonatal arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly, abortions, and fetal death; the causative virus is transmitted by mosquitoes in Japan and by the midge Culicoides brevitarsis in Australia.
akamushi d. (ak-ka-mu´she) tsutsugamushi d
Akureyri d. epidemic neuromyasthenia
Albers-Schönberg d. osteopetrosis
Albert's d. achillobursitis involving inflammation of the bursa between the Achilles tendon and the os calcis.Swediauer's d;
Albright's d. McCune-Albright syndrome
Aleutian mink d. a chronic immune-complex d. of mink caused by a parvovirus.
Alexander's d. a rare, fatal central nervous system degenerative disease of infants, characterized by psychomotor retardation, seizures, and paralysis; megaloencephaly is associated with widespread leukodystrophic changes, especially in the frontal lobes.
alkali d. a term applied to various animal poisonings of plant and mineral origin in arid regions under the belief that they were caused by the ingestion of alkaline waters; e.g., botulism of wild ducks, caused by feeding on decayed vegetation in nearly dried-up lakes.
Almeida's d. paracoccidioidomycosis
Alpers d. poliodystrophia cerebri progressiva infantilis
altitude d. altitude sickness
Alzheimer's d. progressive mental deterioration manifested by loss of memory, ability to calculate, and visual-spatial orientation; confusion; disorientation. Begins in late middle life and results in death in 5-10 years. Pathologically, the brain is atrophic, especially in the frontal occipital and temporal regions; histologically, there is distortion of the intracellular neurofibrils (neurofibrillary tangles) and senile plaques composed of granular or filamentous argentophilic masses with an amyloid core, found predominantly in the cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus; the cerebral cortex has few and shrunken neurons which may contain cytoplasmic vacuoles and argentophilic granules displacing the nucleus to the periphery; the most common degenerative brain disorder.Alzheimer's dementia, presenile dementia (2) , dementia presenilis, primary neuronal degeneration, primary senile dementia; Alzheimer's accounts for some 60-70% of senile dementias, which in the U.S. afflict 5-10% of those over age 65, and 20% of those over age 80. In recent years, clinicians have instituted a protocol for monitoring the progress of the disease, known as FAST (functional assessment stages). Basic understanding of the brain changes brought about by Alzheimer's has been greatly aided by MRI and PET scanning; however, the cause of the disease is not yet clear. Arguments have been advanced for genetic, environmental, viral, neurochemical, and immunological causes. With the aging of the post-WW2 generation, the ranks of Alzheimer's patients are expected to swell, making the need for adequate diagnostic techniques and therapies more pressing. Treatments being explored include drugs to correct neurochemical imbalances. Some researchers are investigating repairing or augmenting damaged nerves through application of nerve growth factor or neural tissue transplants, but this approach remains highly experimental.
anarthritic rheumatoid d. rheumatoid d. without arthritis.
Anders' d. adiposis dolorosa
Andersen's d. type 4 glycogenosis
antibody deficiency d. antibody deficiency syndrome
aortoiliac occlusive d. obstruction of the abdominal aorta and its main branches by atherosclerosis.
Aran-Duchenne d. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Aujeszky's d. pseudorabies
Australian X d. Murray Valley encephalitis
autoimmune d. any disorder in which loss of function or destruction of normal tissue arises from humoral or cellular immune responses of the individual to his own tissue constituents; may be systemic, as systemic lupus erythematosus, or organ specific, as thyroiditis.
aviator's d. syndrome resembling decompression sickness occurring in occupants of airplanes that reach very high altitudes without adequate pressurization of the cabin. See also decompression sickness.
Ayerza's d. Ayerza's syndrome
Azorean d. Machado-Joseph
Baelz' d. cheilitis glandularis
Baló's d. encephalitis periaxialis concentrica
Baltic myoclonus d. one of the familial light sensitive myoclonic epilepsies. Unlike Lafora body polymyoclonus, where inclusion bodies are seen in the brain cells, the prognosis is often favorable. Probably an autosomal recessive disorder.
Bamberger-Marie d. hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
Bamberger's d. 1. saltatory spasm 2. polyserositis
Bang's d. bovine brucellosis
Bannister's d. angioedema
Banti's d. Banti's syndrome
Barclay-Baron d. vallecular dysphagia
Barlow's d. infantile scurvy
Barraquer's d. progressive lipodystrophy
Basedow's d. Graves' d
Batten d. cerebral sphingolipidosis, late juvenile type.
Batten-Mayou d. cerebral sphingolipidosis, late infantile and juvenile types.
Bayle's d. paresis (2)
Bazin's d. erythema induratum
Bechterew's d. spondylitis deformans
Becker's d. an obscure South African cardiomyopathy leading to rapidly fatal congestive heart failure and idiopathic mural endomyocardial d.
Begbie's d. localized chorea.
Béguez César d. Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi syndrome
Behçet's d. Behçet's syndrome
Behr's d. Behr's syndrome
Berger's d. focal glomerulonephritis
Bernard-Soulier d. (ber-nar´-sool-ya) an autosomal recessive disorder of absent or decreased platelet membrane glycoproteins Ib, IX, and V (the receptor for factor VIII R. This deficiency can lead to a failure to bind von Willebrand factor, causing moderate bleeding.
Bernhardt's d. meralgia paraesthetica
Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann d. sarcoidosis
Best's d. [MIM*153700] autosomal dominant retinal degeneration beginning during the first years of life. See also vitelliform degeneration.
Bielschowsky's d. early childhood type of lipofuscinosis.
Biermer's d. pernicious anemia
big liver d. See avian lymphomatosis.
Binswanger's d. one of the causes of multiinfarct dementia, in which there are many infarcts and lacunes in the white matter, with relative sparing of the cortex and basal ganglia.Binswanger's encephalopathy, encephalitis subcorticalis chronica, subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy;
bird-breeder's d. bird-breeder's lung
black d. infectious necrotic hepatitis of sheep
black-tongue d. a d. of dogs similar to human pellagra and due to niacin deficiency.
blinding d. onchocerciasis
Bloch-Sulzberger d. incontinentia pigmenti
Blocq's d. astasia-abasia
Blount-Barber d. Blount's d
Blount's d. tibia vara; nonrachitic bowlegs in children.Blount-Barber d;
blue d. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
bluecomb d. of chickens an acute or subacute d. of young laying chickens characterized by lowered egg production, diarrhea, frequently cyanosis of the head, and pathologic changes involving chiefly the liver and kidney; etiology is not definitely established.avian monocytosis;
bluecomb d. of turkeys an acute or chronic d. of young turkeys caused by bluecomb virus, with diarrhea, loss of weight, and often cyanosis of the head.mud fever (2) , transmissible enteritis;
Boeck's d. sarcoidosis
border d. a congenital disorder of lambs caused by a pestivirus and characterized by low birth weight and viability, tremor, and an excessively hairy coat.hairy shaker d;
Borna d. an infectious encephalomyelitis of horses, cattle, and sheep caused by Borna disease virus and occurring in Germany and several other European countries; affected animals show depression, then excitement and spasms, and finally paralysis.enzootic encephalomyelitis; [Borna, Saxony where a severe epidemic occurred]
Bornholm d. epidemic pleurodynia [Bornholm, Danish island in the Baltic where the d. was first described]
Bosin's d. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Bouchard's d. myopathic dilation of the stomach.
Bouillaud's d. obsolete eponym for acute rheumatic fever with carditis.
Bourneville-Pringle d. facial lesions with tuberous sclerosis, first reported as adenoma sebaceum, but now recognized as angiofibromas.
Bourneville's d. tuberous sclerosis
Bowen's d. a form of intraepidermal carcinoma characterized by the development of pinkish or brownish papules covered with a thickened horny layer; microscopically, there is dyskeratosis with large round epidermal cells with large nuclei and pale-staining cytoplasm which are scattered through all levels of the epidermis.Bowen's precancerous dermatosis;
Brailsford-Morquio d. Morquio's syndrome
brancher glycogen storage d. type of glycogen storage d., due to deficiency of amylo-1,4-1,6-transglucosidase (brancher enzyme).brancher deficiency glycogenosis, debrancher deficiency;
Breda's d. espundia
Bright's d. nonsuppurative nephritis with albuminuria and edema, associated in fatal cases with large white kidneys; or with hematuria and red kidneys; or with contracted granular kidneys, corresponding to the stages of glomerulonephritis now termed subacute or membranous, acute, and chronic, respectively.
Brill's d. Brill-Zinsser d
Brill-Symmers d. obsolete term for nodular lymphoma.
Brill-Zinsser d. an endogenous reinfection associated with the "carrier state" in persons who previously had epidemic typhus fever; it is a rather mild d. and may be mistaken for endemic (murine) typhus; first described by Brill in New York City but not recognized as a recrudescent form of epidemic typhus until after the work of Zinsser.Brill's d., recrudescent typhus fever, recrudescent typhus;
Briquet's d. hysterical neurosis, conversion type.
brisket d. a d. of cattle, characterized by edematous swelling of the brisket and the tissues of the neck; the body cavities also contain large quantities of clear straw-colored transudate; this d. results from right heart failure as a consequence of increased pulmonary resistance, which is in some way associated with movement of animals to high altitudes.mountain sickness (2);
Brissaud's d. tic
broad beta d. type III familial hyperlipoproteinemia.
Brocq's d. a variety of parapsoriasis.
Brodie's d. 1. Brodie's knee 2. hysterical spinal neuralgia, simulating Pott's disease, following a trauma.
bronzed d. bronze diabetes See hemochromatosis.
Brooke's d. 1. trichoepithelioma; 2. keratosis follicularis contagiosa
Bruck's d. a d. marked by osteogenesis imperfecta, ankylosis of the joints, and muscular atrophy.
Brushfield-Wyatt d. a familial disorder characterized by unilateral nevus, contralateral hemiplegia, hemianopia, cerebral angioma, and mental retardation; possibly a variant of Sturge-Weber syndrome.nevoid amentia;
Buerger's d. thromboangiitis obliterans
bulging eye d. gedoelstiosis
Bürger-Grütz d. obsolete term for idiopathic hyperlipemia.
Bury's d. erythema elevatum diutinum
Buschke's d. 1. scleredema adultorum 2. obsolete eponym for cryptococcosis.
Busquet's d. an osteoperiostitis of the metatarsal bones, leading to exostoses on the dorsum of the foot.
Buss d. bovine sporadic encephalomyelitis
Busse-Buschke d. cryptococcosis
Byler d. [MIM*211600] familial intrahepatic cholestasis, with early onset of loose, foul-smelling stools, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and dwarfism, due to an error in conjugated bile salt metabolism; autosomal recessive inheritance. [Byler, an Amish kindred]
Caffey's d. infantile cortical hyperostosis
caisson d. (ka´son) decompression sickness [Fr. caisson (fr. caisse, a chest) a water-tight box or cylinder containing air under high pressure used in sinking structural pilings underwater]
calcium pyrophosphate deposition d. (CPPD) a crystal deposition arthritis that may simulate gout.
Calvé-Perthes d. Legg-Calvé-Perthes d
Canavan's d. autosomal recessive degenerative d. of infancy; mostly in Jewish infants; onset typically within first 3-4 months of birth, consisting of blindness, psychomotor regression, enlarged head, optic atrophy, hypotonia, spasticity, increased N-acetylaspartic acid urinary excretion. MRI shows enlarged brain, decreased attenuation of cerebral and cerebellar white matter, and normal ventricles. Pathologically, there is increased brain volume and weight, and spongy degeneration in the subcortical white matter. See also leukodystrophy.Canavan's sclerosis, Canavan-van Bogaert-Bertrand d., spongy degeneration of infancy;
Canavan-van Bogaert-Bertrand d. Canavan's d
canine parvovirus d. an acute d. of dogs with a variable mortality rate caused by the canine parvovirus; seen in three distinct clinical forms; a generalized neonatal d., a severe nonsuppurative myocarditis, and a frequently fatal enteritis.
Caroli's d. [MIM*263200] congenital cystic dilation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, sometimes associated with intrahepatic stones and biliary obstruction; a part of the phenotype of infantile polycystic kidney.
Carrington's d. chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
Carrión's d. Oroya fever
Castleman's d. benign giant lymph node hyperplasia
cat-bite d. rat-bite fever, presumably spread from rats to cats and thus to humans.cat-bite fever;
cat-scratch d. a chronic benign adenopathy, especially in children and young adults, commonly associated with a recent cat scratch or bite and caused by bacteria including Rochalimaea henselae and Alipia felis; the lymphadenopathy usually resolves spontaneously within a period of several months, but complications involving central nervous system, liver, spleen, lung, and skin have been seen.benign inoculation lymphoreticulosis, benign inoculation reticulosis, cat-scratch fever, regional granulomatous lymphadenitis;
celiac d. a disease occurring in children and adults characterized by sensitivity to gluten, with chronic inflammation and atrophy of the mucosa of the upper small intestine; manifestations include diarrhea, malabsorption, steatorrhea, and nutritional and vitamin deficiencies.celiac sprue, celiac syndrome, gluten enteropathy;
central core d. [MIM*117000] a congenital myopathy characterized by hypotonia, delay of motor development in infancy, and nonprogressive or slowly progressive muscle weakness; on biopsy the central core of muscle fibers stains abnormally, myofibrils are abnormally compact, and there is virtual absence of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum; histochemically, the cores are devoid of oxidative enzyme, phosphorylase, and ATPase activity; autosomal dominant inheritance, often subclinical.
central Recklinghausen's disease type II type 1 neurofibromatosis. See neurofibromatosis.
cerebrovascular d. general term for a brain dysfunction caused by an abnormality of the cerebral blood supply.
Chagas' d. South American trypanosomiasis
Chagas-Cruz d. South American trypanosomiasis
a chain d. a vague or indefinite term; could be used for a-heavy-chain d. (a lymphoplasma cell proliferative d. usually seen in Mediterranean men, characterized by intestinal involvement with steatorrhea, often progressive with fatal outcome) or a thalassemia (a genetic abnormality in the alpha globin chain of hemoglobin).
Charcot-Marie-Tooth d. peroneal muscular atrophy
Charcot's d. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Charlouis' d. yaws
Cheadle's d. infantile scurvy
Chédiak-Higashi d. Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi syndrome
Chiari's d. Chiari's syndrome
Chicago d. obsolete term for North American blastomycosis.
cholesterol ester storage d. [MIM*278000] a lipidosis caused by a deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase activity resulting in widespread accumulation of cholesterol esters and triglycerides in viscera with xanthomatosis, adrenal calcification, hepatosplenomegaly, foam cells in bone marrow and other tissues, and vacuolated lymphocytes in peripheral blood; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Christensen-Krabbe d. poliodystrophia cerebri progressiva infantilis
Christian's d. 1. Hand-Schüller-Christian d 2. relapsing febrile nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis
Christmas d. hemophilia B
chronic active liver d. chronic hepatitis
chronic granulomatous d. a congenital defect in the killing of phagocytosed bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which cannot increase their oxygen metabolism either because of defective cytochrome [MIM*233710 and MIM*233690] or other specific factor deficiencies [MIM*233700 and MIM*306400]. As a result there is an increased susceptibility to severe infection; inheritance is usually autosomal recessive or X-linked.congenital dysphagocytosis, granulomatous d;
chronic hypertensive d. the chronic accumulative effects of long-standing high blood pressure on such vital organs as the heart, kidney, and brain.
chronic obstructive pulmonary d. (COPD) general term used for those diseases with permanent or temporary narrowing of small bronchi, in which forced expiratory flow is slowed, especially when no etiologic or other more specific term can be applied.
chronic respiratory d. (CRD) a common and serious d. of the respiratory tract of chickens caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma gallinarum; secondary infection with Escherichia coli is common.
chylomicron retention d. an inherited disorder in which apolipoprotein B-48 is retained in intestine and absent in plasma; results in fat malabsorption.
circling d. listeriosis in sheep.
Civatte's d. poikiloderma of Civatte
clover d. trifoliosis
Coats' d. exudative retinitis
Cockayne's d. Cockayne's syndrome
cold hemagglutinin d. a condition associated with the presence of hemagglutinating autoantibody active in vivo but in vitro particularly or solely active in the cold; when the concentration of IgM antibody is high there may be increased serum viscosity, but clinical manifestations (due to hemagglutination) usually appear following exposure to cold; hemolysis usually is mild but may be severe, resulting in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, cold antibody type.
collagen d.'s , collagen-vascular d.'s a group of generalized d.'s affecting connective tissue and frequently characterized by fibrinoid necrosis or vasculitis; in some collagen d.'s, auto-immunization, particularly antinuclear antibodies, has been shown and circulating immune complexes are found. The term is not entirely acceptable because there is no evidence that collagen is primarily involved; "collagen" was once synonymous with "connective tissue" rather than describing a specific fibrinous protein in that tissue. See also connective-tissue d.'s.
combined system d. subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord
communicable d. any d. that is transmissible by infection or contagion directly or through the agency of a vector.
Concato's d. polyserositis
connective-tissue d.'s a group of generalized d.'s affecting connective tissue, especially those not inherited as mendelian characteristics; rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis were first proposed as such d.'s, and other so-called collagen d.'s have been added.
Conradi's d. [MIM*215100 & MIM*302950] congenital shortening of the humerus and femur, with stippled epiphyses, high-arched palate, cataracts, erythroderma in the newborn, and scaling followed by follicular atrophoderma; there is also an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern [MIM*118650 and MIM*118651].chondrodystrophia congenita punctata;
contagious d. an infectious d. transmissible by direct or indirect contact; now used synonymously with communicable d.
Cori's d. type 3 glycogenosis
cornmeal d. See Besnoitia tarandi.
corridor d. a highly pathogenic disease of cape buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) and cattle in eastern and southern Africa caused by the protozoan Theileria parva lawrencei and transmitted primarily by the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus; lesions and symptoms are similar to those of East Coast fever.
Corrigan's d. aortic regurgitation
Cotunnius d. sciatica
Cowden's d. [MIM*158350] hypertrichosis and gingival fibromatosis from infancy, accompanied by postpubertal fibroadenomatous breast enlargement; papules of the face are characteristic of multiple trichilemmomas.multiple hamartoma syndrome;
crazy chick d. nutritional encephalomalacia of chicks
Creutzfeldt-Jakob d. (CJD) a type of subacute spongiform encephalopathy caused by a transmissible agent termed a prion. Affects adults, especially older adults, and is characterized by progressive dementia, myoclonic jerks, ataxia, and dysarthria; rapidly progressive and invariably fatal, usually within one year of onset. Often accompanied by a distinctive EEG pattern: burst suppression, consisting of intermittent sharp and slow wave complexes on a flat background. Pathologically, nerve cell degeneration and loss with associated astroglial proliferation are confined primarily to the cerebral and cerebellar cortices.Jakob-Creutzfeldt d., transmissible dementia;
Crigler-Najjar d. Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Crocq's d. acrocyanosis
Crohn's d. regional enteritis
Crouzon's d. craniofacial dysostosis
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten d. Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome
Cruveilhier's d. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Csillag's d. chronic atrophic and lichenoid dermatitis.
Curschmann's d. frosted liver
Cushing's d. adrenal hyperplasia (Cushing's syndrome) caused by an ACTH-secreting basophil adenoma of the pituitary.Cushing's pituitary basophilism;
cystic d. of the breast fibrocystic condition of the breasts.
cystic d. of renal medulla [MIM*256100] presence of small cysts in the renal medulla associated with anemia, sodium depletion, and chronic renal failure. It is of two types: 1) fatal autosomal recessive or juvenile type (also called familial juvenile nephrophthisis), beginning at about age 10 with an average duration of 6 to 8 years; 2) autosomal dominant or adult type, beginning at about age 30 but with a more fulminant course.microcystic d. of renal medulla;
cysticercus d. cysticercosis
cystine d. cystinosis
cystine storage d. cystinosis
cytomegalic inclusion d. the presence of inclusion bodies within the cytoplasm and nuclei of enlarged cells of various organs of newborn infants dying with jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, purpura, thrombocytopenia, and fever; the condition also occurs, at all ages, as a complication of other d.'s in which immune mechanisms are severely depressed, and has been found incidentally in salivary gland epithelium, apparently as a localized or mild infection (salivary gland virus d.).cytomegalovirus d., inclusion body d;
cytomegalovirus d. cytomegalic inclusion d
Daae's d. epidemic pleurodynia
Danielssen-Boeck d. anesthetic leprosy
Danielssen's d. anesthetic leprosy
Darier's d. keratosis follicularis
Darling's d. histoplasmosis
Davies' d. endomyocardial fibrosis
decompression d. decompression sickness
deer-fly d. tularemia
deficiency d. any d. resulting from undernutrition or an inadequacy of calories, proteins, essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, or trace minerals.
degenerative joint d. osteoarthritis
Degos' d. malignant atrophic papulosis
Dejerine's d. Dejerine-Sottas d
Dejerine-Sottas d. a familial type of demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy that begins in early childhood and is slowly progressive; clinically characterized by foot pain and paresthesias, followed by symmetrical weakness and wasting of the distal limbs; one of the causes of stork legs; patients are wheelchair bound at an early age; peripheral nerves are palpably enlarged and non-tender; pathologically, onion bulb formation is seen in the nerves: whorls of overlapping, intertwined Schwann cell processes that encircle bare axons; usually autosomal recessive inheritance.Dejerine's d., progressive hypertrophic polyneuropathy;
demyelinating d. generic term for a group of d.'s, of unknown cause, in which there is extensive loss of the myelin in the central nervous system, as in multiple sclerosis and Schilder's disease.
dense-deposit d. See membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
de Quervain's d. fibrosis of the sheath of a tendon of the thumb.radial styloid tendovaginitis;
Dercum's d. adiposis dolorosa
Derzsy's d. goose viral hepatitis
Deutschländer's d. 1. tumor of one of the metatarsal bones; 2. march fracture
Devic's d. neuromyelitis optica
diamond skin d. a form of swine erysipelas, caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, in which rhomboidal erythematous areas appear on the skin.
Di Guglielmo's d. the acute form of erythremic myelosis.
disappearing bone d. extensive decalcification of a single bone; of unknown cause, sometimes associated with angioma.Gorham's d;
diverticular d. symptomatic congenital or acquired diverticula of any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Such diverticula occur in about 15% of the population but rarely cause symptoms.
dog d. phlebotomus fever
dominantly inherited Lévi's d. snub-nose dwarfism
Donohue's d. leprechaunism
drug-induced d. a toxic reaction to or morbid condition resulting from the administration of a drug.
Dubois' d. Dubois' abscesses, under abscess
Duchenne-Aran d. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Duchenne's d. 1. Duchenne dystrophy 2. progressive bulbar paralysis
Duhring's d. dermatitis herpetiformis
Dukes' d. an exanthem-producing infectious d. of childhood; unknown etiology.
Duncan's d. [MIM*308240] an X-linked recessive immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative disease occurring in boys.
Duplay's d. subacromial bursitis
Dupuytren's d. of the foot plantar fibromatosis
Duroziez' d. congenital stenosis of the mitral valve.
Dutton's d. African tick-borne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia duttonii and spread by the soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata.Dutton's relapsing fever;
dynamic d. functional disorder
Eales' d. peripheral retinal periphlebitis causing recurrent retinal or intravitreous hemorrhages in young adults.
Ebstein's d. Ebstein's anomaly
echinococcus d. echinococcosisechinococciasis;
edema d. an acute, highly fatal d. of young pigs caused by toxins of the bacterium Escherichia coli and characterized by edema of various parts of the body but particularly the walls of the gastrointestinal tract.
Eisenmenger's d. Eisenmenger's complex
elephant man's d. Proteus syndrome
elevator d. respiratory distress arising in persons who work in grain elevators resulting from inhalation of dusts or insects.
emotional d. See mental illness.
endemic d. continued prevalence of a d. in a specific population or area. See also endemic, enzootic.
Engelmann's d. diaphysial dysplasia
English d. obsolete term for rickets.
English sweating d. a d. of unknown nature that appeared in England and spread over Europe in 1485, 1508 and 1528-30 and was characterized by heavy sweats, prostration, and a high fatality rate.sudor anglicus;
eosinophilic endomyocardial d. a restrictive cardiomyopathy associated with hyperproduction of eosinophiles and their cardiac infiltration, clinically characterized by diastolic and later systolic ventricular failure.
epidemic d. marked increase in prevalence of a d. in a specific population or area, usually with an environmental cause, such as an infectious or toxic agent.
epizootic hemorrhagic d. of deer a hemorrhagic disease of certain deer of the central and eastern United States, caused by an orbivirus, a member of the Reoviridae, and characterized by multiple hemorrhages, shock, and trauma; infection is thought to be arthropod-borne.hemorrhagic d. of deer;
Epstein's d. diphtheroid (1)
Erb d. progressive bulbar paralysis
Erb-Charcot d. 1. spastic diplegia 2. spastic paraplegia
Erdheim d. cystic medial necrosis
ergot alkaloid-associated heart d. heart d. caused by endomyocardial fibrosis which extends into valve structures, producing stenosis and/or regurgitation, associated with ergot alkaloid use.
Eulenburg's d. congenital paramyotonia
exanthematous d. See exanthema.
extramammary Paget d. an intraepidermal form of mucinous adenocarcinoma, most commonly in the anogenital region.Paget's d. (3);
extrapyramidal d. a general term for a number of disorders caused by abnormalities of the basal ganglia or certain brain stem or thalamic nuclei; characterized by motor deficits, loss of postural reflexes, bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and various involuntary movements.extrapyramidal motor system d;
extrapyramidal motor system d. extrapyramidal d
Fabry's d. [MIM*301500] an X-linked recessive disorder due to deficiency of a-galactosidase and characterized by abnormal accumulations of neutral glycolipids (e.g., globotriaosylceramide) in endothelial cells in blood vessel walls, with angiokeratomas on the thighs, buttocks, and genitalia, hypohidrosis, paresthesia in extremities, cornea verticillata, and spokelike posterior subcapsular cataracts; death results from renal, cardiac, or cerebrovascular complications.diffuse angiokeratoma, glycolipid lipidosis;
Fahr's d. progressive calcific deposition in the walls of blood vessels of the basal ganglia, in young to middle-aged persons; occasionally associated with mental retardation and extrapyramidal symptoms.
Farber's d. disseminated lipogranulomatosis
Favre-Durand-Nicholas d. venereal lymphogranuloma
Favre-Racouchet's d. comedones developing on sun-damaged skin due to obstruction of pilosebaceous follicles by solar elastosis.
Feer's d. acrodynia (2)
femoropopliteal occlusive d. obstruction of the femoral and popliteal arteries by atherosclerosis.
Fenwick's d. idiopathic gastric atrophy. See atrophic gastritis.
fibrocystic d. of the breast a benign d. common in women of the third, fourth, and fifth decades characterized by formation, in one or both breasts, of small cysts containing fluid which may appear as blue dome cysts; associated with stromal fibrosis and with variable degrees of intraductal epithelial hyperplasia and sclerosing adenosis.cystic hyperplasia of the breast;
fibrocystic d. of the pancreas cystic fibrosis
fifth d. erythema infectiosum [after scarlatina, morbilli, rubella, and fourth d.]
Filatov Dukes' d. an exanthem-producing infectious disease of childhood of unknown etiology.Filatov's d., fourth d., parascarlatina, scarlatinella;
Filatov's d. Filatov Dukes' d
fish eye d. an inherited disorder resulting in low HDL cholesterol and corneal opacities; also, low LCAT activity.
Flatau-Schilder d. Schilder's d
flax-dresser's d. chronic obstructive pulmonary d. caused by inhalation of particles of unprocessed flax; a form of byssinosis. See also byssinosis.
Flegel's d. hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
flint d. chalicosis
flip-over d. a d. of young, fast-growing broiler chickens which causes them to die suddenly with a short, terminal, wing-beating convulsion, whereby they often flip over and die on their backs.
focal metastatic d. presence of a single area of metastasis of a malignant tumor or infection distant from the primary lesion.
Folling's d. phenylketonuria
foot-and-mouth d. (FMD) a highly infectious disease of wide distribution and great economic importance, occurring in cattle, swine, sheep, goats and all wild and domestic cloven-footed animals caused by a picornavirus (genus Rhinovirus) and characterized by vesicular eruptions in the mouth, tongue, hoofs, and udder; humans are rarely affected.aftosa;
Forbes' d. type 3 glycogenosis
Fordyce's d. Fordyce's spots, under spot
Forestier's d. diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
Fothergill's d. 1. trigeminal neuralgia 2. anginose scarlatina
Fournier's d. infective gangrene involving the scrotum.Fournier's gangrene, syphiloma of Fournier;
fourth d. Filatov Dukes' dscarlatinoid (2);
Fox-Fordyce d. a rare chronic pruritic eruption of dry papules and distended ruptured apocrine glands, with follicular hyperkeratosis of the nipples, axillae, and pubic and sternal regions.apocrine miliaria;
Franklin's d. gamma-heavy-chain d
Freiberg's d. epiphysial ischemic (aseptic) necrosis of second metatarsal head.
Friend d. mouse leukemia caused by the Friend leukemia virus, a member of the family Retroviridae.
functional d. functional disorder
functional cardiovascular d. a euphemism for cardiovascular symptoms deemed to be psychogenic. More generally, sometimes used for abnormal cardiac function.
fusospirochetal d. infection of the mouth and/or pharynx associated with fusiform bacilli and spirochetes, commonly part of the normal flora of the mouth. See also necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.
Gairdner's d. attacks of cardiac distress accompanied by apprehension.angina pectoris sine dolore, angor pectoris (1);
Gamna's d. a form of chronic splenomegaly characterized by conspicuous thickening of the capsule and the presence of multiple, small, rustlike, brown foci (Gamna-Gandy bodies), which contain iron; this condition may be observed in fibrocongestive splenomegaly, sickle cell d., and some examples of hemochromatosis.
Gandy-Nanta d. siderotic splenomegaly, probably the same as Gamna's d.
garapata d. tick fever occurring in Spain.
Garré's d. sclerosing osteitis
gasping d. infectious avian bronchitis
Gaucher's d. a lysosomal storage d. resulting from glycocerebroside accumulation due to a genetic deficiency of glucocerebrosidase; may occur in adults but occurs most severely in infants; marked by hepatosplenomegaly, regression of neurological maturation, and characteristic histiocytes (Gaucher cells) in the viscera; autosomal recessive inheritance. There are three main types: the noncerebral juvenile [MIM*230800], the cerebral juvenile [MIM* 230900], and the adult cerebral [MIM*231000].cerebroside lipidosis, familial splenic anemia, Gaucher disorder;
Gerhardt-Mitchell d. erythromelalgia
Gerhardt's d. erythromelalgia
Gerlier's d. vestibular neuronitis
Gierke's d. type 1 glycogenosis
Gilbert's d. familial nonhemolytic jaundice
Gilchrist's d. blastomycosis
Gilles de la Tourette's d. Tourette syndrome
Glanzmann's d. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
Glasser's d. a fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis of pigs caused by the bacterium Haemophilus parasuis.
glycogen-storage d. glycogenosis
Goldflam d. myasthenia gravis
Gorham's d. disappearing bone d
Gougerot and Blum d. pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatosis
Gougerot-Sjögren d. Sjögren's syndrome [Sjögren, Henrik S.C.]
Gowers d. 1. saltatory spasm 2. a distal type of progressive muscular dystrophy.
graft versus host d. an incompatibility reaction (which may be fatal) in a subject (host) of low immunological competence (deficient lymphoid tissue) who has been the recipient of immunologically competent lymphoid tissue from a donor who lacks at least one antigen possessed by the recipient host; the reaction, or disease, is the result of action of the transplanted cells against those host tissues that possess the antigen not possessed by the donor. Seen most commonly following bone marrow transplantation, acute d. is seen after 5-40 days and chronic d. weeks to months after transplantation, affecting, principally, the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and skin.GVH d;
granulomatous d. chronic granulomatous d
Graves' d. 1. toxic goiter characterized by diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, a form of hyperthyroidism; exophthalmos is a common, but not invariable, concomitant; 2. thyroid dysfunction and all or any of its clinical associations; 3. an organ-specific autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland. See thyrotoxicosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, goiter, myxedema.Basedow's d., ophthalmic hyperthyroidism, Parry's d;
greasy pig d. a generalized exudative epidermitis of young pigs, characterized by high mortality and caused by staphylococcal bacteria.
Greenhow's d. parasitic melanoderma
Griesinger's d. bilious typhoid of Griesinger, a severe form of louse-borne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis and causing high fever, epistaxis, dyspnea, intense jaundice, purpura, and splenomegaly.
Grover's d. transient acantholytic dermatosis
Gumboro d. infectious bursal d
GVH d. graft versus host d
Haff d. hemoglobinuria, muscular weakness, and pains in the limbs, occurring in persons living in the vicinity of the Haff inlet, caused by arsenic poisoning from waste in a celluloid factory. [Haff, an arm of the Baltic Sea in East Prussia]
Haglund's d. an abnormal prominence of the posterior superior lateral aspect of the os calcis, caused by a gait disorder.Haglund's deformity;
Hailey-Hailey d. benign familial chronic pemphigus
hairy shaker d. border d
Hallervorden-Spatz d. Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome
Hallopeau's d. 1. pustulosis palmaris et plantaris 2. pemphigus vegetans (2)
Hamman's d. Hamman's syndrome
Hammond's d. athetosis
hand-foot-and-mouth d. an exanthematous eruption of small, pearl-gray vesicles of the fingers, toes, palms, and soles, accompanied by often painful vesicles and ulceration of the buccal mucous membrane and the tongue and by slight fever; the d. lasts 4 to 7 days, and is usually caused by Coxsackie virus type A-16, but other types have been identified.
Hand-Schüller-Christian d. the chronic disseminated form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The classic triad of signs consists of diabetes insipidus, exopthalmus, and bony lesions composed of histiocytes.Christian's d. (1) , Christian's syndrome, normal cholesteremic xanthomatosis, Schüller's d., Schüller's syndrome;
Hansen's d. Chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen's bacillus) and affecting various parts of the body including the skin.leprosy (2);
Harada's d. Harada's syndrome
hard pad d. a form of canine distemper characterized by hyperkeratosis of the foot pads and nose. See canine distemper.
hardware d. traumatic gastritis
Hartnup d. [MIM*234500] a congenital metabolic disorder consisting of aminoaciduria due to a defect in renal tubular absorption of neutral a-amino acids and urinary excretion of tryptophan derivatives, because defective intestinal absorption leads to bacterial degradation of unabsorbed tryptophan in the gut; characterized by a pellagra-like, light-sensitive skin rash with temporary cerebellar ataxia; autosomal recessive inheritance.Hartnup disorder, Hartnup syndrome;
Hashimoto's d. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
heavy chain d. a term used for a group of d.'s, the paraproteinemias, characterized by production of homogenous immunoglobulins or fragments, and associated with malignant disorders of the plasmacytic and lymphoid cell series. Three types have been recognized: gamma-heavy-chain d., a-heavy-chain d., and mu-heavy-chain d.; each is diagnosed by the finding of the appropriate heavy-chain fragment in the serum, urine, or both.
a-heavy-chain d. the most common form of heavy-chain d., characterized by a finding in the serum of a protein reactive with antisera to a-chains but not light chains; clinical features include diarrhea, steatorrhea, and severe malabsorption.
gamma-heavy-chain d. heavy-chain d. characterized by a finding in the serum and urine of a broad protein peak that is reactive with antisera to gamma-chains and unreactive with antisera to light chains; common features include anemia, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, hyperuricemia, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly.Franklin's d;
mu-heavy-chain d. the rarest form of heavy-chain d., primarily seen in patients with long-standing chronic lymphatic leukemia; diagnosis is made on immunoelectrophoresis by finding a component reactive with antisera to mu-chains but not to light chains.
Hebra's d. 1. erythema multiforme 2. familial nonhemolytic jaundice
Heck's d. focal epithelial hyperplasia
Heerfordt's d. uveoparotid fever
hemoglobin C d. the homozygous state of hemoglobin C.
hemoglobin H d. See hemoglobin H.
hemolytic d. of newborn erythroblastosis fetalis
hemorrhagic d. of deer epizootic hemorrhagic d. of deer
hemorrhagic d. of the newborn a syndrome characterized by spontaneous internal or external bleeding accompanied by hypoprothrombinemia, slightly decreased platelets, and markedly elevated bleeding and clotting times, usually occurring between the third and sixth days of life and effectively treated with vitamin K.
hepatolenticular d. Wilson's d. (1)
herring-worm d. anisakiasis
Hers' d. type 6 glycogenosis
hidebound d. scleroderma (usually applied to extensive involvement).
Hirschsprung's d. congenital megacolon
Hjärre's d. a granulomatous d. of the intestines and liver of chickens, due to coliform organisms.coli granuloma;
Hodgkin's d. a d. marked by chronic enlargement of the lymph nodes, often local at the onset and later generalized, together with enlargement of the spleen and often of the liver, no pronounced leukocytosis, and commonly anemia and continuous or remittent (Pel-Ebstein) fever; considered to be a malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells of uncertain origin (Reed-Sternberg cells), associated with inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophilic leukocytes and fibrosis; can be classified into lymphocytic predominant, nodular sclerosing, mixed cellularity, and lymphocytic depletion type; a similar disease occurs in domestic cats.Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphadenoma (2);
Hodgson's d. dilation of the arch of the aorta associated with insufficiency of the aortic valve.
holoendemic d. (hol´o-en-dem´ik) a d. for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most or all of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium, such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less frequently than do the children.
hoof-and-mouth d. obsolete term for foot-and-mouth d.
hookworm d. See ancylostomiasis, necatoriasis.
Huntington's d. [MIM*143100] Huntington's chorea
Hurler's d. Hurler's syndrome
Hutchinson-Gilford d. progeria
hyaline membrane d. of the newborn a d. seen especially in premature neonates with respiratory distress; characterized postmortem by atelectasis and alveolar ducts lined by an eosinophilic membrane; also associated with reduced amounts of lung surfactant.hyaline membrane syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn;
hydatid d. infection of humans, sheep, and most other herbivorous and omnivorous mammals with larvae of the tapeworm Echinococcus.
Hyde's d. prurigo nodularis
hyperendemic d. (hI´per-en-dem´ik) a d. that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all age groups equally.
Iceland d. epidemic neuromyasthenia
I-cell d. mucolipidosis II
idiopathic d. a d. of unknown cause or mechanism.
immune complex d. an immunologic category of d.'s evoked by the deposition of antigen-antibody or antigen-antibody-complement complexes on cell surfaces, with subsequent involvement of breakdown products of complement, platelets, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and development of vasculitis; nephritis is common. Arthus phenomenon and serum sickness are classic examples, but many other disorders, including most of the connective tissue d.'s, may belong in this immunologic category; immune complex d.'s can also occur during a variety of d.'s of known etiology, such as subacute bacterial endocarditis. See also autoimmune d.immune complex disorder, type III hypersensitivity reaction;
immunoproliferative small intestinal d. diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the proximal small bowel mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes resulting in diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, and clubbing of fingers and toes; seen in poor people in developing countries.Mediterranean lymphoma;
inborn lysosomal d. inherited disorder of one or more degradative enzymes normally located in lysosomes leading to accumulation (storage) of abnormal quantities of a substance, such as a glycosaminoglycan as in Hurler's syndrome or a lipopolysaccharide as in Gaucher's d.
inclusion body d. cytomegalic inclusion d
inclusion cell d. mucolipidosis II
industrial d. a morbid condition resulting from exposure to an agent discharged by a commercial enterprise into the environment. Cf. occupational d.
infantile celiac d. gluten-sensitive enteropathy appearing in infancy, often before the age of 9 months and characterized by acute onset, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and "failure to thrive."
infectious d. , infective d. a d. resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial agent.
infectious bursal d. a highly contagious acute d. of chickens caused by the infectious bursal disease virus and characterized by whitish diarrhea, dehydration, prostration, and destruction of the bursa of Fabricius, compromising the bird's immune system.Gumboro d;
intercurrent d. a new d. occurring during the course of another d., not related to the primary disease process.
interstitial d. a d. occurring chiefly in the connective-tissue framework of an organ, the parenchyma suffering secondarily.
iron-storage d. the storage of excess iron in the parenchyma of many organs, as in idiopathic hemochromatosis or transfusion hemosiderosis.
island d. tsutsugamushi d
Itai-Itai d. a form of cadmium poisoning described in Japanese people, characterized by renal tubular dysfunction, osteomalacia, pseudofractures, and anemia, caused by ingestion of contaminated shellfish or other sources containing cadmium.
Jaffe-Lichtenstein d. obsolete term for fibrous dysplasia of bone.
Jakob-Creutzfeldt d. Creutzfeldt-Jakob d
Jansky-Bielschowsky d. cerebral sphingolipidosis, early juvenile type.
Jembrana d. a febrile d. of cattle thought to be caused by a rickettsia of the genus Ehrlichia. [Jembrana, county in Bali, Indonesia, where disease was first recognized]
Jensen's d. retinochoroiditis juxtapapillaris
Johne's d. a d. occurring in cattle and sheep, usually manifested by thickening of the wall of the intestine, particularly of the ileum; caused by infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.chronic dysentery of cattle, paratuberculosis;
jumping d. , jumper d. one of the pathological startle syndromes found in isolated parts of the world, characterized by greatly exaggerated responses, such as jumping, flinging the arms and yelling, to minimal stimuli.jumping Frenchmen of Maine d., jumper d. of Maine;
jumping Frenchmen of Maine d. , jumper d. of Maine jumping d
Jüngling's d. osteitis tuberculosa multiplex cystica
Kashin-Bek d. a form of generalized osteoarthrosis limited to areas of Asia, including the Urov river; believed to result from ingestion of wheat infected with the fungus Fusarium sporotrichiella.
Katayama d. acute early egg-laying phase of schistosomiasis, a toxemic syndrome in heavy primary infections, rarely seen in chronic cases. It is considered a form of immune complex d. or serum sickness-like condition. Described for schistosomiasis japonica, but observed with other forms as well.Katayama fever; [town in Japan where the d. is common]
Kawasaki's d. mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
Kennedy's d. an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by progressive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy; associated features include distal degeneration of sensory axons, and signs of endocrine dysfunction, including diabetes mellitus, gynecomastia, and testicular atrophy.
Kienböck's d. osteolysis of the lunate bone following trauma to the wrist.lunatomalacia;
Kimmelstiel-Wilson d. Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome
Kimura's d. angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia
kinky-hair d. , kinky hair d. [MIM*309400] congenital defect of copper metabolism manifested in short, sparse, poorly pigmented kinky hair; associated with failure to thrive, physical and mental retardation, and progressive severe deterioration of the brain; apparently a defect of copper transport; X-linked recessive inheritance.kinky-hair disorder, Menkes' syndrome, trichopoliodystrophy;
Köhler's d. epiphysial aseptic necrosis of the tarsal navicular bone or of the patella.
Krabbe's d. globoid cell leukodystrophy
Kufs d. cerebral sphingolipidosis, adult type.
Kugelberg-Welander d. juvenile spinal muscular atrophy
Kuhnt-Junius d. Kuhnt-Junius degeneration
Kussmaul's d. polyarteritis nodosa
Kyasanur Forest d. a d. occurring among forest workers in the Kyasanur Forest and in Mysore, India, caused by a group B arbovirus (Flavivirus) transmitted chiefly by Haemaphysalis spinigera, although other ticks have been implicated as well; symptoms include fever, headache, back and limb pains, diarrhea, and intestinal bleeding; central nervous system symptoms do not occur.
Kyrle's d. hyperkeratosis follicularis et parafollicularis
Lafora body d. [MIM*254780] a form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy beginning from age 6 to 19; characterized by generalized tonic-clonic seizures, resting and action myoclonus, ataxia, dementia, and classic EEG findings, including polyspike and wave discharges; basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies present in portions of the brain, the liver, and skin, as well as the duct cells of the sweat glands. Death usually occurs within 10 years of onset; autosomal recessive inheritance.Lafora's d;
Lafora's d. Lafora body d
Lane's d. erythema palmare hereditarium
Larrey-Weil d. Weil's d
Lasègue's d. obsolete eponym for delusions of persecution.
laughing d. 1. a disabling state of hypnosis or narcosis induced by witch doctors and characterized by involuntary laughing; 2. the compulsive mirthless laughter of schizophrenics.
L-chain d. Bence Jones myeloma
Legg-Calvé-Perthes d. , Legg's d. , Legg-Perthes d. epiphysial aseptic necrosis of the upper end of the femur.Calvé-Perthes d., coxa plana, osteochondritis deformans juvenilis, Perthes d., pseudocoxalgia, quiet hip d;
Legionnaire's d. an acute infectious d., caused by Legionella pneumophila, with prodromal influenza-like symptoms and a rapidly rising high fever, followed by severe pneumonia and production of usually nonpurulent sputum, mental confusion, hepatic fatty changes, and renal tubular degeneration. It has a high case-fatality rate. Acquired from water systems rather than person to person.legionellosis; [American Legion convention, 1976, at which many delegates were so affected]
Leigh's d. subacute encephalomyelopathy affecting infants, causing dementia, spasticity, and optic atrophy; autosomal recessive inheritance.necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, necrotizing encephalopathy;
Leiner's d. erythroderma desquamativum
Lenègre's d. Lenègre's syndrome
Leri-Weill d. dyschondrosteosis
Letterer-Siwe d. the acute disseminated form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.nonlipid histiocytosis;
Lev's d. Lev's syndrome
Lindau's d. von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
linear IgA bullous d. in children chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood
Little's d. spastic diplegia
Lobo's d. lobomycosis
locoweed d. loco
Löffler's d. Löffler's endocarditis
Lorain's d. idiopathic infantilism
Lou Gehrig's d. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Luft's d. [MIM*238800] a metabolic d. due to relative uncoupling of phosphorylation in skeletal muscle causing myopathy and general hypermetabolism; a mitochondial myopathy.
lumpy skin d. an infectious d. of cattle in Africa, manifested by an acute febrile illness followed by the appearance of lumps and plaques under the skin and on some of the mucous membranes; caused by the lumpy skin disease virus.
lung fluke d. infection with the lung fluke, Clonorchis sinensis.
Lutz-Splendore-Almeida d. paracoccidioidomycosis
Lyell's d. staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Lyme d. an inflammatory disorder typically occurring during the summer months and caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a non-pyogenic, penicillin-sensitive spirochete transmitted by Ixodes dammini in the eastern U.S. and I. pacificus in the western U.S.; the characteristic skin lesion, erythema chronicum migrans, usually is preceded or accompanied by fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, and stiff neck; neurologic or cardiac manifestations, or arthritis (Lyme arthritis) may occur weeks to months later. Dogs, horses, and cattle are also affected.Lyme borreliosis; [Lyme, CT, where first observed] Because of media coverage, Lyme disease has a higher profile than its occurrence warrants. In 1993, there were 9,350 confirmed cases in the U.S. Prototype vaccines against Borrelia burgdorferi have proved effective in mice. However, the spirochete is thought capable of rapid mutation, so work on future human vaccines must address the possibility of multiple strains.
lysosomal d. a d. due to inadequate functioning of a lysosomal enzyme; most such d.'s are associated with a storage d.
Machado-Joseph [MIM*109150] a rare form of hereditary ataxia, characterized by onset in early adult life of progressive, spinocerebellar and extrapyramidal disease with external ophthalmoplegia, rigidity dystonia symptoms, and, often, peripheral amyotrophy; found predominantly in people of Azorean ancestry; autosomal dominant inheritance.Azorean d., Portuguese-Azorean d; [Surnames of two families studied in major descriptions of the disease.]
mad cow d. bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Madelung's d. multiple symmetric lipomatosis
Majocchi's d. purpura annularis telangiectodes
Manson's d. schistosomiasis mansoni
maple bark d. hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by spores of Cryptostroma corticale growing under the bark of stacked maple logs.
maple syrup urine d. [MIM*248600] a disorder caused by deficient oxidative decarboxylation of a-keto acid metabolites of leucine, isoleucine, and valine which are present in blood and urine in high concentrations, the urine having an odor similar to that of maple syrup; neonatal death is common; survivors usually exhibit gross brain damage; autosomal recessive inheritance.branched chain ketoaciduria, branched chain ketonuria, ketoacidemia;
marble bone d. osteopetrosis
Marburg d. infection with an unusual rhabdovirus composed of RNA and lipid, tentatively assigned to the family of Filoviridae. Virus is "pantropic" and affects most organ systems.The disease is characterized by a prominent rash and hemorrhages in many organs and is often fatal. First seen among laboratory workers in Marburg, Germany, exposed to African green monkeys. Some person-to-person spread has been observed. Attempts to isolate virus should be done only in high-security laboratories.Marburg virus d;
Marburg virus d. Marburg d
Marchiafava-Bignami d. a disorder recognized primarily by its pathological features, consisting of demyelination of the corpus callosum and cortical laminar necrosis involving the frontal and temporal lobes. Occurs predominantly in chronic alcoholics, particularly wine drinkers.
Marek's d. See avian lymphomatosis.
Marfan's d. Marfan's syndrome
margarine d. erythema multiforme caused by an emulsifying agent used in the manufacture of margarine.
Marie's d. a hypertrophic osteopathy of dogs in which osseous changes of the limbs are associated with intrathoracic lesions such as pulmonary neoplasms; also occurs in horses, cattle, and sheep.
Marie-Strümpell d. ankylosing spondylitis
Marion's d. a congenital obstruction of the posterior urethra.
Martin's d. a periosteoarthritis of the foot from excessive walking.
McArdle's d. type 5 glycogenosis
McArdle-Schmid-Pearson d. type 5 glycogenosis
mechanobullous d. (mek´an-o-bul-ous) epidermolysis bullosa [G. mechane, machine, + bullous]
Meige's d. [MIM*153200] autosomal dominant lymphedema with onset at about the age of puberty.
Ménétrier's d. gastric mucosal hyperplasia, either mucoid or glandular; the latter type may be associated with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.giant hypertrophy of gastric mucosa, hypertrophic gastritis, Ménétrier's syndrome;
Ménière's d. an affection characterized clinically by vertigo, nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, and progressive deafness due to swelling of the endolymphatic duct.auditory vertigo, endolymphatic hydrops, labyrinthine vertigo, Ménière's syndrome;
mental d. See mental illness.
Merzbacher-Pelizaeus d. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher d
metabolic d. generic term for disease caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be a congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of function of a metabolic important organ such as the liver.
Meyenburg's d. relapsing polychondritis
Meyer-Betz d. myoglobinuria
mianeh d. Persian relapsing fever
Mibelli's d. porokeratosis
microcystic d. of renal medulla cystic d. of renal medulla
micrometastatic d. the condition of a patient who has had all clinically evident cancer removed, but who may be expected to have a recurrence from metastases that are too small to be apparent.
Mikulicz' d. benign swelling of the lacrimal, and usually also of the salivary glands in consequence of an infiltration of and replacement of the normal gland structure by lymphoid tissue. See also Mikulicz' syndrome, Sjögren's syndrome.
Milian's d. ninth-day erythema
Milroy's d. [MIM*153100] the congenital type of autosomal dominant lymphedema.
Milton's d. angioedema
Minamata d. a neurologic disorder caused by methyl mercury intoxication; first described in the inhabitants of Minamata Bay, Japan, resulting from their eating fish contaminated with mercury industrial waste. Characterized by peripheral sensory loss, tremors, dysarthria, ataxia, and both hearing and visual loss.
miner's d. 1. ancylostomiasis, miner's nystagmus
minimal-change d. lipoid nephrosis
Mitchell's d. erythromelalgia
mixed connective-tissue d. d. with overlapping features of various systemic connective-tissue d.'s and with serum antibodies to nuclear ribonucleoprotein.
molecular d. a d. in which the manifestations are due to alterations in molecular structure and function.
Mondor's d. thrombophlebitis of the thoracoepigastric vein of the breast and chest wall.
Monge's d. chronic mountain sickness
Morgagni's d. Adams-Stokes syndrome
Morquio's d. Morquio's syndrome
Morquio-Ullrich d. Morquio's syndrome
Morvan's d. syringomyelia
Moschcowitz' d. thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
motor neuron d. (MND) a general term including progressive spinal muscular atrophy (infantile, juvenile, and adult), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive bulbar paralysis, and primary lateral sclerosis; frequently a familial d.motor system d;
motor system d. motor neuron d
mountain d. a term that can mean acute altitude sickness; also used for chronic disease characterized by low oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, due to low partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air plus alveolar hypoventilation that develops in some individuals, especially older people. Polycythemia leads to florid skin color but cyanosis appears on mild exertion, along with dyspnea, fatigue, headache, and mental torpor. A person so afflicted returns to normal shortly after return to lower altitude.
moyamoya d. a cerebrovascular disorder occurring predominantly in the Japanese, in which the vessels of the base of the brain become occluded and revascularized with a fine network of vessels; it occurs commonly in young children and is manifested by convulsions, hemiplegia, mental retardation, and subarachnoid hemorrhage; the diagnosis is made by the angiographic picture. [Jap. addlebrained]
Mucha-Habermann d. pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
mucosal d. bovine virus diarrhea
multicore d. nonprogressive congenital myopathy characterized by weakness of proximal muscles, multifocal degeneration of the muscle fibers, and eccentric areas of decreased or absent oxidative enzyme activity in muscles.
Nairobi sheep d. a d. of sheep in East Africa caused by Nairobi sheep d. virus, a member of the family Bunyaviridae, transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and characterized by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with high fever.
navicular d. a common cause of lameness in horses, especially light racing animals; it is essentially a chronic osteitis of the navicular bone associated with bursitis and inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis; occurs most frequently in the forefeet and is believed to be due to damage from frequent and severe strain.navicularthritis;
Neftel's d. paresthesia of the head and trunk, and extreme discomfort in any but the recumbent position.
Neumann's d. pemphigus vegetans (1)
neutral lipid storage d. Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome
Newcastle d. an acute febrile, and contagious d. of fowls resembling fowl plague, caused by a Paramyxovirus (Newcastle d. virus) and characterized by high infectivity and respiratory and nervous symptoms; it is readily transmissible to man, in whom it causes a severe but transient conjunctivitis.Ranikhet d; [Newcastle upon Tyne, England, where first reported]
new duck d. infectious serositis
Nicolas-Favre d. venereal lymphogranuloma
Niemann d. Niemann-Pick d
Niemann-Pick d. [MIM*257200] lipid histiocytosis with accumulation of sphingomyelin in histiocytes in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; cerebral involvement may occur at a late stage, with red macular spots less common than in Tay-Sachs d.; occurs most commonly in Jewish infants and leads to early death; a more benign form may occur rarely in adults; autosomal recessive inheritance. Type I Neimann-Pick d. is due to a deficiency of sphingomyelinase; the cause of Type II Niemann-Pick d. (or, secondary Niemann-Pick d.) is unknown.Niemann d., sphingomyelin lipidosis;
nil d. lipoid nephrosis
nodular d. oesophagostomiasis in herbivores and primates, characterized by nodules in the wall of the large intestine, cecum, and occasionally, the ileum; the nodules are filled with caseous material and result from host response to encystment of the larvae of Oesophagostomum species.
Norrie's d. [MIM*310600] congenital bilateral masses of tissue arising from the retina or vitreous and resembling glioma (pseudoglioma), usually with atrophy of iris and development of cataract; associated mental retardation and deafness; X-linked recessive inheritance.
notifiable d. a d. that, by statutory requirements, must be reported to the public health or veterinary authorities when the diagnosis is made because of its importance to human or animal health.reportable d;
oasthouse urine d. [MIM*250900] an inherited metabolic defect in the absorption of methionine which is converted by intestinal bacteria to a-hydroxybutyric acid; characterized by diarrhea, tachypnea, and marked urinary excretion of a-hydroxybutyric acid (causing an odor like that of an oasthouse). [oast, kiln for drying hops, malt, or tobacco]
occupational d. a morbid condition resulting from exposure to an agent during the usual performance of one's occupation. Cf. industrial d.
Ofuji's d. eosinophilic pustular folliculitis
Oguchi's d. [MIM*258100] a rare, congenital, nonprogressive night blindness with yellow or gray coloration of fundus; after 2 or 3 hours in total darkness, normal color of fundus returns; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Ollier's d. enchondromatosis
Ondiri d. bovine petechial fever
Oppenheim's d. amyotonia congenita (1)
organic d. a d. in which there are anatomical or pathophysiological changes in some bodily tissue or organ, in contrast to a functional disorder; particularly one of psychogenic origin.
Ormond's d. retroperitoneal fibrosis
orphan d. a d. for which no treatment has been developed because of its rarity (affecting no more than 200,000 persons in the U.S.). See also orphan products, under product.
Osgood-Schlatter d. epiphysial aseptic necrosis of the tibial tubercle.apophysitis tibialis adolescentium, Schlatter's d., Schlatter-Osgood d;
Osler's d. 1. polycythemia vera
Osler-Vaquez d. polycythemia vera
Otto's d. a d. characterized by an inward bulging of the acetabulum into the pelvic cavity, resulting from arthritis of the hip joints, usually due to rheumatoid arthritis.arthrokatadysis, Otto pelvis, protrusio acetabuli;
Owren's d. [MIM*227400] a congenital deficiency of factor V, resulting in prolongation of prothrombin time and coagulation time.
Paas' d. a familial skeletal deformation marked by coxa valga, double patella, shortening of the middle and terminal phalanges of fingers and toes, deformities of the elbows, scoliosis, and spondylitis deformans of the lumbar vertebrae; all of these manifestations may be unilateral or bilateral.
Pacheco's d. a highly contagious, acute d. of psittacine birds caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by bright yellow urates with scant feces, icterus, and terminal anorexia.
Paget's d. 1. a generalized skeletal disease, frequently familial, of older persons in which bone resorption and formation are both increased, leading to thickening and softening of bones (e.g., the skull), and bending of weight-bearing bones;osteitis deformans; 2. a d. of elderly women, characterized by an infiltrated, somewhat eczematous lesion surrounding and involving the nipple and areola, and associated with subjacent intraductal cancer of the breast and infiltration of the lower epidermis by malignant cells; 3. extramammary Paget d
Panner's d. epiphysial aseptic necrosis of the capitellum of the humerus.
paper mill worker's d. extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by moldy wood pulp containing spores of Alternaria fungi.
parasitic d. a d. due to the presence and vital activity of a parasite, or as a reaction to a parasite.
Parkinson's d. parkinsonism (1)
parrot d. psittacosis
Parrot's d. 1. pseudoparalysis in infants, due to syphilitic osteochondritis; 2. marasmus
Parry's d. Graves' d
Pauzat's d. osteoplastic periostitis or fatigue fractures of the metatarsal bones, caused by excessive marching.
Pavy's d. cyclic or recurrent physiologic albuminuria.
Paxton's d. trichomycosis axillaris
pearl-worker's d. inflammatory hypertrophy of the bones affecting grinders of mother-of-pearl.
Pel-Ebstein d. Pel-Ebstein fever
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher d. [MIM*260600] a sudanophilic leukodystrophy with a tigroid appearance of the myelin resulting from patchy demyelination. Type 1-classic, nystagmus and tremor appearing in the first few months of life, followed by slow motor development sometimes with choreoathetosis, spasticity, optic atrophy and seizures, with death in early adulthood, X-linked recessive inheritance; type 2-contralateral form with death in months to years after birth, X-linked recessive inheritance; type 3-transitional, with death in the first decade; type 4-adult form associated with involuntary movements, ataxia and hyperreflexia, but without nystagmus; type 5-variant forms. Cockayne is sometimes included as a sixth form.Merzbacher-Pelizaeus d;
Pellegrini's d. a calcific density in the medial collateral ligament and/or bony growth at the internal condyle of the femur.Pellegrini-Stieda d;
Pellegrini-Stieda d. Pellegrini's d
pelvic inflammatory d. (PID) acute or chronic inflammation in the pelvic cavity, particularly, suppurative lesions of the upper female genital tract; e.g., salpingitis and its complications.PID is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted diseases, including chlamydia and gonorrhea, that have ascended into the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries as a result of intercourse or childbirth, or of surgical procedures, including insertion of IUDs or abortion. It may be either symptomatic (acute phase, 5-10 days and subsequently symptom free) or asymptomatic. The rate of PID varies with age group, with the highest rate reported in women 20-29 years old. Because of scarring damage, PID accounts for a share of tubal infertility (estimated at 1.7% in the U.S., based on 1988 figures). It also may raise the risk of ectopic pregnancy (about a 1 in 16 chance for women who have had PID, versus 1 in 147 for all women).
periodic d. any condition or d. in which episodes tend to recur at regular intervals; many such cases are manifestations of familial Mediterranean fever; the cause of the periodicity is usually unknown.
perna d. halogen or chloric acne occurring in workers in perchlornaphthalin. [perchlornaphthalin]
Perthes d. Legg-Calvé-Perthes d
Pette-Döring d. nodular panencephalitis
Peyronie's d. a d. of unknown cause in which there are plaques or strands of dense fibrous tissue surrounding the corpus cavernosum of the penis, causing deformity and painful erection; sometimes associated with Dupuytren's contracture.penile fibromatosis, van Buren's d;
Pick's d. progressive circumscribed cerebral atrophy; a rare type of cerebrodegenerative disorder manifested primarily as dementia, in which there is striking atrophy of portions of the frontal and temporal lobes.Pick's syndrome; [F. Pick]
pink d. acrodynia (2)
plaster of Paris d. atrophy of bone in a limb which has been encased for some time in a plaster of Paris splint.
Plummer's d. eponym sometimes applied to hyperthyroidism resulting from a nodular toxic goiter, usually not accompanied by exophthalmos.
polycystic d. of kidneys polycystic kidney
polycystic liver d. polycystic liver
Pompe's d. type 2 glycogenosis
Portuguese-Azorean d. Machado-Joseph
Posadas d. coccidioidomycosis
Potter's d. Potter's facies
Pott's d. tuberculous spondylitis
poultry handler's d. extrinsic allergic alveolitis similar to bird-breeder's lung, caused by inhalation of particulate emanations from domesticated fowl such as chickens and turkeys.
pregnancy d. of sheep a highly fatal metabolic d. of well-nourished ewes in the late stages of pregnancy, especially in ewes carrying twin lambs; it is caused by carbohydrate depletion of the blood and tissues, and is characterized by hypoglycemia, ketonuria, fatty infiltration of the liver, rapid emaciation, coma, and a high death rate.lambing paralysis, lambing sickness;
primary d. a d. that arises spontaneously and is not associated with or caused by a previous disease, injury, or event, but which may lead to a secondary d.
Pringle's d. adenoma sebaceum
pseudo-Hurler d. infantile, generalized GM1 gangliosidosis
pullorum d. an infectious d. of chicks and other young birds caused by the bacterium Salmonella pullorum, which is carried in the ovaries of adult hens and appears in the eggs; in incubator-hatched birds, the d. usually involves the lungs and air sacs, but often spreads in flocks of young birds as an alimentary tract infection manifested by severe diarrhea followed by septicemia and death.diarrhea alba, white diarrhea;
pulpy kidney d. an enterotoxemia of sheep caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens type D and characterized by sudden death preceded in some cases by excitement, incoordination, and convulsions; also occurs in goats and rarely in cattle.
pulseless d. Takayasu's arteritis
Purtscher's d. Purtscher's retinopathy
pyramidal d. buttress foot
quiet hip d. Legg-Calvé-Perthes d
Quincke's d. angioedema
rabbit hemorrhagic d. a highly infectious d. of rabbits, caused by a calicivirus and characterized by hemorrhagic lesions, particularly affecting the lungs and liver; since it was first identified in China in 1984, it has been reported from Korea, it has spread through Europe, and it has reached North Africa and Mexico.
ragpicker's d. pulmonary anthrax
ragsorter's d. , rag-sorter's d. pulmonary anthrax
rag-sorter's d.
railroad d. transport tetany
Ranikhet d. Newcastle d [Ranikhet, town in northern India]
rat-bite d. rat-bite fever
Raussly d. a rare autosomal dominant neurological disorder with many of the clinical features of hereditary hypertrophic sensorimotor polyneuropathy combined with an essential tremor.hereditary areflexic dystasia;
Rayer's d. biliary xanthomatosis
Raynaud's d. Raynaud's syndrome
Recklinghausen's d. of bone osteitis fibrosa cystica
Recklinghausen's d. type I type 2 neurofibromatosis. See neurofibromatosis.
Refsum's d. [MIM*266500] a rare degenerative disorder transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and caused by the absence of phytanic acid a-hydroxylase; clinically characterized by retinitis pigmentosa, demyelinating polyneuropathy, deafness, nystagmus, and cerebellar signs; infantile Refsum's d. [MIM *266510] is an impaired peroxisomal function with accumulation of phytanic acid, pipecolic acid, etc; autosomal recessive inheritance.heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, Refsum's syndrome;
Reiter's d. Reiter's syndrome
reportable d. >notifiable d
rhesus d. sensitization of the mother during pregnancy to Rh factor in fetal blood, leading to erythroblastosis fetalis.
rheumatic d. See rheumatism.
rheumatic heart d. d. of the heart resulting from rheumatic fever, chiefly manifested by abnormalities of the valves.
rheumatoid d. rheumatoid arthritis, referring particularly to nonarticular lesions such as subcutaneous nodules.
Ribas-Torres d. a mild form of smallpox. See also variola minor.
rice d. beriberi, the original outbreaks of which were caused by feeding people rice from which the husks had been removed (polished rice), decreasing the vitamin B1 content of the rice.
Riedel's d. Riedel's thyroiditis
Riga-Fede d. ulceration of the lingual frenum in teething infants, related to abrasion of the tissue against the new central incisors.
Robinson's d. ohbsolete term for hidrocystoma(s) occurring in the skin of the face, especially in the region of the eyes.
Roger's d. a congenital cardiac anomaly consisting of a small, isolated, asymptomatic defect of the interventricular septum.maladie de Roger;
Rokitansky's d. 1. acute yellow atrophy of the liver 2. Chiari's syndrome
Romberg's d. facial hemiatrophy
Rosai-Dorman d. sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy
Rosenbach's d. 1. Heberden's nodes, under node 2. erysipeloid
Roth-Bernhardt d. meralgia paraesthetica
Roth's d. meralgia paraesthetica
Rougnon-Heberden d. angina pectoris
round heart d. a spontaneous cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology that affects young turkeys; characterized by sudden death due to cardiac arrest.
Roussy-Lévy d. [MIM*180800] a type of cerebellar ataxia regularly associated with wasting of the calves and intrinsic muscles of the hands and with absent tendon reflexes; pes cavus and claw toes develop; autosomal dominant inheritance.Roussy-Lévy syndrome;
Rubarth's d. infectious canine hepatitis
runt d. a graft versus host reaction in mice first observed following intravenous injection of allogeneic spleen cells into newborn animals.wasting d;
Rust's d. tuberculosis of the two upper cervical vertebrae and their articulations.malum vertebrale suboccipitale, spondylarthrocace (2) , spondylocace (2);
salivary gland d. disorder of salivary glands; i.e., Sjögren's syndrome.
salivary gland virus d. See cytomegalic inclusion d.
Salla d. (sal´ya) an autosomal recessive disorder in which there is a defect in the transport of free sialic acid across lysosomal membranes.
salmon d. salmon poisoning
Sandhoff's d. [MIM*268800] an infantile form of GM2 gangliosidosis characterized by a defect in the production of hexosaminidases A and B; it resembles Tay-Sachs disease, but occurs predominantly (if not entirely) in non-Jewish children; accumulation of glucoside and ganglioside Gm2.
sandworm d. an inflammatory eruption on the inner side of the sole, observed in certain parts of Australia, marked by a patch of erythema spreading in spirals, and disappearing spontaneously; probably a form of creeping eruption similar to larva migrans.
San Joaquin Valley d. primary coccidioidomycosis
Schenck's d. sporotrichosis
Scheuermann's d. epiphysial aseptic necrosis of vertebral bodies.adolescent round back, juvenile kyphosis, osteochondritis deformans juvenilis dorsi;
Schilder's d. term used to describe at least two separate disorders described by Schilder: 1) Diffuse sclerosis or encephalitis periaxialis diffusa; a nonfamilial disorder affecting primarily children and young adults and characterized by progressive dementia, visual disturbances, deafness, pseudobulbar palsy, and hemiplegia or quadriplegia. Most patients die within a few years of onset; pathologically, there is a large, asymmetrical area of myelin destruction, sometimes involving an entire cerebral hemisphere, and typically with extension across the corpus callosum. 2) The leukodystrophies.encephalitis periaxialis diffusa, Flatau-Schilder d;
Schindler d. (shind´ler) an autosomal recessive disorder with deficient activity of a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase resulting in accumulation of glycoproteins and other substrates which are deposited in terminal axons, primarily in gray matter.
Schlatter's d. , Schlatter-Osgood d. Osgood-Schlatter d
Scholz' d. former eponym for the juvenile form of metachromatic leukodystrophy.
Schönlein's d. Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Schottmueller's d. paratyphoid fever
Schüller's d. Hand-Schüller-Christian d
sclerocystic d. of the ovary polycystic ovary syndrome
sea-blue histiocyte d. [MIM*269600] splenomegaly and mild thrombocytopenia, with histiocytes in the bone marrow which contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright blue; sometimes familial; perhaps a lipidosis; autosomal recessive inheritance.
secondary d. 1. a d. that follows and results from an earlier disease, injury, or event; 2. a wasting disorder that follows successful transplantation of bone marrow into a lethally irradiated host; frequently severe and usually associated with fever, anorexia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and desquamation. See also graft versus host d.
self-limited d. a d. process that resolves spontaneously with or without specific treatment.
Senear-Usher d. pemphigus erythematosus
senile hip d. malum coxae senile
serum d. serum sickness
sexually transmitted d. (STD) See venereal disease.
Shaver's d. bauxite pneumoconiosis
shimamushi d. (she-ma-mu´she) tsutsugamushi d
sickle cell d. sickle cell anemia
sickle cell C d. [MIM*141900] a d. resulting from abnormal sickle-shaped erythrocytes (containing hemoglobin C and S) which appear in response to a lowering of the partial pressure of oxygen; characterized by anemia, crises due to hemolysis or vascular occlusion, chronic leg ulcers and bone deformities, and infarcts of bone or of the spleen.
sickle cell-thalassemia d. microdrepanocytic anemia
silo-filler's d. a pulmonary lesion produced by oxides of nitrogen due to fresh silage; in its acute form it may lead to death from pulmonary edema or may go on to a subacute or chronic proliferative pulmonary disease sometimes leading to chronic pulmonary invalidism.
Simmonds' d. anterior pituitary insufficiency due to trauma, vascular lesions, or tumors; usually developing postpartum as a result of pituitary necrosis caused by ischemia during a hypotensive episode during delivery; characterized clinically by asthenia, loss of weight and body hair, arterial hypotension, and manifestations of thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal hypofunction.hypophysial cachexia, pituitary cachexia;
Simons' d. progressive lipodystrophy
sixth d. exanthema subitum
sixth venereal d. venereal lymphogranuloma
Sjögren's d. Sjögren's syndrome
skinbound d. scleroderma (usually applied to extensive involvement).
slipped tendon d. a manganese-deficiency perosis in the young chick, which allows the tendons on the caudal aspect of the tarsus to displace medially and laterally, so that the chick squats and walks on the plantar surface of the limbs.
slow virus d. a d. that follows a slow, progressive course spanning months to years, frequently involving the central nervous system, and ultimately leading to death, such as visna and maedi of sheep, caused by viruses of the subfamily Lentivirinae (family Retroviridae), and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, seemingly caused by the measles virus; spongiform encephalopathies including kuru of man, scrapie of sheep, and transmissible encephalopathy of mink may also be classified under slow virus d. but their respective etiologic agents have not been adequately characterized.
Sneddon-Wilkinson d. subcorneal pustular dermatosis
social d.'s obsolete term used to designate venereal d.'s, especially gonorrhea and syphilis.
specific d. a d. produced by the action of a special pathogenic microorganism.
Spielmeyer-Sjögren d. cerebral sphingolipidosis, late juvenile type.
Spielmeyer-Stock d. retinal atrophy in amaurotic familial idiocy.
Spielmeyer-Vogt d. cerebral sphingolipidosis, late juvenile type.Vogt-Spielmeyer d;
Stargardt's d. [MIM*248200] fundus flavimaculatus initiated with atrophic macular lesions.
Steele-Richardson-Olszewski d. progressive supranuclear palsy
Steinert's d. myotonic dystrophy
Sticker's d. erythema infectiosum
stiff lamb d. a muscular dystrophy occurring in young lambs fed on ewe's milk or on feed that is deficient in vitamin E or selenium, or both. See also white muscle d.
Still's d. a form of juvenile chronic arthritis (formerly juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) characterized by high fever and signs of systemic illness that can exist for months before the onset of arthritis.
Stokes-Adams d. Adams-Stokes syndrome
stone-mason's d. silicosis
storage d. a generic term that includes any accumulation of a specific substance within tissues, generally because of congenital deficiency of an enzyme necessary for further metabolism of the substance; e.g., glycogen-storage d.'s.
Strümpell-Marie d. ankylosing spondylitis
Strümpell's d. 1. spondylitis deformans 2. acute epidemic leukoencephalitis
Strümpell-Westphal d. Wilson's d. (1)
Sturge-Weber d. Sturge-Weber syndrome
Stuttgart d. the uremic form of canine leptospirosis.canine typhus;
Sulzberger-Garbe d. d. resembling an exudative form of nummular eczema described in Jewish males with oval lesions on the penis, trunk, and face.exudative discoid and lichenoid dermatitis, Sulzberger-Garbe syndrome;
Sutton's d. 1. halo nevus [R. L. Sutton] 2. aphthae major, under aphtha [R. L. Sutton, Jr.]
Swediauer's d. Albert's d
sweet clover d. a hemorrhagic d., due to dicumarol which causes marked reduction in prothrombin, occurring in cattle fed on sweet clover fodder, spoiled during curing.
Sweet's d. acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
Swift's d. acrodynia (2)
swineherd's d. a leptospirosis caused by a leptospira occurring in those who attend swine or who are occupied in the slaughtering or processing of pork, and characterized by aches and pains throughout the body, fever, headache, dizziness, and nausea.
swine vesicular d. a contagious disease of swine caused by a porcine enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae, closely related to the human enterovirus Coxsackie B-5, and characterized by vesicular lesions and erosions of the epithelium of the mouth, nares, snout, and feet; human infections have been reported in laboratory workers.
swollen belly d. a fatal d. of infants infected with Strongyloides fuelleborni subsp. kellyi; appears in localized areas of New Guinea.swollen belly syndrome;
Sydenham's d. Sydenham's chorea
Sylvest's d. epidemic pleurodynia
systemic autoimmune d.'s a group of connective tissue d.'s characterized by the presence of autoantibodies responsible for immunopathologically mediated tissue lesions; systemic lupus erythematosus is the prototype.
systemic febrile d.'s generic term for diseases characterized by fever.
Takahara's d. acatalasia
Takayasu's d. Takayasu's arteritis
Tangier d. analphalipoproteinemia [an island in the Chesapeake Bay, home of the family of first cases described]
Taussig-Bing d. Taussig-Bing syndrome
Taylor's d. diffuse idiopathic cutaneous atrophy.
Tay-Sachs d. a lysosomal storage disease, resulting from hexosaminidase A deficiency. The monosialoganglioside is stored in central and peripheral neuronal cells. Infants present with hyperacusis and irritability, hypotonia, and failure to develop motor skills. Blindness with macular cherry red spots and seizures are evident in the first year. Death occurs within a few years. Autosomal-recessive transmission; found primarily in Jewish populations.infantile GM2 gangliosidosis;
Teschen d. porcine polioencephalomyelitis; a d. of swine caused by porcine enterovirus 1 and resembling human poliomyelitis; it is characterized by stiffness, convulsions, paralysis, and prostration, and is widespread in Europe, with most serious losses occurring in Poland and the Czech Republic and Slóvakia.infectious porcine encephalomyelitis, porcine polioencephalomyelitis; [Teschen, Silisia]
Theiler's d. 1. mouse encephalomyelitis 2. equine serum hepatitis
Thiemann's d. Thiemann's syndrome
third d. rubella
Thomsen's d. myotonia congenita
Thygeson's d. superficial punctate keratitis
thyrocardiac d. heart d. resulting from hyperthyroidism.
thyrotoxic heart d. cardiac symptoms, signs, and physiologic impairment due to overactivity of the thyroid gland usually due to excessive sympathetic stimulation.
Tommaselli's d. hemoglobinuria and pyrexia due to quinine intoxication.
Tornwaldt's d. inflammation or obstruction of the pharyngeal bursa or an adenoid cleft with the formation of a cyst containing pus.
torsion d. of childhood dystonia musculorum deformans
Tourette's d. Tourette syndrome
Trevor's d. tarsoepiphyseal aclasis
tropical d.'s infectious and parasitic d.'s endemic in tropical and subtropical zones, including Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis, leprosy, malaria, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, sleeping sickness, yellow fever, and others; often water- or insect-borne. See also emerging viruses, under virus.
tsutsugamushi d. (su´su-ga-mu´she) an acute infectious disease, caused by Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by Trombicula akamushi and T. deliensis, that occurs in harvesters of hemp in some parts of Japan; characterized by fever, painful swelling of the lymphatic glands, a small blackish scab on the genitals, neck, or axilla, and an eruption of large dark red papules.akamushi d., flood fever, inundation fever, island d., island fever, Japanese river fever, kedani fever, mite typhus, scrub typhus, shimamushi d., tropical typhus, tsutsugamushi fever;
tunnel d. ancylostomiasis
Tyzzer's d. an acute d. of many animal species (especially laboratory animals such as mice and rabbits) caused by the bacterium Bacillus piliformis and characterized by depression, diarrhea, and sudden death.
Underwood's d. sclerema neonatorum
Unna's d. seborrheic dermatitis
Unverricht's d. [MIM*254800] a progressive myoclonic epilepsy; one of the degenerative gray matter disorders characterized by myoclonus and generalized seizures, with progressive neurological and intellectual decline; age of onset between 8 and 13 years of age; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Urbach-Wiethe d. lipoid proteinosis
vagabond's d. parasitic melanoderma
vagrant's d. parasitic melanoderma
van Buren's d. Peyronie's d
Vaquez' d. polycythemia vera
veldt d. heartwater
venereal d. any contagious d. acquired during sexual contact; e.g., syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid.
veno-occlusive d. of the liver obliterating endophlebitis of small hepatic vein radicles, described in Jamaican children, associated with ingestion of toxic plant substances in bush tea; causes ascites, which may progress to cirrhosis.
Vidal's d. obsolete term for lichen simplex chronicus.
Vincent's d. necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Virchow's d. megacephaly
virus X d. a term applied to a number of virus d.'s of obscure etiology, e.g., Australian X d. (Murray Valley encephalitis).
Vogt-Spielmeyer d. Spielmeyer-Vogt d
Voltolini's d. d. of the labyrinth, leading to deafmutism, in young children.
von Economo's d. A unique encephalitis, presumably viral in origin, which followed the influenza pandemic of 1914-1918. Symptoms included ophthalmoplegia and marked somnolence, and in many survivors, the delayed development of Parkinson's disease; the basis for postencephalitic Parkinsonism.encephalitis lethargica, polioencephalitis infectiva;
von Gierke's d. type 1 glycogenosis
von Meyenburg's d. relapsing polychondritis
von Recklinghausen d. type 1 neurofibromatosis. See neurofibromatosis.
von Willebrand's d. [MIM*193400] a hemorrhagic diathesis characterized by tendency to bleed primarily from mucous membranes, prolonged bleeding time, normal platelet count, normal clot retraction, partial and variable deficiency of factor VIIIR, and possibly a morphologic defect of platelets; autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. Type III von Willebrand's d. is a more severe disorder with markedly reduced factor VIIIR levels. There is a recessive version of this disease [MIM*277480] which has the remarkable property that it represents a mutation at the same locus as the undominant form.
Voorhoeve's d. osteopathia striata
Wagner's d. hyaloideoretinal degeneration
Wardrop's d. onychia maligna
wasting d. runt d
Weber-Christian d. relapsing febrile nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis
Wegner's d. syphilitic osteochondritis
Weil's d. A form of leptospirosis generally caused by Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae, believed to be acquired by contact with the urine of infected rats; characterized clinically by fever, jaundice, muscular pains, conjunctival congestion, and albuminuria; agglutinins regularly appear in the serum.infectious icterus, infectious jaundice (1) , Larrey-Weil d;
Weir Mitchell's d. erythromelalgia
Werdnig-Hoffmann d. infantile spinal muscular atrophy
Werlhof's d. obsolete term for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Wernicke's d. Wernicke's syndrome
Werther's d. dermatitis nodularis necrotica
Wesselsbron d. Wesselsbron fever
Westphal's d. Wilson's d. (1)
Whipple's d. a rare d. characterized by steatorrhea, frequently generalized lymphadenopathy, arthritis, fever, and cough; many "foamy" macrophages are found in the jejunal lamina propria; lymph nodes contain periodic acid-Schiff positive particles that appear bacilliform by electron microscopy.
white muscle d. a nutritional myopathy of young animals, manifested by stiffness and soreness; cardiac muscle damage is frequent, and affected muscles exhibit whitish, chalklike streaks, which are degenerated fibers; it is due to a deficiency of vitamin E or selenium, or both, and is seen most frequently in calves and lambs but has also been reported in other species.
white spot d. morphea guttata
Whitmore's d. melioidosis
Wilkie's d. superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Wilson's d. 1. disorder characterized by cirrhosis, d. in the basal ganglia of the brain, and deposition of green pigment in the periphery of the cornea; the plasma levels of ceruloplasmin and copper are decreased, urinary excretion of copper is increased, and the amounts of copper in the liver, brain, kidneys, and lenticular nucleus are unusually high, while cytochrome oxidase is reduced; autosomal recessive inheritance;hepatolenticular degeneration (2) , hepatolenticular d., lenticular progressive degeneration, pseudosclerosis (2) , Strümpell-Westphal d., Westphal's d., Westphal's pseudosclerosis, Westphal-Strümpell pseudosclerosis, Wilson's syndrome; See also Kayser-Fleischer ring. [S. A. K. Wilson] 2. exfoliative dermatitis [Sir W.J.E. Wilson]
Winiwarter-Buerger d. thromboangiitis obliterans
Winkler's d. chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis
Wohlfart-Kugelberg-Welander d. juvenile spinal muscular atrophy
Wolman's d. See cholesterol ester storage d. Cf. cholesterol ester storage d.
woolsorter's d. , wool-sorter's d. pulmonary anthrax
Woringer-Kolopp d. a benign localized form of lymphoma with solitary or closely grouped cutaneous tumors consisting of predominantly epidermal infiltration of mononuclear cells resembling those found in mycosis fungoides.pagetoid reticulosis;
X d. one of several viral d.'s of obscure etiology.
X d. of cattle bovine hyperkeratosis
yellow d. xanthochromia
Ziehen-Oppenheim d. dystonia musculorum deformans



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disengagement disengagement (dis-en-gaj´ment)
1. The act of setting free or extricating; in childbirth, the emergence of the head from the vulva. 2. Ascent of the presenting part from the pelvis after the inlet has been negotiated. [Fr.]



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disequilibrium disequilibrium (dis-e´kwi-lib´re-um)
A disturbance or absence of equilibrium.
genetic d. a state in the genetic composition of a population which under selection may be expected to change toward an equilibrium or absorbing state.
linkage d. a state involving two loci in which the probability of a joint gamete is not equal to the product of the probabilities of the constituent genes. The difference between these quantities is the increase of the d.; there are many causes of the d.



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disgerminoma disgerminoma (dis-jer-mi-no´ma)
dysgerminoma



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DISH DISH
Abbreviation for diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.



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dish dish
A shallow container, usually concave.
Petri d. a small, shallow, circular d. made of thin glass or clear plastic with a loosely fitting, overlapping cover used especially in microbiology for the cultivation of microorganisms on solid media; it is frequently referred to as a plate.
Stender d. a flat shallow vessel used in staining sections.



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disharmony disharmony (dis-har´mo-ne)
The state of being deranged or lacking in orderliness.
occlusal d. 1. contacts of opposing occlusal surfaces of teeth which are not in harmony with other tooth contacts and with the anatomic and physiologic control of the mandible; 2. occlusions which do not coincide with their respective jaw relations. See also deflective occlusal contact.



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DISIDA DISIDA
Abbreviation for diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid or disofenin.



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disimpaction disimpaction (dis´im-pak´shun)
Separation of impaction in a fractured bone. 2. Removal of feces, usually manually, in fecal impaction.



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disinfect disinfect (dis-in-fekt´)
To destroy pathogenic microorganisms in or on any substance or to inhibit their growth and vital activity.



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disinfectant disinfectant (dis-in-fek´tant)
1. Capable of destroying pathogenic microorganisms or inhibiting their growth activity. 2. An agent that possesses this property.
complete d. a d. that kills both vegetative forms and spores.
incomplete d. a d. that kills only the vegetative forms, leaving the spores uninjured.



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disinfection disinfection (dis-in-fek´shun)
Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins or vectors by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents.
concurrent d. application of disinfective measures as soon as possible after discharge of infectious material from the body of an infected person, or after soiling of articles with such infectious discharges.
terminal d. application of disinfective measures after the patient has been removed, e.g., by death, or has ceased to be a source of infection.



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disinfestation disinfestation
Physical or chemical process to destroy or remove small undesirable animal forms, particularly arthropods or rodents, present upon the person, clothing, or environment of an individual or domestic animals.



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disinhibition disinhibition (dis´in-hi-bish´un)
Inhibition of an inhibition; removal of an inhibitory effect by a stimulus, as when a conditioned reflex has undergone extinction but is restored by some extraneous stimulus.



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disinsection disinsection , disinsectization (dis-in-sek´shun, dis´in-sek-ti-za´shun)
Freeing an area from insects. [L. dis-, apart, + insect]



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disintegration disintegration (dis-in-te-gra´shun)
1. Loss or separation of the component parts of a substance, as in catabolism or decay. 2. Disorganization of psychic and behavioral processes. [dis- + L. integer, whole, intact]



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disinvagination disinvagination (dis´in-vaj-i-na´shun)
Relieving an invagination.



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disjunction disjunction (dis-junk´shun)
The normal separation of pairs of chromosomes at the anaphase stage of meiosis I or II. [dis- + L. junctio, a joining, fr. jungo, pp. junctum, to join]



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disk disk
1. lamella (2) 2. In dentistry, a circular piece of thin paper or other material, coated with an abrasive substance, used for cutting and polishing teeth and fillings. [L. discus; G. diskos, a quoit, disk]
A d.'s A bands, under band
acromioclavicular d. articular disc of acromioclavicular joint
anisotropic d.'s A bands, under band
articular d. articular disc
articular d. of temporomandibular joint the fibrocartilaginous plate that separates the joint into upper and lower cavities.discus articularis temporomandibularis [NA] , mandibular d., temporomandibular articular d;
blastodermic d. the aggregation of blastomeres of a telolecithal ovum after cleavage has occurred.
blood d. platelet
Bowman's d.'s d.'s resulting from transverse segmentation of striated muscular fiber treated with weak acids, certain alkaline solutions, or freezing.
Burlew d. an abrasive-impregnated rubber wheel used in dentistry for polishing.Burlew wheel;
choked d. papilledema
ciliary d. orbiculus ciliaris
cone d.'s membranous d.'s of flattened sacs about 14 nm thick that occur in the outer segment of cones of the retina.
cuttlefish d. a circle of paper or thin plastic coated with ground cuttlefish bone; used, when attached to a mandrel and rotated by a dental handpiece, for fine smoothing and finishing of dental materials and tooth.
diamond d. a steel d. with the cutting surface(s) covered with fine diamond chips, for use in a dental handpiece.
embryonic d. germinal d
emery d.'s d.'s of paper or other materials coated with emery powder used to abrade or smooth the surface of teeth or fillings.
germinal d. , germ d. the point in a telolecithal ovum where the embryo begins to be formed.embryonic d., germinal area, area germinativa;
H d. H band
hair d. a richly innervated area of skin around a hair follicle, consisting of a thickened layer of epithelial cells in which ramify unmyelinated terminals of a single axon.
Hensen's d. H band
herniated d. protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral d. into the intervertebral foramen with potential compression of a nerve root or into the spinal canal with potential compression of the cauda equina in the lumbar region or the spinal cord at higher levels.protruded d., ruptured d;
I d. I band
intercalated d. a specialized intercellular attachment of cardiac muscle comprising gap junctions, fascia adherens, and occasionally desmosomes.
intermediate d. Z line
interpubic d. interpubic disc
intervertebral d. intervertebral disc
isotropic d. I band
mandibular d. articular d. of temporomandibular joint
Merkel's tactile d. tactile meniscus
Newton's d. a d. on which are seven colored sectors, each occupying proportionally the same space as the corresponding primary color in the spectrum; when the disk is rapidly rotated it appears white.
optic d. an oval area of the ocular fundus devoid of light receptors where the axons of the retinal ganglion cell converge to form the optic nerve head;discus nervi optici [NA] , blind spot (3) , Mariotte's blind spot, optic nerve head, optic papilla, papilla nervi optici, porus opticus;
Placido da Costa's d. keratoscope
proligerous d. cumulus oöphorus
protruded d. herniated d
Q d.'s A bands, under band
radioulnar d. , radioulnar articular d. articular disc of distal radioulnar joint
Ranvier's d.'s tactile nerve endings, of cupped disklike form, in the skin.
rod d.'s membranous d.'s of flattened sacs about 14 nm thick that occur in the outer segment of rods of the retina.
ruptured d. herniated d
sandpaper d.'s d.'s of paper coated with various grits of silica; used to abrade or smooth the surface of teeth or dental materials.
stenopeic d. , stenopaic d. a metallic or other opaque d. with a narrow slit through which one looks; used as a test for astigmatism.
sternoclavicular d. , sternoclavicular articular d. articular disc of sternoclavicular joint
stroboscopic d. a revolving d. that gives successive views of a moving object.
tactile d. tactile meniscus
temporomandibular articular d. articular d. of temporomandibular joint
transverse d. one of the dark transverse bands seen on examining a striated muscular fiber under the microscope.
triangular d. of wrist articular disc of distal radioulnar joint
Z d. Z line



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diskitis diskitis (dis-kI´tis)
discitis



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disko- disko-
See disco-.



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diskogram diskogram (dis´ko-gram)
The graphic record, usually radiographic, of diskography.



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diskography diskography (dis-kog´ra-fe)
Radiographic demonstration of intervertebral disk by injection of contrast media into the nucleus pulposus. [disco- + G. grapho, to write]



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dislocate dislocate (dis´lo-kat)
To luxate; to put out of joint.



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dislocatio dislocatio (dis-lo-ka´she-o)
dislocation [L.]
d. erec´ta a subglenoid dislocation of the shoulder in which, when the arm is held vertically with the hand on top of the head, the head of the humerus is inferiorly placed.



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dislocation dislocation (dis-lo-ka´shun)
Displacement of an organ or any part; specifically a disturbance or disarrangement of the normal relation of the bones entering into the formation of a joint.dislocatio, luxation (1); [L. dislocatio, fr. dis-, apart, + locatio, a placing]
d. of articular processes complete d. of one or both articular processes, usually with overriding of the inferior articular process of the vertebra above into a position anterior to the superior articular process of the vertebra below.locked facets;
closed d. a d. not complicated by an external wound.simple d;
compound d. open d
fracture d. dislocation associated with or accompanied by a fracture.
Kienböck's d. d. of semilunar bone.
Nélaton's d. wedging of the astragalus between the widely separated tibia and fibula, usually complicated with fracture.
open d. a d. complicated by a wound opening from the surface down to the affected joint.compound d;
perilunar d. d. of carpal bones around the lunate, which remains in relation to the radius; distinguish from d. of lunate, Kienböck's d.
simple d. closed d



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dismember dismember (dis-mem´ber)
To amputate an arm or leg.



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dismutase dismutase (dis´myu-tas)
Generic name for enzymes catalyzing the reaction of two identical molecules to produce two molecules in differing states of oxidation (e.g., superoxide dismutase) or of phosphorylation (e.g., glucose 1-phosphate phosphodismutase).



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dismutation dismutation (dis´myu-ta´shun)
A reaction involving a single substance but producing two products; e.g., two molecules of acetaldehyde may react, producing an oxidation product (acetic acid) and a reduction product (ethyl alcohol).



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disobliteration disobliteration (dis´ob-lit-er-a´shun)
Opening of a pathologically closed channel.



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disofenin disofenin (dI´so-fen-in)
diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid



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disomic disomic (dI-so´mik)
Relating to disomy.



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disomy disomy (dI´so-me)
The state of an individual or cell having two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes; the normal state in humans, in contrast to monosomy and trisomy. 2. An abnormal chromosome represented twice in a single cell. [G. dis, two, + soma, body]



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disopromine disopromine (di-so-pro´men)
diisopromine



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disopyramide disopyramide (dI-so-pir´a-mId)
a-[2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl]-a-phenyl-2-pyridineacetamide;an antiarrhythmic drug.



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disorder disorder (dis-or´der)
A disturbance of function, structure, or both, resulting from a genetic or embryologic failure in development or from exogenous factors such as poison, trauma, or disease.
adjustment d.'s 1. a class of mental and behavioral d.'s in which the development of symptoms is related to the presence of some environmental stressor or life event and is expected to remit when the stress ceases; 2. a d. whose essential feature is a maladaptive reaction to an identifiable psychological stress, or stressors, that occurs within weeks of the onset of the stressors and persists for up to six months; the maladaptive nature of the reaction is indicated by impairment in occupational (including school) functioning, or in usual social activities or relationships with others, or with symptoms that are in excess of a normal or expectable reaction to the stressor.
affective d.'s a class of mental d.'s characterized by a disturbance in mood.
affective personality d. a disturbance of feelings or mood expressed as a milder form of depression and related emotional features that color the whole psychic life and for which psychosocial stressors are believed to play the major role.
antisocial personality d. a personality d. characterized by a history of continuous and chronic antisocial behavior with disregard for and violation of the rights of others, beginning before the age of 15; early childhood signs include chronic lying, stealing, fighting, and truancy; in adolescence there may be unusually early or aggressive sexual behavior, excessive drinking, and use of illicit drugs, such behavior continuing in adulthood.
anxiety d.'s a category of interrelated mental illnesses involving anxiety reactions in response to stress. The types include: 1) generalized anxiety, by far the most prevalent condition, which strikes slightly more females than males, mostly in the 20-35 age group; 2) panic d., in which a person suffers repeated panic attacks. Some 2-5 percent of Americans are subject to this ailment, about twice as many women as men; 3) obsessive-compulsive d., afflicting 2-3 percent of the U.S. population. About two-thirds of these patients go on to experience a major depressive episode; 4) posttraumatic stress disorder, most frequent among combat veterans or survivors of major physical trauma; and 5) the phobias (e.g., fear of snakes, crowds, confinement, heights, etc.), which on a minor scale affect about one in eight people in the U.S. Drugs that have proven effective against anxiety d.'s are beta blockers, which act on adrenaline receptors; anxiolytics; antidepressants; and serotonergic drugs. Regular exercise has also proved beneficial.
asthenic personality d. asthenic personality
attention deficit d. a d. of attention and impulse control with specific DSM criteria, appearing in childhood and sometimes persisting to adulthood. Hyperactivity may be a feature, but is not necessary for the diagnosis. Previously erroneously identified as minimal brain dysfunction.
attention deficit hyperactivity d. a disorder of childhood and adolescence manifested at home, in school, and in social situations by developmentally inappropriate degrees of inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity; also called hyperactivity or hyperactive child syndrome.hyperactive child syndrome;
autistic d. autism, infantile autism
autonomic d. disorganization of autonomic processes.
avoidant d. of adolescence avoidant d. of childhood
avoidant d. of childhood a mental d. occurring in childhood or adolescence characterized by an excessive shrinking away from contact with people who are unfamiliar.avoidant d. of adolescence;
avoidant personality d. See avoidant personality.
behavior d. general term used to denote mental illness or psychological dysfunction, specifically those mental, emotional, or behavioral subclasses for which organic correlates do not exist. See antisocial personality d.
bipolar d. an affective d. characterized by the occurrence of alternating periods of euphoria (mania) and depression.manic-depressive psychosis;
body dysmorphic d. a psychosomatic (somatoform) d. characterized by preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance in a normal-appearing person.dysmorphophobia;
borderline personality d. a mental d. in which the symptoms are not continually psychotic yet are not strictly neurotic: may include impulsivity and unpredictability, unstable interpersonal relationships, inappropriate or uncontrolled anger, identity disturbances, rapid shifts of mood, suicidal acts, self-mutilations, job and marital instability, chronic feelings of emptiness or boredom, and intolerance of being alone.
character d. a term referring to a group of behavioral d.'s, now replaced by a more general term, personality d., of which character d.'s are now a subclass.
conduct d. a mental d. of childhood or adolescence characterized by a persistent pattern of of violating societal norms and the rights of others; children with the d. may exhibit physical aggression, cruelty to animals, vandalism and robbery, along with truancy, cheating, and lying. See borderline personality d.
conversion d. a mental d. in which an unconscious emotional conflict is expressed as an alteration or loss of physical functioning, usually controlled by the voluntary nervous system.
cumulative trauma d.'s (CTD) chronic d.'s involving muscle inflammation and nerve damage, often resulting from work-related physical activities.CTDs now account for half of all occupational illnesses in the U.S. The ailments, including repetitive motion disorders and carpal tunnel syndrome, result when the body is subjected to direct pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements for prolonged periods of time, as in the use of computer keyboards for data entry or order processing. Carpal tunnel syndrome, a swelling of the tendons in the wrist sheathing the median nerve, now accounts for 40% of all worker compensation claims and was called "the occupational disease of the 1980s." It results in temporary or permanent numbness, pain in the fingers, and loss or impairment of the ability to grasp. Generally CTDs are treated with heat or cold, corticosteroid injections, immobilization, or physical therapy, but surgery is also performed-over 100,000 operations each year for carpal tunnel syndrome alone. Prevention appears to be the best approach. Workers at risk of CTDs are advised to suspend the responsible activity for 15 minutes every 2 hours. Physicans can play a role by becoming involved in ergonomic assessments of the workplace.
cyclothymic d. an affective d. characterized by mood swings including periods of hypomania and depression; a form of depressive disorder.
cyclothymic personality d. cyclothymic personality
delusional d. a severe mental d. characterized by the presence of delusions. The delusions may be related to paranoid, grandiose, somatic, or erotic themes.
dependent personality d. asthenic personality
depersonalization d. schizophrenia
dissociative d.'s a group of mental d.'s characterized by a disturbance in functions of identity, memory, and consciousness; includes multiple personality d., psychogenic fugue, psychogenic amnesia, and depersonalization d.
dysthymic d. a chronic disturbance of mood characterized by mild depression or loss of interest in usual activities. See depression.
eating d.'s a class of mental d.'s including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, pica, and rumination d. of infancy.
emotional d. See mental illness, behavior d.
erotomanic type of paranoid d. the false belief that one is loved by another such as a movie star or a casual acquaintance.
factitious d. a mental d. in which the individual intentionally produces symptoms of illness or feigns illness for psychological reasons rather than for environmental goals.
familial bipolar mood d. bipolar mood d. commonly inherited as an autosomal dominant [MIM*125480] trait and also occasionally as an X-linked one [MIM*309200].
functional d. a physical d. with no known or detectable organic basis to explain the symptoms. See behavior d., neurosis.dynamic disease, functional disease, functional illness;
Gaucher d. Gaucher's disease
gender identity d.'s a class of mental d.'s characterized by an incongruity between an assigned culturally determined set of attitudes, behavior patterns, and physical characteristics associated with masculinity or femininity and gender identity. See also transsexualism.
generalized anxiety d. chronic, repeated episodes of anxiety reactions; a psychological d. in which anxiety or morbid fear and dread accompanied by autonomic changes are prominent features. See anxiety.
grandiose type of paranoid d. a delusion in which the person believes that he or she possesses some great but unrecognized talent or insight, or has made an important discovery, with subsequent efforts toward official or public recognition.
Hartnup d. Hartnup disease
histrionic personality d. a d. characterized by a persuasive pattern of excessive and shallow emotionality, attention-seeking, demanding of approval and reassurance, beginning in early childhood and present in a variety of contexts; also called hysterical personality disorder.
identity d. a mental d. of childhood or adolescence in which one suffers severe distress regarding one's ability to reconcile aspects of the self into a coherent acceptable sense of self.
immune complex d. immune complex disease
immunoproliferative d.'s d.'s in which there is a continuing proliferation of cells of the immunocyte complex associated with autoallergic disturbances and gamma-globulin abnormalities such as in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, "macroglobulinemias," and multiple myeloma.
impulse control d. a class of mental d.'s characterized by an individual's failure to resist an impulse to perform some act harmful to himself or to others; includes pathological gambling, pedophilia, kleptomania, pyromania, trichotillomania, intermittent and isolated explosive d.'s.
induced psychotic d. a severe mental disorder brought about by a toxic agent such as a drug or hallucinogen. See psychosis.
intermittent explosive d. an uncommon disorder that begins in early childhood, characterized by repeated acts of violent, aggressive behavior in otherwise normal persons that is markedly out of proportion to the event that provokes it.dyscontrol, episodic dyscontrol syndrome;
isolated explosive d. a d. of impulse control characterized by a single episode of failure to resist a violent, externally directed act which had serious impact on others.
jealous type of paranoid d. the false belief that one's spouse or lover is unfaithful and leading to repeated confrontation, or the taking of extraordinary steps to intervene in the imagined infidelity.
kinky-hair d. kinky-hair disease
late luteal phase dysphoric d. premenstrual syndrome
LDL receptor d. abnormality in clearance of LDL from the plasma due to abnormality in LDL receptor activity; causes hypercholesterolemia.
major mood d. See bipolar d., affective psychosis, endogenous depression, dysthymia.
manic-depressive d. obsolete term for one of the mood disorders; i.e., bipolar disorder, depression; affective psychosis, affective disorder, bipolar disorder, and endogenous depression.
mental d. a psychological syndrome or behavioral pattern that is associated with either subjective distress or objective impairment. See also mental illness, behavior d.
mood d.'s a group of mental disorders involving a disturbance of mood, accompanied by either a full or partial manic or depressive syndrome that is not due to any other physical or mental disorder. Mood refers to a prolonged emotion that colors the whole psychic life; it generally involves either depression or elation; e.g., manic episode, major depressive episode, bipolar disorders, and depressive disorder (see separate entries for each).Established in 1987 for the revised edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III, this category includes types of depression (formerly unipolar depression) and manic depression (formerly bipolar depression), as well as conditions with cyclic patterns, such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Many of the mood disorders, which have proven unresponsive to traditional psychological talk therapies, are highly responsive to treatment with drugs.
multiple personality d. a sudden, gradual, transient, or chronic psychological disorder whose essential feature is a disturbance or alteration in the normally integrated functions of identity, memory, or consciousness. See also multiple personality.
narcissistic personality d. a psychological d. with a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), hypersensitivity to the evaluation of others, and lack of empathy that begins by early adulthood and is manifested in a variety of contexts.
neuropsychologic d. a disturbance of mental function due to brain trauma, associated with one of more of the following: neurocognitive, psychotic, neurotic, behavioral, or psychophysiologic manifestations, or mental impairment. See also mental illness.
obsessive-compulsive d. a type of anxiety d. whose essential feature is recurrent obsessions, persistent, intrusive ideas, thoughts, impulses or images, or compulsions (repetitive, purposeful, and intentional behaviors performed in response to an obsession) sufficiently severe to cause marked distress, be time-consuming, or to significantly interfere with the individual's normal routine, occupational functioning, or usual social activities or relationships with others. See also obsessive-compulsive personality d.obsessive-compulsive neurosis;
obsessive-compulsive personality d. a psychological d. with a pervasive pattern of inflexible perfectionism which begins by early adulthood as indicated by many of the following symptoms: (1) an unattainable perfectionism with overly strict standards which often make it impossible to complete a task; (2) preoccupation with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or scheduling to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost; (3) unreasonable insistence that others submit to exactly his or her way of doing things; (4) an unnecessary, excessive devotion to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships; (5) rumination to the point of indecisiveness; (6) overconscientiousness about matters of morality, ethics, or values; (7) restricted expression of affection; (8) lack of generosity in giving time, money, or gifts when no personal gain is likely to result; and (9) an inability to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value.obsessional neurosis;
oppositional d. a mental d. of childhood or adolescence marked by a pattern of disobedient, negativistic, and provocative opposition to authority figures.
organic mental d. a psychological, cognitive, or behavioral abnormality associated with transient or permanent dysfunction of the brain, usually characterized by the presence of an organic mental syndrome.
overanxious d. a mental d. of childhood or adolescence marked by excessive worrying and fearful behavior not related specifically to separation or due to recent stress.
panic d. recurrent panic attacks that occur unpredictably. See generalized anxiety d.
paranoid d. delusion
paranoid personality d. a personality d. that is less debilitating than is the paranoid or delusional paranoid d.; the essential feature is a pervasive and unwarranted tendency, beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, to misinterpret the actions of others as deliberately exploitive, harmful, demeaning, or threatening.
persecutory type of paranoid d. one of the most common of the types of paranoid disorders, it involves a single theme or series of connected themes, such as being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisoned or drugged, maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals; small slights may be exaggerated and become the focus of a delusional system. See paranoia. Cf. paranoid personality d.
personality d. general term for a group of behavioral d.'s characterized by usually lifelong, ingrained, maladaptive patterns of deviant behavior, life style, and social adjustment that are different in quality from psychotic and neurotic symptoms; former designations for individuals with these personality d.'s were psychopath and sociopath. See also antisocial personality d.
pervasive developmental d. a class of mental disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence characterized by distortions in the development of the multiple basic psychological functions involved in the development of social skills and language.
plasma iodoprotein d. See familial goiter.
posttraumatic stress d. development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is generally outside the range of usual human experience; symptoms include numbed responsiveness to environmental stimuli, a variety of autonomic and cognitive dysfunctions, and dysphoria.
psychogenic pain d. a d. in which the principal complaint is pain that is out of proportion to objective findings and that is related to psychological factors.
psychosomatic d. , psychophysiologic d. a d. characterized by physical symptoms of psychic origin, usually involving a single organ system innervated by the autonomic nervous system; physiological and organic changes stem from a sustained disturbance.
reactive attachment d. a mental d. of infancy or early childhood characterized by disturbed social relatedness; thought to be caused by grossly pathologic care.
REM behavior d. a d. characterized by lack of the atonia of voluntary muscles that normally occurs in REM sleep.
rumination d. a mental d. occurring in infancy characterized by repeated regurgitation of food; usually accompanied by weight loss or failure to gain weight.
schizophreniform d. (skiz´o-fren´I-form) a d. whose essential features are identical with those of schizophrenia, with the exception that the duration including prodromal, active, and residual phases is less than six months.
seasonal affective d. (SAD) a depressive mood disorder that occurs at approximately the same time year after year and spontaneously remits at the same time each year. The most common type is winter depression and it is characterized by morning hypersomnia, low energy, increased appetite, weight gain, and carbohydrate craving, all of which remit in the spring.
separation anxiety d. a mental d. occurring in childhood characterized by excessive anxiety when the child is separated from someone to whom the child is attached, usually a parent.
shared psychotic d. folie à deux
sleep terror d. See night-terrors.
somatization d. a mental d. characterized by presentation of a complicated medical history and of physical symptoms referring to a variety of organ systems, but without a detectable or known organic basis. See conversion, hysteria.
somatoform d. a group of d.'s in which physical symptoms suggesting physical d.'s for which there are no demonstrable organic findings or known physiologic mechanisms, and for which there is positive evidence, or a strong presumption that the symptoms are linked to psychological factors; e.g., hysteria, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, and pain disorder.
substance abuse d.'s a class of mental d.'s in which behavioral and biological changes are associated with regular use of alcohol, drugs, and related substances that affect the central nervous system and personal and social functioning.
substance-induced organic mental d.'s mental d.'s caused by use of drugs, e.g., cocaine.
thought process d. an intellectual function symptom of schizophrenia, manifested by irrelevance and incoherence of verbal productions ranging from simple blocking and mild circumstantiality to total loosening of associations.
visceral d. nomenclature used in reference to psychosomatic d.



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disorganization disorganization (dis-or´gan-i-za´shun)
Destruction of an organ or tissue with consequent loss of function.



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disorientation disorientation (dis´or-e-en-ta´shun)
Loss of the sense of familiarity with one's surroundings (time, place, and person); loss of one's bearings.



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disparate disparate (dis´pa-rat)
Unequal; not alike. [L. dis-paro, pp. -atus, to separate, fr. paro, to prepare]



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disparity disparity (dis-par´i-te)
The condition of being disparate. [L. dispar, dissimilar]
fixation d. the amount of heterophoria possible with fusion present.
retinal d. the slight difference in retinal images that arises because of the lateral separation of the two eyes that stimulates stereoscopic vision.



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dispensary dispensary (dis-pen´ser-e)
1. A physician's office, especially the office of one who dispenses medicines. 2. The office of a hospital pharmacist, where medicines are given out on physicians' orders. 3. An outpatient department of a hospital. [L. dis-penso, pp. -atus, to distribute by weight, fr. penso, to weigh]



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Dispensatory Dispensatory (dis-pen´sa-to-re)
A work originally intended as a commentary on the Pharmacopeia, but now more of a supplement to that work, which contains an account of the sources, mode of preparation, physiologic action, and therapeutic uses of most of the agents, official and nonofficial; used in the treatment of disease. [L. dispensator, a manager, steward; see dispensary]



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dispense dispense (dis-pens´)
To give out medicine and other necessities to the sick; to fill a medical prescription.



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dispermy dispermy , dispermia (dI´sper-me, dI-sperm´e-a)
Entrance of two spermatozoa into one ovum.



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dispersal dispersal (dis-per´sal)
dispersion (1)
flash d. the property of rapid disintegration of a tablet when placed on the tongue.



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disperse disperse (dis-pers´)
To dissipate, to cause disappearance of, to scatter, to dilute.



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dispersion dispersion (dis-per´zhun)
1. The act of dispersing or of being dispersed.dispersal; 2. Incorporation of the particles of one substance into the mass of another, including solutions, suspensions, and colloidal dispersions (solutions). 3. Specifically, what is usually called a colloidal solution. [L. dispersio]
coarse d. suspension (4)
colloidal d. colloidal solution
molecular d. d. in which the dispersed phase consists of individual molecules; if the molecules are of less than colloidal size, the result is a true solution.
optical rotatory d. (ORD) the change in optical rotation with the wavelength of the incident monochromatic polarized light; the displacement of the former from zero within the absorption band is known as the Cotton effect.
temporal d. asynchronous repolarization of myocardial fibers that predisposes to abnormal current flow and ectopic rhythms (especially with bradyarrhythmias).



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dispersity dispersity (dis-per´si-te)
The extent to which the dimensions of particles have been reduced in colloid formation.



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dispersoid dispersoid (dis-per´soyd)
A colloidal solution in which the dispersed phase can be concentrated by centrifugation.dispersion colloid, molecular dispersed solution;



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dispireme dispireme (dI-spI´rem)
The double chromatin skein in the telophase of mitosis. [G. di-, twice, + speirema, coil, convolution]



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displaceability displaceability (dis-plas-a-bil´i-te)
The capability of, or susceptibility to, displacement.
tissue d. the property of tissue that permits it to be moved from an initial or relaxed position or form.compression of tissue;



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displacement displacement (dis-plas´ment)
1. Removal from the normal location or position. 2. The adding to a fluid (particularly a gas) in an open vessel one of greater density whereby the first is expelled. 3. In chemistry, a change in which one element, radical, or molecule is replaced by another, or in which one element exchanges electric charges with another by reduction or oxidation. 4. In psychiatry, the transfer of impulses from one expression to another, as from fighting to talking.
affect d. a shift of feeling from the object originally arousing it to some associated object.
mesial d. mesioversion
tissue d. the change in the form or position of tissues as a result of pressure.



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Disse Disse
Josef, German anatomist, 1852-1912. See D.'s space.



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dissect dissect (di-sekt´, dI-)
1. To cut apart or separate the tissues of the body for study. 2. In an operation, to separate the different structures along natural lines by dividing the connective tissue framework. [L. dis-seco, pp. -sectus, to cut asunder]



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dissection dissection (di-sek´shun, dI-)
The act of dissecting.anatomy (3) , necrotomy (1);
aortic d. a pathologic process, characterized by splitting of the media layer of the aorta, which leads to formation of a dissecting aneurysm. Classified according to location as follows: type I involves the ascending aorta, transverse arch, and distal aorta; type II is confined to the ascending aorta; type III extends distally in the descending aorta.



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disseminated disseminated (di-sem´i-na-ted)
Widely scattered throughout an organ, tissue, or the body. [L. dis-semino, pp. -atus, to scatter seed, fr. semen (-min-), seed]



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dissepiment dissepiment (di-sep´i-ment)
A separating tissue, partition, or septum. [L. dis- sepio, pp. -septus, to divide by a fence]



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dissimilation dissimilation (di-sim-i-la´shun)
1. disassimilation 2. catabolism



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dissimulation dissimulation (di-sim-yu-la´shun)
Concealment of the truth about a situation, especially about a state of health or during a mental status examination, as by a malingerer or someone with a factitious disorder. [L. dissimulatio, fr. dissimulo, to feign, fr. dis, apart, + simillis, same]



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dissociation dissociation (di-so-se-a´shun, -she-a´shun)
1. Separation, or a dissolution of relations.disassociation; 2. The change of a complex chemical compound into a simpler one by any lytic reaction or by ionization. 3. An unconscious process by which a group of mental processes is separated from the rest of the thinking processes, resulting in an independent functioning of these processes and a loss of the usual relationships; for example, a separation of affect from cognition. See multiple personality. [L. dis-socio, pp. -atus, to disjoin, separate, fr. socius, partner, ally]
albuminocytologic d. increased protein in the cerebrospinal fluid without increase in cell count, characteristic of the Guillain-Barré syndrome; it is also associated with spinal block and with intracranial neoplasia, and is seen in the last phases of poliomyelitis.
atrial d. mutually independent beating of the two atria or of parts of the atria.
atrioventricular d. (AVD) , A-V d. 1. any situation in which atria and ventricles are activated and contract independently, as in complete A-V block; 2. more specifically, the d. between atria and ventricles that results from slowing of the atrial pacemaker or acceleration of the ventricular pacemaker at nearly equal (rarely equal) rates, each depolarizing its own chamber, thus interfering with depolarization by the other (interference-dissociation).
complete atrioventricular d. , complete A-V d. 1. A-V d. not interrupted by ventricular captures; 2. complete A-V block
electromechanical d. persistence of electrical activity in the heart without associated mechanical contraction; often a sign of cardiac rupture.
incomplete atrioventricular d. , incomplete A-V d. A-V d. interrupted by ventricular captures.
interference d. the simultaneous operation of two separate cardiac pacemaking foci that are unassociated because of interference (a normal physiologic phenomenon) due to rendering their respective territories refractory to each other. Usually atrioventricular d. is indicated, the rates being quite close to each other with the atrial rate slightly faster than that of the pacemaker in control of the ventricles. Capture is in either direction, usually the ventricle by the atrium, in incomplete d. hd. by interference;
d. by interference interference d
isorhythmic d. A-V d. characterized by equal or closely similar atrial and ventricular rates.
light-near d. pupillary light-near dissociation
longitudinal d. d. between parallel chambers of the heart, as between one atrium and the other or between one ventricle and the other, in contrast to d. between atria and ventricles.
pupillary light-near d. See pupillary light-near dissociation.
sleep d. sleep paralysis
syringomyelic d. loss of pain and temperature sensation with relative retention of tactile sensation, related to a cavity in the central portion of the cord interrupting the decussation of nerve fibers.
tabetic d. loss of proprioceptive sensation with retained pain and temperature sensation due to involvement of the posterior columns of the spinal cord.



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dissolve dissolve (di-zolv)
To change or cause to change from a solid to a dispersed form by immersion in a fluid of suitable properties. [L. dis-solvo, pp. -solutus, to loose asunder, to dissolve]



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dissonance dissonance (di´so-nans)
In social psychology and attitude theory, an aversive state which arises when an individual is minimally aware of inconsistency or conflict within himself. See cognitive dissonance theory. [L. dissonus, discordant, confused]
cognitive d. a motivational state studied by social and clinical psychologists which exists when a person's attitudes, perceptions, and related d. state are inconsistent with each other, e.g., hating blacks but admiring Martin Luther King.



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dissymmetry dissymmetry (di-sim´e-tre)
asymmetry [dis- + symmetry]



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distad distad (dis´tad)
Toward the periphery; in a distal direction.



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distal distal (dis´tal)
1. Situated away from the center of the body, or from the point of origin; specifically applied to the extremity or distant part of a limb or organ. 2. In dentistry, away from the median sagittal plane of the face, following the curvature of the dental arch.distalis [NA]; [L. distalis]



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distalis distalis (dis-ta´lis) [NA]
distal



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distance distance (dis´tans)
The measure of space between two objects. [L. distantia, fr. di-sto, to stand apart, be distant]
focal d. the d. from the center of a lens to its focus.
infinite d. the limit of distant vision, the rays entering the eyes from an object at that point being practically parallel.infinity;
interarch d. 1. the vertical d. between the maxillary and mandibular arches under conditions of vertical dimensions which must be specified; 2. the vertical d. between maxillary and mandibular ridges.interalveolar space, interridge d;
interocclusal d. 1. the vertical d. between the opposing occlusal surfaces, assuming rest relation unless otherwise designated;interocclusal rest space (1); 2. freeway space
interridge d. interarch d
large interarch d. a large d. between the maxillary and mandibular arches; may also imply an excessive vertical dimension.open bite (1);
pupillary d. the d. between the center of each pupil; the major reference points in measuring for fitting of spectacle frames and lenses.
reduced interarch d. an occluding vertical dimension which results in an excessive interocclusal d. when the mandible is in rest position, and in a reduced interridge d. when the teeth are in contact.
small interarch d. a small d. between the maxillary and mandibular arches.close bite;
sociometric d. some measurable degree of mutual or social perception, acceptance, and understanding; hypothetically, greater sociometric d. is associated with more inaccuracy in evaluating a relationship (e.g., it is easier to understand and deal with a native than a foreigner).



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distemper distemper (dis-tem´per)
1. canine d 2. panleukopenia [L. dis- priv. + tempero, to qualify, temper, fr. tempus, time]
canine d. a highly contagious systemic disease of dogs caused by the canine d. virus and characterized by a diphasic fever, leukopenia, gastrointestinal and respiratory catarrh and, frequently, pneumonic and neurological complications; the disease also occurs in foxes, wolves, ferrets, mink, skunks, and raccoons.distemper (1);
feline d. panleukopenia



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distensibility distensibility (dis-ten-si-bil´i-te)
The capability of being distended or stretched. [L. dis- tendo, to stretch apart]



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distention distention , distension (dis-ten´shun)
The act or state of being distended or stretched. See also dilation. [L. dis-tendo, to stretch apart]



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distichiasis distichiasis (dis´tI-kI´a-sis)
A congenital, abnormal, accessory row of eyelashes. [G. di- double, + stichos, row]



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distill distill (dis-til´)
To extract a substance by distillation.



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distillate distillate (dis´ti-lat)
The product of distillation.



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distillation distillation (dis-ti-la´shun)
Volatilization of a liquid by heat and subsequent condensation of the vapor; a means of separating the volatile from the nonvolatile, or the more volatile from the less volatile, part of a liquid mixture. [L. de-(di-)stillo, pp. -atus, to drop down]
destructive d. dry d
dry d. submission of an organic substance to heat in a closed vessel so that oxygen is absent and combustion prevented, with the objective of effecting its decomposition with release of volatile constituents and the formation of new substances.destructive d;
fractional d. d. of a compound liquid at varying degrees of heat whereby the components of different boiling points are collected separately.
molecular d. d. in high vacuum, intended to make possible use of low temperatures to minimize damage to thermally labile molecules that would be decomposed by boiling at higher temperatures.



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distobuccal distobuccal (dis-to-buk´kal)
Relating to the distal and buccal surfaces of a tooth; denoting the angle formed by their junction.



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distobucco-occlusal distobucco-occlusal (dis´to-buk´o-o-klu´sal)
Relating to the distal, buccal, and occlusal surfaces of a bicuspid or molar tooth; denoting especially the angle formed by the junction of these surfaces.



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distobuccopulpal distobuccopulpal (dis´to-buk´o-pul´pal)
Relating to the point (trihedral) angle formed by the junction of a distal, buccal, and pulpal wall of a cavity.



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distocervical distocervical (dis-to-ser´vi-kal)
Relating to the line angle formed by the junction of the distal and cervical (gingival) walls of a class V cavity.



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distoclusal distoclusal (dis-to-klu´sal)
1. Relating to or characterized by distoclusion. 2. Denoting a compound cavity or restoration involving the distal and occlusal surfaces of a tooth. 3. Denoting the line angle formed by the distal and occlusal walls of a class V cavity.disto-occlusal;



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distoclusion distoclusion (dis-to-klu´zhun)
A malocclusion in which the mandibular arch articulates with the maxillary arch in a position distal to normal; in Angle's classification, a Class II malocclusion.distal occlusion (2);



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distogingival distogingival (dis-to-jin´ji-val)
Relating to the junction of the distal surface with the gingival line of a tooth.



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distoincisal distoincisal (dis´to-in-sI´zal)
Relating to the line (dihedral) angle formed by the junction of the distal and incisal walls of a class V cavity in an anterior tooth.



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distolabial distolabial (dis-to-la´be-al)
Relating to the distal and labial surfaces of a tooth; denoting the angle formed by their junction.



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distolabiopulpal distolabiopulpal (dis´to-la´be-o-pul´pal)
Relating to the point (trihedral) angle formed by the junction of distal, labial and pulpal walls of the incisal part of a class IV (mesioincisal) cavity.



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distolingual distolingual (dis-to-ling´gwal)
Relating to the distal and lingual surfaces of a tooth; denoting the angle formed by their junction.



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distolinguo-occlusal distolinguo-occlusal (dis´to-ling´gwo-o-klu´zal)
Relating to the distal, lingual, and occlusal surfaces of a bicuspid or molar tooth; denoting especially the angle formed by the junction of these surfaces.



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Distoma Distoma (dis´to-ma)
Obsolete term for various digenetic flukes, now referred to other genera; e.g., Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, Paragonimus, Opisthorchis, Clonorchis, Dicrocoelium, Heterophyes, and Schistosoma.Distomum; [G. di-, two, + stoma, mouth]



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distomiasis distomiasis , distomatosis (dis´to-mI´a-sis, -ma-to´sis)
Presence in any of the organs or tissues of digenetic flukes formerly classified as Distoma or Distomum; in general, infection by any parasitic trematode or fluke.
hemic d. schistosomiasis
pulmonary d. paragonimiasis



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distomolar distomolar (dis-to-mo´lar)
A supernumerary tooth located in the region posterior to the third molar tooth.



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Distomum Distomum (dis´to-mum)
Distoma



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disto-occlusal disto-occlusal (dis´to-o-klu´sal)
distoclusal



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disto-occlusion disto-occlusion (dis´to-o-klu´zhun)
distal occlusion (1)



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distoplacement distoplacement (dis´to-plas-ment)
distoversion



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distopulpal distopulpal (dis-to-pul´pal)
Relating to the line (dihedral) angle formed by the junction of the distal and pulpal walls of a cavity.



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distortion distortion (dis-tor´shun)
1. In psychiatry, a defense mechanism that helps to repress or disguise unacceptable thoughts. 2. In dental impressions, the permanent deformation of the impression material after the registration of an imprint. 3. A twisting out of normal shape or form. [L. distortio, fr. dis-torqueo, to wrench apart]
parataxic d. an attitude toward another person based on a distorted evaluation, usually because of too close an identification of that person with emotionally significant figures in the patient's past life.



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distoversion distoversion (dis´to-ver-zhun)
Malposition of a tooth distal to normal, in a posterior direction following the curvature of the dental arch.distoplacement;



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distractibility distractibility (dis-trak-tI-bil´i-te)
A disorder of attention in which the mind is easily diverted by inconsequential occurrences; seen in mania and attention deficit disorder.



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distraction distraction (dis-trak´shun)
1. Difficulty or impossibility of concentration or fixation of the mind. 2. Extension of a limb to separate bony fragments or joint surfaces. [L. dis-traho, pp. -tractus, to pull in different directions]



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distress distress (dis-tres´)
Mental or physical suffering or anguish. [L. distringo, to draw asunder]
fetal d. any threatening or adverse condition of the fetus, caused by stress; some of the criteria for recognition of fetal d. are cardiac arrhythmia, bradycardia, and tachycardia.



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distribution distribution (dis-tri-byu´shun)
1. The passage of the branches of arteries or nerves to the tissues and organs. 2. The area in which the branches of an artery or a nerve terminate, or the area supplied by such an artery or nerve. 3. The relative numbers of individuals in each of various categories or populations such as in different age, sex, or occupational samples. See frequency d. [L. dis-tribuo, pp. -tributus, to distribute, fr. tribus, a tribe]
Bernoulli d. the probability d. associated with two mutually exclusive and exhaustive outcomes, e.g., death or survival.
binomial d. 1. a probability d. associated with two mutually exclusive outcomes, e.g., presence or absence of a clinical sign. 2. the possible array of the number of successes in the outcomes from a fixed number, n, of independent Bernoulli trials; the probabilities associated with each constitute a binomial process of order n.
chi-square d. (kI) a variable is said to have a chi-square d. with K degrees of freedom if it is distributed like the sum of the squares of K independent random variables, each of which has a normal (gaussian) d. with mean zero and variance one. The chi square d. is the basis for many variations of the chi-square(d) test, perhaps the most widely used test for statistical significance in biology and medicine.
countercurrent d. a method of separation of two or more substances by repeated distribution between two immiscible liquid phases that move past each other in opposite directions; a form of liquid-liquid chromatography.
dermatomal d. dermatome (3)
epidemiological d. See histogram.
exponential d. the time until failure of a process at constant hazard.
f d. the d. of the ratio of two independent quantities each of which is distributed like a variance in normally distributed samples. So named in honor of the English statistician and geneticist R.A. Fisher.
frequency d. a statistical description of raw data in terms of the number or frequency of items characterized by each of a series or range of values of a continuous variable.
gaussian d. normal d
lognormal d. if a variable y is such that x = log y, it is said to have a lognormal d.; this is a skew d.
multinomial d. probability distribution associated with the classification of each of a sample of individuals into one of several mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories.
normal d. a specific bell-shaped frequency d. commonly assumed by statisticians to represent the infinite population of measurements from which a sample has been drawn; characterized by two parameters, the mean (x) and the standard deviation (sigma), in the equation:gaussian curve, gaussian d;
Poisson d. 1. a discontinuous d. important in statistical work and defined by the equation p (x) = e -mumux/ x!, where e is the base of natural logarithms, x is the sequence of integers, mu is the mean, and x! represents the factorial of x. 2. a d. function used to describe the occurrence of rare events, or the sampling d. of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space.
skew d. an asymmetrical frequency d.; in biology and medicine it is usually a lognormal d.
t d. the d. of the quotient of independent random variables, the numerator of which is a standardized normal variate and the denominator the positive square root of the quotient of a chi-square distributed variate and its number of degrees of freedom.



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districhiasis districhiasis (dis-tri-kI´a-sis)
Growth of two hairs in a single follicle. [G. dis, double, + thrix (trich-), hair]



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distrix distrix (dis´triks)
Splitting of the hairs at their ends. [G. dis, twice, + thrix, hair]



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disturbance disturbance (dis-ter´bans)
Deviation from, interruption of, or interference with a normal state.
emotional d. , mental d. See mental illness, behavior disorder.



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disulfamide disulfamide (dI-sul´fa-mId)
5-Chlorotoluene-2,4-disulfonamide;a diuretic.



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disulfate disulfate (dI-sul´fat)
A molecule containing two sulfates.



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disulfide disulfide (dI-sul´fId)
1. A molecule containing two atoms of sulfur to one of the reference element, e.g., CS2, carbon disulfide. 2. A compound containing the -S-S- group, e.g., cystine.
asymmetric d. mixed d
mixed d. d. which is not symmetric on both sides of the -s-s- linkage; e.g., the d. formed between coenzyme A and glutathione or between cysteine and coenzyme A or glutathione.asymmetric d;
symmetric d. d. that is symmetric on both sides of the -s-s- linkage; i.e., d. formed from identical thiol-containing compounds; e.g., cystine, glutathione disulfide.



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disulfiram disulfiram (dI-sul´fi-ram)
bis(diethylthiocarbamyl)disulfide;an antioxidant that interferes with the normal metabolic degradation of alcohol in the body, resulting in increased acetaldehyde concentrations in blood and tissues. Used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism; when a small quantity of alcohol is consumed an unpleasant reaction results. Also used as a chelator in copper and nickel poisoning.tetraethylthiuram disulfide;



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DIT DIT
Abbreviation for diiodotyrosine.



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diterpenes diterpenes (dI-ter´penz)
Hydrocarbons or their derivatives containing 4 isoprene units, hence containing 20 carbon atoms and 4 branched methyl groups; e.g., vitamin A, retinene, aconitine.



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dithiazanine iodide dithiazanine iodide (dI-thI-az´a-nen)
3-Ethyl-2-[5-(3-ethyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)-1,3-pentadienyl]benzothiazolium iodide;a broad spectrum anthelmintic, effective against Strongyloides.



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dithiothreitol dithiothreitol (dI-the´o-thre-tol)
A donor of thiol groups used in biochemical and pharmacological studies.Cleland's reagent;



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dithranol dithranol (dith´ra-nol)
anthralin



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Dittrich Dittrich
Franz, German pathologist, 1815-1859. See D.'s plugs, under plug, stenosis.



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diuresis diuresis (dI-yu-re´sis)
Excretion of urine; commonly denotes production of unusually large volumes of urine. [G. dia, throughout, completely, + ouresis, urination]
alcohol d. d. following the ingestion of alcoholic beverages; due, in part, to inhibition of the output of antidiuretic hormone by the neurohypophysis.
osmotic d. d. due to a high concentration of osmotically active substances in the renal tubules (e.g., urea, sodium sulfate), which limit the reabsorption of water.
water d. d. following the drinking of water; due to reduced secretion of the antidiuretic hormone of the neurohypophysis in response to the lowered osmotic pressure of the blood.



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diuretic diuretic (dI-yu-ret´ik)
1. Promoting the excretion of urine. 2. An agent that increases the amount of urine excreted.
cardiac d. a d. which acts by increasing function of the heart, and thereby improves renal perfusion.
direct d. a d. whose primary effect is on renal tubular function.
indirect d. a d. that acts by increasing cardiac function or by increasing the state of hydration.
loop d. a class of d. agents (e.g., furosemide, ethacrynic acid) that act by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium and chloride, not only in the proximal and distal tubules but also in Henle's loop.
mercurial d.'s d. drugs containing organic mercury (e.g., Mercuhydrin) which promote substantial salt and water loss through the kidney. Among the first potent d. agents used in congestive heart failure, but now obsolescent.
osmotic d.'s drugs, such as mannitol, which by their osmotic effects retain water during urine formation and thus dilute electrolytes in the urine, making resorption less efficient; they promote the elimination of water and electrolytes in the urine.
potassium sparing d.'s d. agents that, unlike most d.'s, retain potassium; examples are triamterene and amiloride. Often used together with d.'s that promote the loss of both sodium and potassium. Used in hypertension and in congestive heart failure.



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diurnal diurnal (dI-er´nal)
1. Pertaining to the daylight hours; opposite of nocturnal. 2. Repeating once each 24 hours, e.g., a d. variation or a d. rhythm. Cf. circadian. [L. diurnus, of the day]



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diurnule diurnule (dI-er´nul)
A pill, tablet, or capsule containing the maximum daily dose of a drug. [L. diurnus, daily, fr. dies, day]



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divalence divalence , divalency (dI-va´lens, dI-va´len-se)
bivalence



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divalent divalent (dI-va´lent, div´a-)
bivalent (1)



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divalproex sodium divalproex sodium (dI-val´pro-eks)
Pentanoic acid, 2-propyl-, sodium salt (2:1); an anticonvulsant used in absence seizures and related seizure disorders.



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divarication divarication (dI´var-i-ka´shun)
diastasis (1) [L. divaricare, to spread asunder]



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divergence divergence (dI-ver´jens)
1. A moving or spreading apart or in different directions. 2. The spreading of branches of the neuron to form synapses with several other neurons. [L. di-, apart, + vergo, to incline]



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divergent divergent (dI-ver´jent)
Moving in different directions; radiating.



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diverticula diverticula (dI-ver-tik´yu-la)
Plural of diverticulum.



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diverticular diverticular (dI-ver-tik´yu-lar)
Relating to a diverticulum.



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diverticulectomy diverticulectomy (dI´ver-tik-yu-lek´to-me)
Excision of a diverticulum.



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diverticulitis diverticulitis (dI´ver-tik-yu-lI´tis)
Inflammation of a diverticulum, especially of the small pockets in the wall of the colon which fill with stagnant fecal material and become inflamed; rarely, they may cause obstruction, perforation, or bleeding.



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diverticuloma diverticuloma (dI´ver-tik-yu-lo´ma)
Development of a granulomatous mass in the wall of the colon. [diverticulum + G. -oma, tumor]



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diverticulopexy diverticulopexy (dI-ver-tik´yu-lo-pek-se)
A plastic operation to obliterate a diverticulum. [diverticulum + G. pexis, fixation]



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diverticulosis diverticulosis (dI´ver-tik-yu-lo´sis)
Presence of a number of diverticula of the intestine, common in middle age; the lesions are acquired pulsion diverticula.



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diverticulum diverticulum , pl. diverticula (dI-ver-tik´yu-lum, yu-la) [NA]
A pouch or sac opening from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the gut or bladder. [L. deverticulum (or di-), a by-road, fr. de-verto, to turn aside]
allantoenteric d. allantoic d
allantoic d. an endoderm-lined outpouching of the hindgut (in humans, the yolk sac of a very young embryo) representing the primordium of the allantois; in most amniotes, it grows into the extraembryonic celom; in humans, the distal part of the allantoic lumen is rudimentary, not extending beyond the body stalk.allantoenteric d;
diverticula of ampulla of ductus deferens the irregular sacculations of the ampullary part of the ductus deferens near its termination in the ejaculatory duct.diverticula ampullae ductus deferentis [NA];
diverticula ampul´lae duc´tus deferen´tis [NA] diverticula of ampulla of ductus deferens
cervical d. a d. in the neck derived from retention of part of one of the pharyngeal pouches (endodermal) or branchial grooves (ectodermal) of the embryo.
diverticula of colon diverticula, which are herniations of mucosa and submucosa through or between fibers of the major muscle layer (muscularis propria) of the colon. Usually multiple, it occurs in 50% of western populations above the age of 70, but is much less common in other populations. Can cause bleeding and episodes of severe inflammation.colonic diverticula;
colonic diverticula diverticula of colon
duodenal d. a d. of the duodenum, often of large size, that is occasionally found projecting from the duodenum near the duodenal papilla.
epiphrenic d. a d. which originates just above the cardioesophageal junction and usually protrudes to the right side of the lower meadiastinum.
false d. a d. of the intestine that passes through a defect in the muscular wall of the gut and thus does not include a layer of muscle in its wall.
Heister's d. See bulb of jugular vein.
hypopharyngeal d. pharyngoesophageal d
Kommerell's d. the d. at the origin of some aberrant right subclavian arteries resulting from incomplete arch agenesis.
laryngotracheal d. a d. from the floor of the caudal end of the pharynx which gives rise to the epithelium and glands of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Once this d. separates from the foregut, it is referred to as a tube.
Meckel's d. the remains of the yolk stalk of the embryo, which, when persisting abnormally as a blind sac or pouch in the adult, is located on the ileum a short distance above the cecum; it may be attached to the umbilicus and, if the lining includes gastric mucosa, peptic ulceration and bleeding may result.
metanephric d. an outgrowth from the caudal portion of the mesonephric duct on either side, which grows cephalodorsally to make contact with the masses of metanephrogenous tissue (nephric blastemas) that give rise to the epithelial lining of the ureter and of the pelvis and the collecting ducts of the kidney.
Nuck's d. processus vaginalis of peritoneum
pancreatic diverticula the ventral and dorsal endodermal buds from the embryonic foregut that constitute the primordia of the parenchyma of the pancreas.
Pertik's d. an abnormally deep recessus pharyngeus.
pharyngoesophageal d. most common d. of the esophagus; arises between the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and the crico-pharyngeus muscle.hypopharyngeal d., Zenker's d;
pituitary d. a tubular outgrowth of ectoderm from the stomodeum of the embryo; it grows dorsad toward the infundibular process of the diencephalon, around which it forms a cup-like mass, giving rise to the pars distalis and pars juxtaneuralis of the hypophysis.craniopharyngeal canal, hypophyseal pouch, Rathke's d., Rathke's pocket, Rathke's pouch;
pulsion d. a d. formed by pressure from within, frequently causing herniation of mucosa through the muscularis.
Rathke's d. pituitary d
thyroid d. , thyroglossal d. the endodermal bud from the floor of the embryonic pharynx; the primordium of the parenchyma of the thyroid gland.
tracheobronchial d. the endodermal lung primordium which will give rise to the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract.lung bud;
traction d. a d. formed by the pulling force of contracting bands of adhesion, occurring mainly in the distal esophagus, from tuberculous hilar or mediastinal lymphadenitis.
true d. a term denoting a d. that includes all the layers of the wall from which it protrudes.
urethral d. a sac-like outpouching of the urethral wall, either from a congenital defect or, more commonly, as a result of chronic penetrating inflammation.
ventricular d. a congenital outpouching of the right or left ventricle.
vesical d. a d. of the bladder wall; may be either true or false type.
Zenker's d. pharyngoesophageal d



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divicine divicine (dI´vis-en)
A base with alkaloidal properties present in Lathyrus sativus which is responsible, in part at least, for the latter's poisonous action. See lathyrism.



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divinyl ether divinyl ether (dI-vI´nil)
O(CH=CH2)2;a volatile liquid, the vapor of which produces rapid induction of general anesthesia; prolonged administration is associated with adverse side effects on the liver and central nervous system; an obsolete agent.vinyl ether;



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division division (di-vizh´un)
A separating into two or more parts.
anterior primary d. ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve
cleavage d. the rapid mitotic d. of the zygote with decrease in size of individual cells or blastomeres and the formation of a morula. See also cleavage (1).
conjugate d. simultaneous d. of haploid nuclei, as in Basidiomycota.
direct nuclear d. amitosis
equatorial d. nuclear d. in which each chromosome divides equally.
indirect nuclear d. mitosis
meiotic d. meiosis
mitotic d. mitosis
multiplicative d. reproduction by simultaneous d. of a mother cell into a number of daughter cells. If the process occurs without fertilization of the mother cell, or encystment, the daughter cells are called merozoites; if they develop within a cyst, and usually after fertilization, they are called sporozoites.
posterior primary d. dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve
reduction d. See reduction of chromosomes.
Remak's nuclear d. amitosis



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div. in p. aeg. div. in p. aeg.
Abbreviation for L. divide in partes aequales, divide into equal parts.



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divulse divulse (di-vuls´)
To tear away or apart. [L. di-vello, pp. di-vulsus, to pull apart]



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divulsion divulsion (di-vul´shun)
1. Removal of a part by tearing. 2. Forcible dilation of the walls of a cavity or canal.



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divulsor divulsor (di-vul´ser, -sor)
An instrument for forcible dilation of the urethra or other canal or cavity.



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dixyrazine dixyrazine (dI-zir´a-zen)
2-{2-[4-(2-Methyl-3(10H-Phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethoxy}ethanol;a phenothiazine compound used as an antipsychotic.



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dizygotic dizygotic , dizygous (dI´zI-got´ik, dI-zI´gus)
Relating to twins derived from two separate zygotes, i.e., bearing the same genetic relationship as full sibs but sharing a common intrauterine environment. [G. di-, two, + zygotos, yoked together]



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dizziness dizziness (diz´i-nes)
Imprecise term commonly used by patients in an attempt to describe various symptoms such as faintness, giddiness, light-headedness, or unsteadiness. See also vertigo. [A. S. dyzig, foolish]



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djenkolic acid djenkolic acid (jeng-kol´ik)
CH2[S-CH2CH (NH3)+COO+] 2; S,S´-Methylenebiscysteine;a sulfur-containing amino acid, resembling cystine but with a methylene bridge between the two sulfur atoms; very insoluble. [djenkol, bean, bean in which first isolated]



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dl- dl-
Prefix (in small capital letters) denoting a substance consisting of equal quantities of the two enantiomorphs, d and l; replaces the older dl- (in lower case italics) as a more exact definition of structure.



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DM DM
Abbreviation for adamsite; diabetes mellitus; diastolic murmur; dopamine.



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DMA DMA
Abbreviation for dimethoxyamphetamine.



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DMC DMC
Abbreviation for p,p,´-dichlorodiphenyl methyl carbinol.



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D.M.D. D.M.D.
Abbreviation for Doctor of Dental Medicine.



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dmf dmf , DMF
Abbreviation for decayed, missing, and filled teeth. See also dmfs caries index.



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dmfs dmfs , DMFS
Abbreviation for decayed, missing, and filled surfaces. See also dmfs caries index.



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DMPP DMPP
Abbreviation for dimethylphenylpiperazinium.



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DMSO DMSO
Abbreviation for dimethyl sulfoxide.



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DMT DMT
Abbreviation for N,N-dimethyltryptamine.



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DN DN
Abbreviation for dibucaine number.



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DNA DNA
Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. For terms bearing this abbreviation, see subentries under deoxyribonucleic acid.



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DNA diagnostics DNA diagnostics
Identifying fetuses or infants afflicted with hereditary diseases or conditions, and carriers of recessive disorders by means of DNA analysis. See DNA markers, familial screening, prenatal screening.genetic testing;



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DNA fingerprinting DNA fingerprinting
See under fingerprint.



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dnaG dnaG
primase



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DNA markers DNA markers
Segments of chromosomal DNA known to be linked with heritable traits or diseases. Although the markers themselves to not produce the conditions, they exist in concert with the genes responsible and are passed on with them. Certain markers, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, consist of segments of DNA that can be identified on autoradiographs (produced after digestion of the DNA by restriction enzymes and segregation of the resulting fragments through gel electrophoresis).



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DNA profiling DNA profiling
DNA fingerprinting



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DNAse DNAse , DNAase , DNase
Abbreviations for deoxyribonuclease.



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DNA typing DNA typing
DNA fingerprinting



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DNP DNP , Dnp
1. Abbreviation for 2,4-dinitrophenol. 2. Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleoprotein.



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DNR DNR
Abbreviation for "do not resuscitate."



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Dns Dns , DNS
Abbreviations for dansyl.



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D.O. D.O.
Abbreviation for Doctor of Osteopathy.



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DOA DOA
Abbreviation for dead on arrival.



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dobutamine dobutamine (do-byu´ta-men)
(±)-4-[2-[[(3-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]amino]ethyl]pyrocatechol hydrochloride;a synthetic derivative of dopamine characterized by prominent inotropic but weak chronotropic and arrhythmogenic properties; a cardiotonic agent.



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DOC DOC
Abbreviation for deoxycorticosterone; deoxycholate.



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d'Ocagne d'Ocagne
Philbert M., French mathematician, 1862-1938. See d'O. nomogram.



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dock dock (dok)
1. The amputation of a part of the tail of horses, sheep, or dogs. 2. The base of the tail left after docking.



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n-docosanoic acid n-docosanoic acid (do´ko-san-o´ik)
behenic acid



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doctor doctor (dok´ter)
1. A title conferred by a university on one who has followed a prescribed course of study, or given as a title of distinction; as d. of medicine, laws, philosophy, etc. 2. A physician, especially one upon whom has been conferred the degree of M.D. by a university or medical school. [L. a teacher, fr. doceo, pp. doctus, to teach]



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doctrine doctrine (dok´trin)
A particular system of principles taught or advocated. [L. doceo, to teach]
Arrhenius d. the theory of electrolytic dissociation (1887) that became the basis of our modern understanding of electrolytes: in an electrically conductive solution (e.g., acid, base, or salt), free ions are present before electrolysis, and the proportion of molecules dissociated into ions can be calculated from measurements of electrical conductivity as well as of osmotic pressure.Arrhenius law;
humoral d. the ancient Greek theory of the four body humors (blood, yellow and black bile, and phlegm) that determined health and disease. The humors were associated with the four elements (air, fire, earth, and water), which in turn corresponded to a pair of the qualities (hot, cold, dry, and moist). A proper and evenly balanced mixture of the humors was characteristic of health of body and mind; an imperfect balance resulted in disease. Temperament of body or mind also was supposed to be determined, e.g., sanguine (blood), choleric (yellow bile), melancholic (black bile), or phlegmatic (phlegm).fluidism, humoralism, humorism;
Monro-Kellie d. Monro's d
Monro's d. a d. that states that the cranial cavity is a closed rigid box and that therefore a change in the quantity of intracranial blood can occur only through the displacement of or replacement by cerebrospinal fluid.Monro-Kellie d;



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docusate calcium docusate calcium (dok´yu-sat)
calcium salt of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate;a surface-active agent used in the treatment of constipation as a nonlaxative fecal softener.dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate;



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docusate sodium docusate sodium
bis-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate;a surface-active agent used as a dispersing agent in topically applied preparations. After oral administration it lowers the surface tension of the gastrointestinal tract and is used in the treatment of constipation.dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate;



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dodecane dodecane (do´de-kan)
n-C12H26;a straight, unbranched, saturated hydrocarbon containing 12 carbon atoms; the 12th member of the alkane series that begins with methane.



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n-dodecanoic acid n-dodecanoic acid (do-dek´a-no-ik)
lauric acid



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dodecanoyl-CoA synthetase dodecanoyl-CoA synthetase (do-dek´an-o-il-ko-a-sin ´the-tas)
long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase



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dodecarbonium chloride dodecarbonium chloride (do-de-kar-bo´ne-um)
Benzyl(dodecycarbamoylmethyl)dimethyl ammonium chloride;an antiseptic.



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dodecyl dodecyl (do´de-sil)
The radical of dodecane.
d. gallate dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate;an antioxidant.
d. sulfate See sodium dodecyl sulfate.



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Döderlein Döderlein
Albert, S.G., German obstetrician, 1860-1941. See D.'s bacillus.



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Doerfler Doerfler
Leo, U.S. audiologist, *1919. See D.-Stewart test.



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Dogiel Dogiel
Jan von, Russian anatomist and physiologist, 1830-1905. See D.'s cells, under cell.



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Dogiel Dogiel
Alexander S., Russian histologist, 1852-1922. See D.'s corpuscle.



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dogma dogma
A theory or belief that is formally stated, defined, and thought to be true.
central d. the proposition that while genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring via DNA duplication, within the cell genetic information is transferred from DNA to mRNA (transcription) and then to protein (translation); proposed by Francis Crick.



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dogmatic dogmatic (dog-mat´ik)
See dogmatic school. [G. dogmatikos, concerning opinions; d. iatroi, physicians who go by general principles; fr. dogma, an opinion]



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dogmatist dogmatist (dog´ma-tist)
A follower of the dogmatic school.



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Döhle Döhle
Karl G.P., German histologist and pathologist, 1855-1928. See D. bodies, under body, inclusions, under inclusion.



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Doisy Doisy
Edward A., U.S. biochemist and Nobel laureate, 1893-1986. See Allen-D. test, unit.



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dol dol (dol)
A unit measure of pain. [L. dolor, pain]



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dolicho- dolicho-
Long. [G. dolichos]



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dolichocephalic dolichocephalic , dolichocephalous (dol-i-ko-se-fal´ik, -sef´a-lus)
Having a disproportionately long head; denoting a skull with a cephalic index below 75.dolichocranial; [dolicho- + G. kephale, head]



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dolichocephaly dolichocephaly , dolichocephalism (dol-i-ko-sef´a-le, sef´a-lizm)
The condition of being dolichocephalic.



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dolichocolon dolichocolon (dol-i-ko-ko´lon)
A colon of abnormal length. [dolicho- + G. kolon, colon]



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dolichocranial dolichocranial (dol-i-ko-kra´ne-al)
dolichocephalic



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dolichofacial dolichofacial (dol-i-ko-fa´shal)
dolichoprosopic



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dolichol dolichol (dol´i-kol)
Polyisoprenes in which the terminal member is saturated and oxidized to an alcohol, usually phosphorylated and often glycosylated; found in endoplasmic reticulum, but not in mitochondrial or plasma membranes; urinary levels are elevated in disorders exhibiting abnormal skin, rectal, or brain profiles in electron microscopy of biopsies.
d. phosphate an intermediate in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids; contains 11 to 24 isoprene units; a product of the isoprenylation pathway; participates in the formation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of proteins in biomembranes.



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dolichopellic dolichopellic , dolichopelvic (dol-i-ko-pel´ik, -pel´vik)
Having a disproportionately long pelvis; denoting a pelvis with a pelvic index above 95. [dolicho- + G. pellis, bowl (pelvis)]



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dolichoprosopic dolichoprosopic , dolichoprosopous (dol-i-ko-pros-o´pik, -ko-pros´o-pus)
Having a disproportionately long face.dolichofacial; [dolicho- + G. prosopikos, facial]



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dolichostenomelia dolichostenomelia (dol´i-ko-sten´o-me´le-a)
Narrow body habitus which, like arachondactyly, is a common feature of several kinds of hereditary disorders of connective tissue. [dolicho- + G. stenos, narrow, + melos, limb]



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dolichouranic dolichouranic , dolichuranic (dol´i-ko-yu-ran´ik, dol-ik-yu-)
Having a long palate, with a palatal index below 110. [dolicho- + G. ouranos, vault of the palate]



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dolor dolor (do´lor)
Pain, as one of the four signs of inflammation (d., calor, rubor, tumor) enunciated by Celsus. [L.]
d. cap´itis headache, especially due to changes in the scalp or bones rather than in the intracranial structures.



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dolorific dolorific (do-lor-if´ik)
Pain-producing.



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dolorimetry dolorimetry (do-lo-rim´e-tre)
The measurement of pain. [L. dolor, pain, + G. metron, measure]



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dolorology dolorology (do-lor-ol´o-je)
The study and treatment of pain. [L. dolor, pain, + G. logos, study]



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DOM DOM
Abbreviation for 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine.



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domain domain (do-man´)
An independently folded, globular structure composed of one section of a polypeptide chain. A d. may interact with another d.; it may be associated with a particular function. D.'s can vary in size.
dinucleotide d. dinucleotide fold



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domains domains (do-manz´)
1. Homologous units of approximately 110 to 120 amino acids each which comprise the light and heavy chains of the immunoglobulin molecule and which serve specific functions. The light chain has two d.'s, one in the variable region and one in the constant region of the chain; the heavy chain has four to five d.'s, depending upon the class of immunoglobulin, one in the variable region and the remaining ones in the constant region. 2. A region of a protein having some distinctive physical feature or role. [Fr. domaine, fr. L. dominium, property, dominion]



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Dombrock blood group Dombrock blood group
See Blood Groups appendix.



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domestic violence domestic violence
Intentionally inflicted injury perpetrated by and on family member(s); varieties include spouse abuse, child abuse, and sexual abuse, including incest. Various kinds of abuse, such as sexual abuse, also happen outside of the family unit. The American Medical Association, like similar organizations in other countries, has issued advisory notices to physicians on the detection and treatment of domestic d.v.



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domiciliated domiciliated (do-mi-sil´e-at-ed)
A state of close association of an organism within human abodes or activities, such that partial domestication results, leading to the organism's dependence on continued association with the human environment; this frequently results in the d. organism becoming a noxious pest, a vector, or an intermediate host of human disease. [L. domicilium, a dwelling]



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dominance dominance (dom´i-nans)
The state of being dominant.
cerebral d. the fact that one hemisphere is dominant over the other and will exercise greater influence over certain functions; the left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant in the control of speech, language and analytical processing, and mathematics, while the right hemisphere (usually nondominant) processes spatial concepts and language as related to certain types of visual images; handedness (right-handed people have left cerebral d.) is considered a general example of cerebral d.
false d. quasidominance
genetic d. denoting a pattern of inheritance of an autosomal mendelian trait due to a gene that always manifests itself phenotypically; generally, the phenotype in the homozygote is more severe than in the heterozygote, but details depend on what criterion of phenotyping is used.
d. of traits an expression of the apparent physiologic relationship existing between two or more genes that may occupy the same chromosomal locus (alleles). At a specific locus there are three possible combinations of two allelic genes, A and a: two homozygous (AA and aa) and one heterozygous (Aa). If a heterozygous individual presents only the hereditary characteristic determined by gene A, but not a, A is said to be dominant and a recessive; in this case, AA and Aa, although genotypically distinct, should be phenotypically indistinguishable. If AA, Aa, and aa are distinguishable, each from the others, A and a are codominant.



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dominant dominant (dom´i-nant)
1. Ruling or controlling. 2. In genetics, denoting an allele possessed by one of the parents of a hybrid which is expressed in the latter to the exclusion of a contrasting allele (the recessive) from the other parent. [L. dominans, pres. p. of dominor, to rule, fr. dominus, lord, master, fr. domus, house]



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domiodol domiodol (do-me´o-dol)
An organic form of iodine complexed with glycerol; used as a mucolytic/expectorant.



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domiphen bromide domiphen bromide (do´mi-fen)
Dodecyldimethyl(2-phenoxyethyl)ammonium bromide;an antiseptic.



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domperidone domperidone (dom-per´I-don)
A dopamine antagonist (like chlorpromazine) with antiemetic properties.



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Donath Donath
Julius, German physician, 1870-1950. See D.-Landsteiner phenomenon, cold autoantibody; Landsteiner-D. test.



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Donders Donders
Franz C., Dutch ophthalmologist, 1818-1889. See D.'s glaucoma, law, pressure, rings, under ring; space of D.



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Don Juan Don Juan (don wahn)
In psychiatry, a term used to denote males with compulsive sexual or romantic overactivity, usually with a succession of female partners. [legendary Spanish nobleman]



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Don Juanism Don Juanism (don wan´izm)
See Don Juan.



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Donnan Donnan
Frederick G., English physical chemist, 1870-1956. See D. equilibrium; Gibbs-D. equilibrium.



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Donné Donné
Alfred, French physician, 1801-1878. See D.'s corpuscle.



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Donohue Donohue
William L., Canadian pathologist, *1906. See D.'s disease.



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donor donor (do´ner)
1. An individual from whom blood, tissue, or an organ is taken for transplantation. 2. A compound that will transfer an atom or a radical to an acceptor; e.g., methionine is a methyl d.; glutathione is a glutamyl d. 3. An atom that readily yields electrons to an acceptor; e.g., nitrogen, which will donate both electrons to a shared pool in forming a coordinate bond. [L. dono, pp. donatus, to donate, to give]
hydrogen d. a metabolite from which hydrogen is removed (by a dehydrogenase system) and transferred by a hydrogen carrier to another metabolite, which is thus reduced.
universal d. in blood grouping, a person belonging to group O; i.e., one whose erythrocytes do not contain either agglutinogen A or B and are, therefore, not agglutinated by plasma containing either of the ordinary isoagglutinins, alpha or beta.



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Donovan Donovan
Charles, Irish surgeon, 1863-1951. See D.'s bodies, under body; Leishman-D. body.



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donovanosis donovanosis (don´o-va-no´sis)
granuloma inguinale



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Doose Doose
H., 20th century German pediatrician and epileptologist. See D. syndrome.



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dopa dopa , DOPA , Dopa (do´pa)
An intermediate in the catabolism of l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine, and in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and melanin; the l form, levodopa, is biologically active.3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine;
alpha methyl d. methyldopa
d. decarboxylase aromatic d-amino-acid decarboxylase
decarboxylated d. dopamine
d. oxidase provisional name given the enzyme(s) catalyzing the formation of melanins from d.; it now appears that the copper-containing monophenol monooxygenases and/or catechol oxidases are responsible for the oxidation of l-tyrosine to d. and d. quinone.
d. quinone an oxidation product of d. and an intermediate in the formation of melanin from tyrosine.



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l-dopa l-dopa
levodopa



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dopamine (DM) dopamine (DM) (do´pa-men)
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine;an intermediate in tyrosine metabolism and precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine; it accounts for 90% of the catecholamines; its presence in the central nervous system and localization in the basal ganglia (caudate and lentiform nuclei) suggest that d. may have other functions.3-hydroxytyramine, decarboxylated dopa;
d. hydrochloride a biogenic amine and neural transmitter substance, used as a vasopressor agent for treatment of shock.



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dopamine beta-hydroxylase dopamine beta-hydroxylase
dopamine beta-monooxygenase



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dopamine beta-monooxygenase dopamine beta-monooxygenase
A copper-containing enzyme catalyzing oxidation of ascorbate and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine simultaneously by O2 to yield norepinephrine, dehydroascorbate, and water; a crucial step in catecholamine metabolism.dopamine beta-hydroxylase;



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dopaminergic dopaminergic (do´pa-min-er´jik)
Relating to nerve cells or fibers that employ dopamine as their neurotransmitter. [dopamine + G. ergon, work]



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dope dope (dop)
1. Any drug, either stimulating or depressing, administered for its temporary effect, or taken habitually or addictively. 2. To administer or take such a drug. [Dutch, doop, sauce]



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doping doping (dop´ing)
The administration of foreign substances to an individual; often used in reference to athletes who try to stimulate physical and psychological strength.



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Doppler Doppler
Christian J., Austrian mathematician and physicist in U.S., 1803-1853. See D. echocardiography, effect, phenomenon, shift, ultrasonography.



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doppler doppler
A diagnostic instrument that emits an ultrasonic beam into the body; the ultrasound reflected from moving structures changes its frequency (Doppler effect). Of diagnostic value in peripheral vascular and cardiac disease.



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doraphobia doraphobia (do-ra-fo´be-a)
Morbid fear of touching the skin or fur of animals. [G. dora, hide, skin, + phobos, fear]



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Dorello Dorello
P., Italian anatomist, *1872. See D.'s canal.



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Dorendorf Dorendorf
H., German physician, *1866. See D.'s sign.



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Dorfman Dorfman
Maurice L., 20th century Israeli dermatologist. See D.-Chanarin syndrome.



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Döring Döring
G., German neurologist. See Pette-D. disease.



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dornase dornase (dor´nas)
Obsolete contraction of deoxyribonuclease. See also streptodornase.
pancreatic d. a stabilized deoxyribonuclease preparation from beef pancreas; used by inhalation in the form of aerosols to reduce thick mucopurulent secretions in certain bronchopulmonary infections.



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Dorno Dorno
Carl, Swiss climatologist, 1865-1942. See D. rays, under ray.



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doromania doromania (do-ro-ma´ne-a)
An abnormal desire to give presents. [G. doron, gift, + mania, insanity]



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dorsa dorsa (dor´sa)
Plural of dorsum.



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dorsabdominal dorsabdominal (dor-sab-dom´i-nal)
Relating to the back and the abdomen.



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dorsad dorsad (dor´sad)
Toward or in the direction of the back. [L. dorsum, back, + ad, to]



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dorsal dorsal (dor´sal)
1. Pertaining to the back or any dorsum.tergal; 2. posterior (2) 3. In veterinary anatomy, pertaining to the back or upper surface of an animal. Often used to indicate the position of one structure relative to another; i.e., nearer the back surface of the body. 4. Old term meaning thoracic, in a limited sense; e.g., d. vertebrae. [Mediev. L. dorsalis, fr. dorsum, back]



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dorsalgia dorsalgia (dor-sal´je-a)
Pain in the upper back.dorsodynia; [L. dorsum, back, + G. algos, pain]



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dorsalis dorsalis (dor-sa´lis) [NA]
posterior (2) [L.]



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Dorset Dorset
Marion, U.S. bacteriologist, 1872-1935. See D.'s culture egg medium.



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dorsiduct dorsiduct (dor´si-dukt)
To draw backward or toward the back. [L. dorsum, back, + duco, pp. ductus, to draw]



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dorsiflexion dorsiflexion (dor-si-flek´shun)
Turning upward of the foot or toes or of the hand or fingers.



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dorsiscapular dorsiscapular (dor´si-skap´yu-lar)
Relating to the dorsal surface of the scapula.



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dorsispinal dorsispinal (dor´si-spI´nal)
Relating to the vertebral column, especially to its dorsal aspect.



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dorsocephalad dorsocephalad (dor´so-sef´a-lad)
Toward the occiput, or back of the head. [L. dorsum, back, + G. kephale, head, + L. ad, to]



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dorsodynia dorsodynia (dor-so-din´e-a)
dorsalgia [L. dorsum, back, + G. odyne, pain]



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dorsolateral dorsolateral (dor-so-lat´er-al)
Relating to the back and the side.



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dorsolumbar dorsolumbar (dor-so-lum´bar)
Referring to the back in the region of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae.



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dorsoventrad dorsoventrad (dor-so-ven´trad)
In a direction from the dorsal to the ventral aspect.



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dorsum dorsum , gen. dorsi , pl. dorsa (dor´sum, -sI, -sa) [NA]
1. The back of the body. 2. The upper or posterior surface, or the back, of any part.tergum; [L. back]
d. ephip´pii d. sellae
d. of foot the back, or upper surface, of the foot.d. pedis [NA];
d. lin´guae [NA] d. of tongue
d. ma´nus [NA] dorsum of hand
d. na´si [NA] d. of nose
d. of nose the external ridge of the nose, looking forward and upward.d. nasi [NA];
d. pe´dis [NA] d. of foot
d. of penis the aspect of the penis opposite to that of the urethra.d. penis [NA];
d. pe´nis [NA] d. of penis
d. scap´ulae the posterior surface of the scapula.
d. sel´lae [NA] a square portion of bone on the body of the sphenoid posterior to the sella turcica or hypophysial fossa.d. ephippii;
d. of tongue the back of the tongue; the upper surface of the tongue divided by the sulcus terminalis into an anterior two-thirds, the pars presulcalis (presulcal part), and a posterior one-third, the pars postsulcalis (postsulcal part).d. linguae [NA];



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dosage dosage (do´sij)
1. The giving of medicine or other therapeutic agent in prescribed amounts. 2. The determination of the proper dose of a remedy. Cf. dose.



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dose dose (dos)
The quantity of a drug or other remedy to be taken or applied all at one time or in fractional amounts within a given period. Cf. dosage (2). [G. dosis see dosis]
absorbed d. the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of irradiated material at the target site; in radiation therapy, the former unit for absorbed d. is the rad; the current (S.I.) unit is the gray.
air d. exposure d
bone marrow d. the cumulative d. to the blood-forming organ from therapeutic or nuclear fallout irradiation; the presumed leukemogenic d.
booster d. a d. given at some time after an initial d. to enhance the effect, said usually of antigens for the production of antibodies.
cumulative d. the total d. resulting from repeated exposures to radiation of the same part of the body or of the whole body.
curative d. (CD, CD50) 1. the quantity of any substance required to effect the cure of a disease or that will correct the manifestations of a deficiency of a particular factor in the diet; 2. effective d. used with therapeutically applied compounds.therapeutic d;
daily d. the total amount of a remedy that is to be taken within 24 hours.
depth d. the d. of radiation at a distance beneath the surface, including secondary radiation or scatter, in proportion to the d. at the surface.
divided d. a definite fraction of a full d.; given repeatedly at short intervals so that the full d. is taken within a specified period, usually one day.fractional d;
effective d. (ED) 1. the d. that produces the desired effect; when followed by a subscript (generally "ED50"), it denotes the d. having such an effect on a certain percentage (e.g., 50%) of the test animals; ED50 is the median effective dose; 2. in radiation protection, the sum of the equivalent d.'s in all tissues and organs of the body weighted for tissue effects of radiation. The unit of effective d. is the sievert (Sv);
epilation d. the minimum amount of radiation sufficient to produce hair loss, usually in 10 to 14 days.
equianalgesic d. the qualitative ratio between actual milligram potency of comparable analgesics required to achieve the equivalent therapeutic effect.
equivalent d. in radiation protection, the absorbed d. averaged over a tissue or organ and weighted for the quality of the radiation of interest. The unit of equivalent d. is the sievert.
erythema d. the minimum amount of x-rays or other form of radiation sufficient to produce erythema; historically, this d. was indicated by the Sabouraud meter as the B tint, the Holzknecht as 5(5H), the Hampson as 4, and the Kienbock as 10.
exit d. the exposure dose of radiation leaving a body opposite the portal of entry.
exposure d. the radiation d., expressed in roentgens, delivered at a point in free air.air d;
fractional d. divided d
gonad d. the exposure d. to the male or female gonad, usually from incidental secondary radiation in diagnostic or therapeutic irradiation, or from whole-body irradiation.gonadal d;
gonadal d. gonad d
initial d. a comparatively large d. given at the beginning of treatment to get the patient under the influence of the drug.loading d;
integral d. the total energy absorbed by the body, the product of the mass of tissue irradiated and the absorbed d.; unit, the gram rad.
L d.'s a group of terms that indicate the relative activity or potency of diphtheria toxin; the L d.'s are distinctly different from the minimal lethal d. and minimal reacting d., inasmuch as the latter two represent the direct effects of toxin, whereas the L d.'s pertain to the combining power of toxin with specific antitoxin. ["L" for limes]
L+ d. , L+ d. alternatives for L , the limes tod d. of diphtheria toxin, i.e., the smallest amount of toxin that, when mixed with one unit of antitoxin and injected subcutaneously into a 250-g guinea pig, results in death of the animal within 96 hours (based on the average in a series); on theoretical grounds, one might expect that the difference between the L+ and L0 d.'s would be identical to 1 MLD, but this is not so in actual practice; with various toxic filtrates, the difference may range from several to more than 100 MLD's, indicating that the toxin-antitoxin combination is not a firm chemical union that occurs in constant proportions.
lethal d. (LD) the d. of a chemical or biologic preparation (e.g., a bacterial exotoxin or a suspension of bacteria) that is likely to cause death; it varies in relation to the type of animal and the route of administration; when followed by a subscript (generally "LD50" or median lethal d.), it denotes the d. likely to cause death in a certain percentage (e.g., 50%) of the test animals; median lethal d. is LD50, absolute lethal d. is LD100, and minimal lethal d. is LD05.
Lf d. , Lf d. the limes flocculation d. of diphtheria toxin, i.e., the smallest amount of toxin that, when mixed with one unit of antitoxin, yields the most rapid flocculation in the Ramon test (in vitro); in general, the Lf d. is slightly less than the Lr d.
Lo d. , Lo d. the limes nul d. of diphtheria toxin, i.e., the largest amount of toxin that, when mixed with one unit of antitoxin and injected subcutaneously into a 250-g guinea pig, yields no recognizable reaction in the average of a series; actually, the Lod. is usually recorded as the one that causes a barely perceptible local edema at the site of inoculation.
loading d. initial d
Lr d. , Lr d. the limes reacting d. of diphtheria toxin, i.e., the smallest amount of toxin that, when mixed with one unit of antitoxin and injected intracutaneously in the shaved skin of a susceptible guinea pig, yields a minimal, positive reaction and inflammation localized to the region of the injection; the Lrd. closely approximates the Lod., as would be expected, inasmuch as a slight excess of unneutralized toxin results in a reaction.
maintenance d. See maintenance drug therapy.
maximal d. the largest amount of a drug or physical procedure that an adult can take with safety.
maximal permissible d. See maximum permissible d.
maximum permissible d. (MPD) defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection as the greatest d. of radiation which, in the light of present knowledge, is not expected to cause detectable bodily injury to a person at any time during his lifetime. This d. has been reduced with each Commission report. The MPD is given in terms of acute or chronic exposure of the whole body or of organs, systems, or regions of the body, and differs for persons who are occupationally exposed versus the public at large.
median effective dose (ED50) See effective d.
minimal d. the smallest amount of a drug or physical procedure that will produce a desired physiologic effect in an adult.
minimal infecting d. (M.I.D.) the smallest quantity of infectious material regularly producing infection; usually expressed as I.D.50, the quantity causing infection in 50% of a suitable series of animals or cells (cell cultures).
minimal lethal d. (MLD, mld) 1. the minimal d. of a toxic substance or infectious agent that is lethal, as assayed in various experimental animals (e.g., the least amount of diphtheria toxin that, on an average, kills a 250-g guinea pig within 96 hours after subcutaneous inoculation); when followed by a subscript (generally "MLD50"), denotes the minimal dose that is lethal to a certain percentage (e.g., 50%) of animals so assayed; 2. LD05. See lethal d.
minimal reacting d. (MRD, mrd) the minimal d. of a toxic substance causing a reaction, as manifested in the skin of a series of susceptible test animals; the assay is based on the development of a characteristic, minimal but definite, "standard," focal inflammation (congestion and edema, induration, degenerative changes, and desquamation of epidermal cells).
optimum d. the d. of a drug or radiation that will produce the desired effect with minimum likelihood of undesirable symptoms.
preventive d. the smallest amount of any substance that will prevent occurrence of symptoms of a disease or the consequences of a lack of a particular factor in the diet.
sensitizing d. in experimental anaphylaxis, the antigenic inoculum that renders an animal susceptible (sensitive) to anaphylactic shock following a subsequent inoculum (shocking d.) of the same antigen (anaphylactogen).
shocking d. in experimental anaphylaxis, the inoculum of antigen that causes anaphylactic shock in an animal sensitized by a previous inoculum (sensitizing d.) of the same antigen.
skin d. the quantity of radiation delivered to the skin surface.
therapeutic d. curative d
tissue culture infectious d. (TCID50, TCD50) the quantity of a cytopathogenic agent, such as a virus, that will produce a cytopathic effect in 50% of the cultures inoculated.
tolerance d. the largest d. of a remedy that can be accepted without the production of injurious symptoms.



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dosimeter dosimeter (do-sim´e-ter)
A device for measuring radiation, especially x-rays. [G. dosis, dose, + metron, measure]



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dosimetry dosimetry (do-sim´e-tre)
Measurement of radiation exposure, especially x-rays or gamma rays; calculation of radiation dose from internally administered radionuclides.
thermoluminescence d. the calculation of a radiation dose by measuring the light output after heating a special absorbent material (e.g., lithium fluoride) placed in the radiation beam; the light output is proportional to the amount of radiation exposure.
x-ray d. roentgenometry



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dot dot
A small spot.
Gunn's d.'s minute, highly glistening, white or yellowish specks usually seen in the posterior part of the fundus; nonpathologic.
Horner-Trantas d.'s evanescent white cellular infiltrates occurring in the bulbar form of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
Maurer's d.'s finely granular precipitates or irregular cytoplasmic particles that usually occur diffusely in red blood cells infected with the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum, occasionally those of P. malariae; rarely observed in P. falciparum blood smears because its trophozoites seldom are seen in peripheral blood.Maurer's clefts;
Schüffner's d.'s fine, round, uniform red or red-yellow d.'s (as colored with Romanovsky stains) characteristically observed in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale, but not ordinarily found in P. malariae and P. falciparum infections.Schüffner's granules;
Trantas' d.'s pale, grayish red, uneven nodules of gelatinous aspect at the limbal conjunctiva in vernal conjunctivitis.
Ziemann's d.'s fine d.'s seen in erythrocytes in malariae malaria.Ziemann's stippling;



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dotage dotage (do´tij)
The deterioration of previously intact mental powers, common in old age.dotardness;



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dotardness dotardness (do´tard-nes)
dotage



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doublet doublet (dub´let)
1. A combination of two lenses designed to correct the chromatic and spherical aberration. 2. dipole
Wollaston's d. a combination of two planoconvex lenses in the eyepiece of a microscope designed to correct the chromatic aberration.



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douche douche (dush)
1. A current of water, gas, or vapor directed against a surface or projected into a cavity. 2. An instrument for giving a d. 3. To apply a d. [Fr. fr. doucher, to pour]



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Douglas Douglas
Claude G., English physiologist, 1882-1963. See D. bag.



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Douglas Douglas
Beverly, U.S. surgeon, *1891. See D. graft.



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Douglas Douglas
John C., Irish obstetrician, 1777-1850. See D.'s spontaneous evolution; D. mechanism.



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Douglas Douglas
James, Scottish anatomist in London, 1675-1742. See D. abscess; D.'s cul-de-sac, fold, line, pouch; cavum douglasi.



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dourine dourine (du´ren)
A venereally transmitted trypanosomiasis of horses caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum and characterized by inflammation of the genitals, glandular swelling, and paralysis of the hind quarters.equine syphilis; [Fr.]



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dovetail dovetail (duv´tal)
A widened portion of a cavity preparation usually established to increase the retention and resistance form.



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dowel dowel (dow´l)
1. A cast gold or preformed metal pin placed into a root canal for the purpose of providing retention for a crown. 2. A preformed metal pin placed in a copper-plated die to provide a die stem.



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Down Down
John Langdon H., English physician, 1828-1896. See D.'s syndrome.



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Downey Downey
H., U.S. hematologist, 1877-1959. See D. cell.



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down-regulation down-regulation
Development of a refractory or tolerant state consequent upon repeated administration of a pharmacologically or physiologically active substance; often accompanied by an initial decrease in affinity of receptors for the agent and a subsequent diminution in the number of receptors.



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Downs Downs
William B., U.S. orthodontist, 1899-1966. See D.'s analysis.



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Dox Dox
Arthur W., U.S. chemist, *1882. See Czapek-D. medium.



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doxacurium chloride doxacurium chloride (doks´a-ku´re-um)
A nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug similar to pancuronium but without cardiovascular side effects.



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doxapram hydrochloride doxapram hydrochloride (doks´a-pram)
1-Ethyl-4-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidone monohydrochloride (or hydrochloride hydrate);a central nervous system stimulant, advocated but infrequently used as a respiratory stimulant in anesthesia.



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doxazocin doxazocin
An antihypertensive agent that selectively blocks the a1 (postjunctional) subtype of a-adrenergic receptors; resembles prazocin in pharmacologic actions. Prevents the blood pressure elevating effects of norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and other agonists at vascular a1-receptors.



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doxepin hydrochloride doxepin hydrochloride (dok´se-pin)
N,N-Dimethyldibenz[b,e]oxepin-DELTA11(6H),gamma-propylamine hydrochloride;an antidepressant agent.



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doxophylline doxophylline (dok´o-fil´in)
A theophylline-like drug used as a bronchodilator in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.



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doxorubicin doxorubicin (dok´so-ru´bi-sin)
An antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius; also used in cytogenetics to produce Q-type chromosome bands.adriamycin;



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doxycycline doxycycline (dok-se-sI´klen)
a-6-Deoxy-5-hydroxytetracycline;an antibiotic.



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doxylamine succinate doxylamine succinate (dok-sil´a-men)
2-[a-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)-a-methylbenzyl]pyridine succinate;an antihistaminic.mereprine;



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Doyère Doyère
Louis, French physiologist, 1811-1863. See D.'s eminence.



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Doyle Doyle
J.B., U.S. gynecologist, *1907. See D.'s operation.



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Doyne Doyne
Robert Walter, English ophthalmologist, 1857-1916. See D.'s honeycomb choroidopathy.



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D.P. D.P.
Abbreviation for Doctor of Podiatry.



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D.P.H. D.P.H.
Abbreviation for Department of Public Health; Doctor of Public Health.



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D.P.M. D.P.M.
Abbreviation for Doctor of Podiatric Medicine.



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DPN DPN
Abbreviation for diphosphopyridine nucleotide.



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DPN+ DPN+
Abbreviation for oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide.



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DPNase DPNase
NAD+ nucleosidase



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DPNH DPNH
Abbreviation for reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide.



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DPNH -> aldehyde transhydrogenase DPNH -> aldehyde transhydrogenase
alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+)



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DPT DPT
Abbreviation for diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (vaccine). See diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and pertussis vaccine.



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DR DR
Abbreviation for reaction of degeneration.



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dr dr
Abbreviation for dram.



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drachm drachm (dram)
dram [G. drachme, an ancient Greek weight, equivalent to about 60 gr]



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dracontiasis dracontiasis (drak-on-tI´a-sis)
Former term for dracunculiasis. [G. drakon (drakont-), dragon]



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dracunculiasis dracunculiasis , dracunculosis (dra-kung-kyu-lI´a-sis, -kyu-lo´sis)
Infection with Dracunculus medinensis.



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Dracunculus Dracunculus (dra-kung´kyu-lus)
A genus of nematodes (superfamily Dracunculoidea) that have some resemblances to true filarial worms; however, adults are larger (females being as long as 1 m), and the intermediate host is a freshwater crustacean rather than an insect. [L. dim. of draco, serpent]
D. lova old incorrect term for Loa loa.
D. medinen´sis a species of skin-infecting, yard-long nematodes, formerly incorrectly classed as Filaria; adult worms live anywhere in the body of humans and various semi-aquatic mammals; the females migrate along fascial planes to subcutaneous tissues, where troublesome chronic ulcers are formed in the skin; when the host enters water, larvae are discharged from the ulcers, from which the head of the female worm protrudes; these larvae, if ingested by Cyclops species, develop in the intermediate host to the infective stage; humans and various animals contract the infection from accidental ingestion of infected Cyclops in drinking water. Popularly known as guinea, Medina, serpent, or dragon worm, and frequently thought to be the "fiery serpent" that plagued the Israelites. [L. of Medina]
D. oc´uli old incorrect term for Loa loa.
D. persa´rum old term for D. medinensis. [L. of the Persians]



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draft draft
1. A current of air in a confined space. 2. A quantity of liquid medicine ordered as a single dose.draught;



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drag drag
1. The lower or cast side of a denture flask. 2. Any tendency for one moving thing to pull something else along with it.
solvent d. the influence exerted by a flow of solvent through a membrane on the simultaneous movement of a solute through the membrane.



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dragée dragée (dra-zha´)
A sugar-coated pill or capsule. [Fr.]



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Dragendorff Dragendorff
Georg J.N., German physician and pharmaceutical chemist, 1836-1898. See D.'s test.



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Drager Drager
Glenn A., U.S. neurologist, *1917. See Shy-D. syndrome.



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Dräger Dräger
Heinrich, German manufacturer of industrial and diving respiratory apparatus, *1898. See D. respirometer.



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drain drain (dran)
1. To draw off fluid from a cavity as it forms. 2. A device, usually in the shape of a tube or wick, for removing fluid as it collects in a cavity, especially a wound cavity. [A. S. drehnian, to draw off]
cigarette d. a wick of gauze wrapped in rubber tissue, providing capillary drainage.
Mikulicz' d. a d. made of several strings of gauze held together by a single layer of gauze.
Penrose d. a soft tube-shaped rubber drain.
stab d. a d. passed into a cavity through a puncture made at a dependent part away from the wound of operation, designed to prevent infection of the wound.
sump d. a d. consisting of an outer tube with a smaller tube within it which is attached to a suction pump; the outer tube has multiple perforations that allow fluid and air to pass into its interior and be carried away through the suction tube.



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drainage drainage (dran´ij)
Continuous withdrawal of fluids from a wound or other cavity.
capillary d. d. by means of a wick of gauze or other material.
closed d. d. of a body cavity via a water- or air-tight system.
dependent d. d. from the lowest part and into a receptacle at a level lower than the structure being drained.downward d;
downward d. dependent d
infusion-aspiration d. a type of d. in which antibiotics are continuously infused into a cavity at the same time fluid is being drained (aspirated) from the cavity.drip-suck irrigation;
open d. d. allowing air to enter.
postural d. d. used in bronchiectasis and lung abscess. The patient's body is positioned so that the trachea is inclined downward and below the affected chest area.
suction d. closed drainage of a cavity, with a suction apparatus attached to the drainage tube.
through d. d. obtained by the passage of a perforated tube, open at both extremities, through a cavity; in addition, the cavity can be washed out by a solution passed through the tube.
tidal d. d. of the urinary bladder by means of an intermittent filling and emptying apparatus.
Wangensteen d. continuous d. by suction through an indwelling gastric or duodenal tube.



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dram (dr) dram (dr)
A unit of weight: 1/8 oz.; 60 gr, apothecaries' weight; 1/16 oz., avoirdupois weight.drachm; [see drachm]



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dramamine(R) dramamine(R)
dimenhydrinate



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drape drape (drap)
1. To cover parts of the body other than those to be examined or operated upon. 2. The cloth or materials used for such cover. [M.E., fr. L.L. drappus, cloth]



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Draper Draper
John W., English chemist, 1811-1882. See D.'s law.



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drapetomania drapetomania (drap´e-to-ma´ne-a)
An uncontrollable desire to run away from home. [G. drapetes, runaway, + mania, insanity]



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draught draught (draft)
draft



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draw-sheet draw-sheet (draw´shet)
A narrow sheet placed crosswise on the bed under the patient, with a rubber sheet of the same width beneath it; used to assist in moving the patient or in changing soiled bed coverings.



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dream dream (drem)
Mental activity during sleep in which events, thought, emotions, and images are experienced as real.
anxiety d. a d. (or nightmare) in which morbid fear and anxiety form an important part.
wet d. a true physiologic orgasm during sleep including, in males, a nocturnal seminal emission (oneirogmus), usually accompanying a d. with sexual content.



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dream-work dream-work
In psychoanalysis, the process by which the change from latent to manifest content of a dream is effected.



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Drechslera Drechslera (dresh´ler-a)
A saprobic genus of fungi, frequently recovered in the clinical laboratory, characterized by conidia attached to a zigzagged conidiophore. Species in the genus may cause phaeohyphomycosis in humans, cats, and horses.



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Dreifuss Dreifuss
F. E. See Emery-D. muscular dystrophy.



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drench drench
1. The pouring of a liquid medicinal agent from a bottle into the mouth of an animal while holding its head high, thus forcing it to swallow. 2. The liquid medicinal agent intended for giving to an animal by drenching. [M.E. drenchen, to drown, fr. O.E. drencan, to give a drink]



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drepanidium drepanidium (drep-a-nid´e-um)
A young sickle-shaped or crescentic form of a gregarine. [G. drepane, a sickle]



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drepanocyte drepanocyte (drep´a-no-sIt)
sickle cell [G. drepane, sickle, + kytos, a hollow (cell)]



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drepanocytic drepanocytic (drep´a-no-sit´ik)
Relating to or resembling a sickle cell.



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dresser dresser (dres´er)
In Great Britain, a surgical assistant whose primary duty is bandaging and dressing wounds.



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dressing dressing (dres´ing)
The material applied, or the application itself of material, to a wound for protection, absorbance, drainage, etc.
adhesive absorbent d. a sterile individual d. consisting of a plain absorbent compress affixed to a film of fabric coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive.
antiseptic d. a sterile d. of gauze impregnated with an antiseptic.
bolus d. tie-over d
dry d. dry gauze or other material applied to a wound.
fixed d. a d. stiffened with a substance that produces immobilization when it dries.
Lister's d. the first type of antiseptic d., one of gauze impregnated with carbolic acid.
occlusive d. a d. that hermetically seals a wound.
pressure d. a d. by which pressure is exerted on the area covered to prevent the collection of fluids in the underlying tissues; most commonly used after skin grafting and in the treatment of burns.
tie-over d. a d. placed over a skin graft or other sutured wound and tied on by the sutures which have been left of sufficient length for that purpose.bolus d;
water d. an application of gauze or other material that is kept wet with sterilized water or saline solution.



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Dressler Dressler
William, U.S. physician, 1890-1969. See D. beat; D.'s syndrome.



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Dreyer Dreyer
Georges, English pathologist, 1873-1934. See D.'s formula.



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DRG DRG
Abbreviation for diagnosis-related group.



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dribble dribble (dri´bl)
1. To drool, slaver, drivel. 2. To fall in drops, as the urine from a distended bladder.



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drift drift
A gradual movement, as from an original position. 2. A gradual change in the value of a random variable over time as a result of various factors, some random and some systematic effects of trend, manipulation, etc.
antigenic d. the process of "evolutionary" changes in molecular structure of DNA/RNA in microorganisms during their passage from one host to another; it may be due to recombination, deletion, or insertion of genes, point mutations or combinations of these events; it leads to alteration (usually slow and progressive) in the antigenic composition, and therefore in the immunologic responses of individuals and populations to exposure to the microorganism concerned.
genetic d. a change in the frequencies of genetic traits over generations.
pure random d. that which has random components only with an average value of zero and no systematic effects. Brownian movement in a still container shows pure random d. but in the Mississippi shows a steady downstream tendency.



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drifting drifting
Random movement of a tooth to a position of greater stability.



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drifts drifts
Slow ocular movements of greater amplitude than flicks, occurring during ocular fixation.drift movements;



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Drigalski Drigalski
Wilhelm von, German bacteriologist, 1871-1950. See D.-Conradi agar; Conradi-D. agar.



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drill drill
1. To make a hole in bone or other hard substance. 2. An instrument for making or enlarging a hole in bone or in a tooth. [Middle Dutch drillen, to bore]
bur d. See bur.
dental d. a rotary power-driven instrument into which cutting points may be inserted. See also handpiece.



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Drinker Drinker
Philip, U.S. industrial hygienist, 1894-1972. See D. respirator.



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drip drip
1. To flow a drop at a time. 2. A flowing in drops.
alkaline milk d. a variable mixture of sodium bicarbonate in whole milk dripped into the stomach through a small oral or nasal tube to produce constant achlorhydria; used in the treatment of certain ulcers.
intravenous d. the slow but continuous introduction of solutions intravenously, a drop at a time.
Murphy d. proctoclysis
postnasal d. term sometimes used to describe sensation of excessive mucoid or mucopurulent discharge from the posterior nares.



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drive drive
1. A basic compelling urge. 2. In psychology, classified as either innate (e.g., hunger) or learned (e.g., hoarding) and appetitive (e.g., hunger, thirst, sex) or aversive (e.g., fear, pain, grief). See also motive, motivation.
acquired d.'s secondary d.'s
exploratory d. the d. typical of toddlers and some animals to investigate the unfamiliar or unknown.
learned d. motive (1)
meiotic d. differential fitness in males and females.
physiological d.'s those d.'s such as hunger and thirst which stem from the biological needs of an organism.primary d.'s;
primary d.'s physiological d.'s
secondary d.'s those d.'s not directly related to biological needs; a secondary d. can be learned as an offshoot of a primary d., in which case it is often referred to as a motive.acquired d.'s;



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driving driving (drIv´ing)
The induction of a frequency in the electroencephalogram by sensory stimulation at this frequency.
photic d. a normal EEG phenomenon whereby the frequency of the activity recorded over the parieto-occipital regions is time-locked to the flash frequency during photic stimulation.



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dromic dromic (dro´mik)
orthodromic [G. dromos, a running, race-course]



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dromograph dromograph (drom´o-graf)
An instrument for recording the rapidity of the blood circulation. [G. dromos, a running, + grapho, to record]



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dromomania dromomania (drom-o-ma´ne-a)
An uncontrollable impulse to wander or travel. [G. dromos, a running, + mania, insanity]



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dromostanolone propionate dromostanolone propionate (dro-mos´tan-o-lon, dro-mo-stan´o-lon)
17beta-Hydroxy-2a-methyl-5a-androstan-3-one propionate;an antineoplastic agent.



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dromotropic dromotropic (dro-mo-trop´ik)
Influencing the velocity of conduction of excitation, as in nerve or cardiac muscle fibers. [G. dromos, a running, + trope, a turn]
negatively d. acting to diminish conduction velocity.
positively d. acting to increase conduction velocity.



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dronabinol dronabinol (dro-nab´i-nol)
6H-Dibenzo[b,d]pyran-l-ol, 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-, (6aR-trans)-;the principal psychoactive substance present in Cannabis sativa, used therapeutically as an antinauseant to control the nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. See also tetrahydrocannabinol.



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drop drop
1. To fall, or to be dispensed or poured in globules. 2. A liquid globule. 3. A volume of liquid regarded as a unit of dosage, equivalent in the case of water to about 1 minim. See also drops. 4. A solid confection in globular form, usually directed to be allowed to dissolve in the mouth. [A.S. droppan]
enamel d. enameloma
hanging d. a d. of liquid on the undersurface of the object glass for examination under the microscope.



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droperidol droperidol (dro-per´i-dol)
A butyrophenone drug used in neuroleptanalgesia and preanesthetic medication; the pharmacology is similar to that of haloperidol; a dopamine receptor blocker.



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droplet droplet (drop´let)
A diminutive drop, such as a particle of moisture discharged from the mouth during coughing, sneezing, or speaking; these may transmit infections to others by their airborne passage. [drop + -let, dim. suffix]



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dropper dropper
instillator



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drops drops
A popular term for a medicine taken in doses measured by d.'s, usually a tincture, or applied by dropping, as an eyewash.
eye d. See eyewash, ophthalmic solutions, under solution.
knock-out d. a popular name for chloral alcoholate given with criminal intent to produce unconsciousness rapidly; it is formed by adding chloral hydrate to beer or some stronger alcoholic liquor.
nose d. a liquid preparation intended for intranasal administration with a medicine dropper. Most frequently used for decongestion of the nasal passages but can be used for any other appropriate indication.
stomach d. a stomachic tonic, usually tincture of gentian, alone or with other stomachics.



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dropsical dropsical (drop´si-kal)
hydropic



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dropsy dropsy (drop´se)
Old term for edema. [G. hydrops]
abdominal d. ascites
cardiac d. edema due to heart failure.
epidemic d. a disease causing occasional epidemics in India and Mauritius; marked by edema, anemia, eruptive angiomatosis, and mild fever; may be associated with nutritional deficiency.
famine d. edema occurring with the hypoproteinemia of low protein intake occurring as starvation of a large population group.
nutritional d. edema due to hypoproteinemia secondary to malnutrition.
d. of pericardium pericardial effusion



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drowning drowning
Death within 24 hours of immersion in liquid, either due to anoxia or cardiac arrest caused by sudden extreme lowering of temperature (immersion syndrome). See also near d.
dry d. d. in an individual whose laryngeal reflexes are brisk, resulting in spasm that prevents inhalation of water; may be associated with the highest recovery rate.
near d. initial survival following immersion in liquid; the victim may die more than 24 hours later, e.g., from ARDS.
secondary d. pulmonary edema and resulting asphyxia, resulting from hypoxia and increased permeability of pulmonary capillaries occurring in a patient who has been immersed in and aspirated some water.



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drowsiness drowsiness (drow´ze-nes)
A state of impaired awareness associated with a desire or inclination to sleep.hypnesthesia;



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Dr.P.H. Dr.P.H.
Abbreviation of Doctor of Public Health.



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drug drug (drug)
1. Therapeutic agent; any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment, or cure of disease. For types or classifications of d.'s, see the specific name. See also agent. 2. To administer or take a d., usually implying an overly large quantity or a narcotic. 3. General term for any substance, stimulating or depressing, that can be habituating or addictive, especially a narcotic. [M.E. drogge]
addictive d. any d. that creates a certain degree of euphoria and has a strong potential for addiction.
crude d. an unrefined preparation, usually of plant origin, that occurs either in the entire, nearly entire, broken, cut, or powdered state.
d. holidays intervals when a chronically medicated patient temporarily stops taking the medication; used to allow some recuperation of normal functions and/or to maintain sensitivity to the drug(s).
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory d.'s (NSAID) a large number of d.'s exerting anti-inflammatory (and also usually analgesic and antipyretic) actions; examples include aspirin, acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen. A contrast is made with steroidal compounds (such as hydrocortisone or prednisone) exerting anti-inflammatory activity.
orphan d.'s orphan products, under product
psychedelic d. hallucinogen
psychodysleptic d. hallucinogen
psycholytic d. hallucinogen
psychotomimetic d. hallucinogen
psychotropic d. any d. that affects the mind.
recreational d. street d
scheduled d. a d. assigned to any of the five schedules in the Controlled Substances Act (1970). See also controlled substance.
street d. a controlled substance taken for non-medical purposes. Street d.'s comprise various amphetamines, anesthetics, barbiturates, opiates, and psychoactive drugs, and many are derived from natural sources (e.g., the plants Papaver somniferum, Cannibis sativa, Amanita pantherina, Lophophora williamsii). Slang names include acid (lysergic acid diethylamide), angel dust (phencyclidine), coke (cocaine), downers (barbiturates), grass (marijuana), hash (concentrated tetrahydrocannibinol), magic mushrooms (psilocybin), mescaline (peyote), speed (amphetamines). During the 1980s, a new class of "designer drugs" arose, mostly analogs of psychoactive substances intended to escape regulation under the Controlled Substances Act. Also, crack cocaine, a potent, smokable form of cocaine, emerged as a major public health problem. In the U.S. illicit use of drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, and heroin historically has occurred in cycles.recreational d;



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drug-fast drug-fast
Pertaining to microorganisms that resist or become tolerant to an antibacterial agent.



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druggist druggist (drug´ist)
Old common term for pharmacist.



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drug interactions drug interactions
The pharmacological result, either desirable or undesirable, of drugs interacting with themselves or other drugs, with endogenous physiologic chemical agents (e.g., MAOI with epinephrine), with components of the diet, and with chemicals used in diagnostic tests or the results of such tests.



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drum drum , drumhead (drum, drum´hed)
tympanic membrane



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Drummond Drummond
Sir David, English physician, 1852-1932. See artery of D.; D.'s sign.



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drunkenness drunkenness (drunk´en-nes)
Intoxication, usually alcoholic. See also acute alcoholism.
sleep d. a half-waking condition in which the faculty of orientation is in abeyance, and under the influence of nightmare-like ideas the person may become actively excited and violent.somnolentia (2);



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drusen drusen (dru´sen)
Small bright structures seen in the retina and in the optic disc. [Ger. pl. of druse, stony nodule, geode]
giant d. obsolete term for a glial hamartoma of the optic nerve head or the peripapillary retina, seen in tuberous sclerosis.
intrapapillary d. d. of the optic nerve head
d. of the macula excrescences of Bruch's membrane that produce a window in the retinal pigment epithelium and are a feature of age-related macular retinal degeneration.macular d;
macular d. d. of the macula
optic nerve d. basophilic, calcareous, laminated acellular bodies within the optic nerve anterior to the scleral lamina cribrosa.
d. of the optic nerve head basophilic, laminated, calcareous acellular masses that resemble crystals within the nerve head, anterior to the lamina cribrosa, that may simulate papilledema and/or cause visual field defects.intrapapillary d;



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dry ice dry ice (drI Is)
carbon dioxide snow



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ds ds
Abbreviation for double-stranded.



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DSA DSA
Abbreviation for digital subtraction angiography.



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DT DT
Abbreviation for delirium tremens; duration tetany.



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dT dT
Abbreviation for deoxythymidine.



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DT-diaphorase DT-diaphorase
NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone)



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dTDP dTDP
Abbreviation for thymidine 5´-diphosphate.



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dTDP-sugars dTDP-sugars
Sugars or sugar derivatives bonded to dTDP.



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DTH DTH
Abbreviation for delayed-type hypersensitivity.



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dThd dThd
Abbreviation for thymidine.



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DTIC DTIC
Abbreviation for dacarbazine.



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dTMP dTMP
Abbreviation for deoxythymidylic acid; thymidine 5´-monophosphate.



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DTP DTP
Abbreviation for distal tingling on percussion; diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and pertussis vaccine.



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DTPA DTPA
Abbreviation for diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid.



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DTR DTR
Abbreviation for deep tendon reflex.



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dTTP dTTP
Abbreviation for thymidine 5´-triphosphate.



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dualism dualism (du´al-izm)
1. In chemistry, a theory advanced by J.J. Berzelius (Swedish chemist, 1779-1848) that every compound, no matter how many elements enter into it, is composed of two parts, one electrically negative, the other positive; still applicable, with modification, to polar compounds, but inapplicable to nonpolar compounds. 2. In hematology, the concept that blood cells have two origins, i.e., lymphogenous or myelogenous. 3. The theory that the mind and body are two distinct systems, independent and different in nature. [L. dualis, relating to two, fr. duo, two]



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Duane Duane
Alexander, U.S. ophthalmologist, 1858-1926. See D.'s syndrome.



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Dubin Dubin
I. Nathan, U.S. pathologist, 1913-1980. See D.-Johnson syndrome.



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DuBois DuBois
Eugene F., U.S. physiologist, 1882-1959. See DuB.'s formula; Aub-DuB. table.



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Dubois Dubois
Paul, French obstetrician, 1795-1871. See D.'s abscesses, under abscess, disease.



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duboisine duboisine (du-boy´sen)
An alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Duboisia myoporoides (family Solanaceae). See hyoscyamine.



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Du Bois-Reymond Du Bois-Reymond
Emil H., German physiologist, 1818-1896. See Du Bois-Reymond's law.



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Duboscq Duboscq
Jules, French optician, 1817-1886. See D.'s colorimeter.



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Dubowitz Dubowitz
Victor, South African-English pediatrician, *1931. See D. score.



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Dubreuil-Chambardel Dubreuil-Chambardel
Louis, French dentist, 1879-1927. See Dubreuil-Chambardel syndrome.



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Dubreuilh Dubreuilh
M.W., 20th century French dermatologist. See precancerous melanosis of D.



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Duchenne Duchenne
Guillaume B.A., French neurologist, 1806-1875. See D.'s disease, sign, syndrome; D.-Aran disease; Aran-D. disease; D.-Erb paralysis; D. dystrophy.



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Duckworth Duckworth
Sir Dyce, English physician, 1840-1928. See D.'s phenomenon.



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Ducrey Ducrey
Augusto, Italian dermatologist, 1860-1940. See D.'s bacillus; D. test.



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duct duct (dukt)
A tubular structure giving exit to the secretion of a gland, or conducting any fluid. See also canal.ductus [NA]; [L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]
aberrant d.'s aberrant ductules, under ductule
aberrant bile d.'s small d.'s occasionally present in the ligaments of the liver or originating from the surface of the liver.
accessory pancreatic d. the excretory duct of the head of the pancreas, one branch of which joins the pancreatic duct, the other opening independently into the duodenum at the lesser duodenal papilla.ductus pancreaticus accessorius [NA] , Bernard's canal, Bernard's d., ductus dorsopancreaticus, Santorini's canal, Santorini's d;
alveolar d. 1. the part of the respiratory passages distal to the respiratory bronchiole; from it arise alveolar sacs and alveoli; 2. the smallest of the intralobular d.'s in the mammary gland, into which the secretory alveoli open.ductulus alveolaris [NA];
amniotic d. the transitory opening between the seroamniotic folds in birds just before they fuse to form the seroamniotic raphe.
anal d.'s short d.'s lined with simple columnar to stratified columnar epithelium that extend from the valvulae anales to the sinus anales.
arterial d. ductus arteriosus
Bartholin's d. major sublingual d
Bellini's d.'s papillary d.'s
Bernard's d. accessory pancreatic d
bile d. any of the d.'s conveying bile between the liver and the intestine, including hepatic, cystic, and common bile d.biliary d;
biliary d. bile d
Blasius' d. parotid d
Botallo's d. ductus arteriosus
bucconeural d. craniopharyngeal d
d. of bulbourethral gland the long slender duct on each side passing down through the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm to enter the bulb of the penis and course forward 2 or 3 cm before terminating in the urethra.ductus glandulae bulbourethralis [NA];
canalicular d.'s 1. lactiferous d.'s 2. biliary ductules, under ductule
carotid d. ductus caroticus
cervical d. See cervical diverticulum.
choledoch d. common bile d
cochlear d. a spirally arranged membranous tube suspended within the cochlea, occupying the lower portion of the scala vestibuli; it begins by a blind extremity, the vestibular cecum, in the cochlear recess of the vestibule, terminating in another blind extremity, the cecum cupulare or lagena, at the cupola of the cochlea; it contains endolymph and communicates with the sacculus by the ductus reuniens; the spiral organ (of Corti), the neuroepithelial receptor organ for hearing, occupies the floor of the duct.ductus cochlearis [NA] , Löwenberg's canal, Löwenberg's scala, membranous cochlea, scala media;
common bile d. a duct formed by the union of the hepatic and cystic ducts; it discharges at the duodenal papilla.ductus choledochus [NA] , choledoch d., choledoch, choledochus;
common hepatic d. the part of the biliary duct system that is formed by the confluence of right and left hepatic ducts. At the porta hepatis it is joined by the cystic duct to become the common bile duct.ductus hepaticus communis [NA] , hepatocystic d;
craniopharyngeal d. the slender tubular part of the hypophysial diverticulum; the stalk of Rathke's pocket.bucconeural d., hypophysial d;
Cuvier's d.'s obsolete term for the common cardinal veins.
cystic d. , cystic gall d. the d. leading from the gallbladder; it joins the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct.ductus cysticus [NA];
deferent d. ductus deferens
efferent d. efferent ductules of testis, under ductule
ejaculatory d. the duct formed by the union of the deferent duct and the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle, which opens into the prostatic urethra.ductus ejaculatorius [NA] , spermiduct (2);
endolymphatic d. a small membranous canal, connecting with both saccule and utricle of the membranous labyrinth, passing through the aqueduct of vestibule, and terminating in a dilated blind extremity, the endolymphatic sac, on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone beneath the dura mater.ductus endolymphaticus [NA];
d. of epididymis a convoluted tube into which the efferent ductules open and which itself terminates in the ductus deferens.ductus epididymidis [NA];
excretory d. a d. carrying the secretion from a gland or a fluid from any reservoir.ductus excretorius;
excretory d.'s of lacrimal gland the multiple (6 to 10) excretory ducts of the lacrimal gland that open into the superior fornix of the conjunctival sac.ductuli excretorii glandulae lacrimalis [NA] , excretory ductules of lacrimal gland;
excretory d. of seminal vesicle the passage leading from a seminal vesicle to the ejaculatory duct.ductus excretorius vesiculae seminalis [NA];
frontonasal d. the passage that leads downward from the frontal sinus to open into the ethmoidal infundibulum.
galactophorous d.'s lactiferous d.'s
gall d. Obsolete term for bile d.
Gartner's d. longitudinal d. of epoöphoron
genital d. genital tract
guttural d. auditory tube
hemithoracic d. an accessory thoracic duct, usually emptying into the thoracic duct but sometimes discharging independently into the right subclavian vein.ductus hemithoracicus;
Hensen's d. uniting d
hepatic d. See common hepatic d., right hepatic d., left hepatic d.
hepatocystic d. common hepatic d
Hoffmann's d. pancreatic d
hypophysial d. craniopharyngeal d
incisive d. a rudimentary duct, or protrusion of the mucous membrane into the incisive canal, on either side of the anterior extremity of the nasal crest.ductus incisivus [NA];
intercalated d.'s the minute d.'s of glands, such as the salivary and the pancreas, that lead from the acini; they are lined by low cuboidal cells.
interlobar d. a d. draining the secretion of the lobe of a gland and formed by the junction of a number of interlobular d.'s.
interlobular d. any d. leading from a lobule of a gland and formed by the junction of the fine d.'s draining the acini.
intralobular d. a d. that lies within a lobule of a gland.
jugular d. jugular lymphatic trunk
lactiferous d.'s the ducts, numbering 15 or 20, which drain the lobes of the mammary gland; they open at the nipple.ductus lactiferi [NA] , canalicular d.'s (1) , galactophore, galactophorous canals, galactophorous d.'s, mamillary d.'s, mammary d.'s, milk d.'s, tubuli galactophori, tubuli lactiferi;
left d. of caudate lobe a tributary to the left hepatic duct draining bile from the left half of the caudate lobe.ductus lobi caudati sinister [NA];
left hepatic d. the duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver, including the quadrate lobe and the left part of the caudate lobe.ductus hepaticus sinister [NA];
longitudinal d. of epoöphoron a rudimentary vestige of the mesonephric duct in the female into which the tubules of the epoöphoron open; it is located in the broad ligament of the uterus, parallel with the lateral part of the uterine tube, and in the lateral walls of the cervix and vagina.ductus epoöphori longitudinalis [NA] , ductus deferens vestigialis, Gartner's canal, Gartner's d;
Luschka's d.'s glandlike tubular structures in the wall of the gallbladder, especially in the part covered with peritoneum.
lymphatic d. one of the two large lymph channels, right lymphatic d. or thoracic d.
major sublingual d. the duct that drains the anterior portion of the sublingual gland; it opens at the sublingual papilla.ductus sublingualis major [NA] , Bartholin's d;
mamillary d.'s lactiferous d.'s
mammary d.'s lactiferous d.'s
mesonephric d. a duct in the embryo draining the mesonephric tubules; in the male it becomes the ductus deferens; in the female it becomes vestigial. See also longitudinal d. of epoöphoron.ductus mesonephricus [NA] , wolffian d;
metanephric d. the slender tubular portion of the metanephric diverticulum; the primordium of the epithelial lining of the ureter. See epoöphoron, longitudinal d. of epoöphoron.
milk d.'s lactiferous d.'s
minor sublingual d.'s from 8 to 20 small ducts of the sublingual salivary gland that open into the mouth on the surface of the sublingual fold; a few join the submandibular ducts.ductus sublinguales minores [NA] , Rivinus' d.'s, Walther's canals, Walther's d.'s;
Müller's d. , müllerian d. paramesonephric d
nasal d. nasolacrimal d
nasolacrimal d. the passage leading downward from the lacrimal sac on each side to the anterior portion of the inferior meatus of the nose, through which tears are conducted into the nasal cavity.ductus nasolacrimalis [NA] , nasal d;
nephric d. pronephric d
omphalomesenteric d. obsolete term for yolk stalk.
pancreatic d. the excretory duct of the pancreas that extends through the gland from tail to head where it empties into the duodenum at the greater duodenal papilla.ductus pancreaticus [NA] , Hoffmann's d., Wirsung's canal, Wirsung's d;
papillary d.'s the largest straight excretory d.'s in the kidney medulla and papillae whose openings form the area cribrosa; they are a continuation of the collecting tubules.Bellini's d.'s;
paramesonephric d. either of the two paired embryonic tubes extending along the mesonephros roughly parallel to the mesonephric duct and emptying into the cloaca; in the female, the upper parts of the ducts form the uterine tubes, while the lower fuse to form the uterus and part of the vagina; in the male, vestiges of the ducts form the vagina masculina and the appendix testis.ductus paramesonephricus [NA] , Müller's d., müllerian d;
paraurethral d.'s inconstant ducts along the side of the female urethra that convey the mucoid secretion of Skene's glands to the vestibule.ductus paraurethrales [NA] , d.'s of Skene's glands, Schüller's d.'s;
parotid d. the duct of the parotid gland opening from the cheek into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the neck of the superior second molar tooth.ductus parotideus [NA] , Blasius' d., Stensen's d., Steno's d;
Pecquet's d. thoracic d
perilymphatic d. a fine canal connecting the perilymphatic space of the cochlea with the subarachnoid space.ductus perilymphaticus [NA] , aqueductus cochleae, cochlear aqueduct;
pharyngobranchial d.'s See ductus pharyngobranchialis III, ductus pharyngobranchialis IV.
pronephric d. the d. of the pronephros; serves as the mesonephric duct.nephric d;
prostatic d.'s prostatic ductules, under ductule
right d. of caudate lobe the bile duct from the right half of the caudate lobe, a tributary to the right hepatic duct.ductus lobi caudati dexter [NA];
right hepatic d. the duct that transmits bile to the common hepatic duct from the right half of the liver and the right part of the caudate lobe.ductus hepaticus dexter [NA];
right lymphatic d. one of the two terminal lymph vessels, a short trunk, about 2 cm in length, formed by the union of the right jugular lymphatic vessel and vessels from the lymph nodes of the right superior limb, thoracic wall, and both lungs; it lies on the right side of the root of the neck and empties into the right brachiocephalic vein.ductus lymphaticus dexter [NA] , ductus thoracicus dexter [NA];
Rivinus' d.'s minor sublingual d.'s
salivary d. striated d
Santorini's d. accessory pancreatic d
Schüller's d.'s paraurethral d.'s
secretory d. striated d
semicircular d.'s three small membranous tubes in the bony semicircular canals that lie within the bony labyrinth and form loops of about two-thirds of a circle. The three (anterior semicircular d., lateral semicircular d., and posterior semicircular d.) lie in planes at right angles to each other and open into the vestibule by five openings of which one is common to the anterior and lateral ducts. Each duct has an ampulla at one end within which filaments of the vestibular nerve terminate.ductus semicirculares [NA];
seminal d. any one of the d.'s conveying semen from the epididymis to the urethra, ductus deferens, or ejaculatory d.gonaduct (1);
d.'s of Skene's glands paraurethral d.'s
spermatic d. ductus deferens
Stensen's d. , Steno's d. parotid d
striated d. a type of intralobular d. found in some salivary glands that modifies the secretory product; it derives its name from extensive infolding of the basal membrane.salivary d., secretory d;
subclavian d. subclavian lymphatic trunk
submandibular d. the duct of the submandibular salivary gland; it opens at the sublingual papilla near the frenulum of the tongue.ductus submandibularis [NA] , ductus submaxillaris, submaxillary d., Wharton's d;
submaxillary d. submandibular d
sudoriferous d. d. of sweat glands
sweat d. d. of sweat glands
d. of sweat glands the superficial portion of the sweat gland that passes through the corium and epidermis, opening on the surface by the porus sudoriferus or sweat pore.ductus sudoriferus, sudoriferous d., sweat d;
testicular d. ductus deferens
thoracic d. the largest lymph vessel in the body, beginning at the cisterna chyli at about the level of the second lumbar vertebra; the abdominal part extends superiorly to pass through the aortic opening of the diaphragm, where it becomes the thoracic part and crosses the posterior mediastinum to form the arch of thoracic duct and discharge into the left venous angle (origin of the brachiocephalic vein).ductus thoracicus [NA] , Pecquet's d., van Horne's canal;
thyroglossal d. a transitory endodermal tube in the embryo, carrying thyroid-forming tissue at its caudal end; normally, the duct disappears after the thyroid has moved to its definitive location in the neck; its point of origin is regularly marked on the root of the adult tongue by the foramen cecum; occasionally, its incomplete regression results in the formation of cysts along its embryonic course. See also pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland.ductus thyroglossus, thyrolingual d;
thyrolingual d. thyroglossal d
umbilical d. yolk stalk
uniting d. a short membranous tube passing from the lower end of the saccule to the cochlear duct of the membranous labyrinth.ductus reuniens [NA] , canaliculus reuniens, canalis reuniens, Hensen's canal, Hensen's d., uniting canal;
utriculosaccular d. a duct that connects the inner aspect of the utricle with the endolymphatic duct a short distance from its origin from the saccule.ductus utriculosaccularis [NA] , Böttcher's canal;
vitelline d. , vitellointestinal d. yolk stalk
Walther's d.'s minor sublingual d.'s
Wharton's d. submandibular d
Wirsung's d. pancreatic d
wolffian d. mesonephric d



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ductal ductal (duk´tal)
Relating to a duct.



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ductile ductile (duk´tIl)
Denoting the property of a material that allows it to be bent, drawn out (as a wire), or otherwise deformed without breaking. [L. ductilis, capable of being led or drawn]



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duction duction (duk´shun)
1. The act of leading, bringing, conducting. 2. In ophthalmology, ocular rotations with reference to one eye; usually additionally designating direction of movement of the eye; e.g., rotation toward the nose, adduction; toward the temple, abduction; upward, supra- or sursumduction; downward, deorsumduction; of the upper pole of one cornea, cycloduction; of the upper pole of one cornea outward, excycloduction; of the upper pole of one cornea inward, incycloduction. [L. duco, to lead]
F d. transfer of chromosomal fragments from one bacterium to another by means of F´ carriers.sexduction;
forced d. a maneuver to determine whether a mechanical obstruction is present in the eye; with forceps grasping an eye muscle, an attempt is made to passively move the eyeball in the direction of restricted rotation.passive d;
passive d. forced d



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ductless ductless (dukt´les)
Having no duct; denoting certain glands having only an internal secretion.



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ductular ductular (duk´tu-lar)
Relating to a ductule.



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ductule ductule (duk´tul)
A minute duct.ductulus [NA];
aberrant d.'s the superior or inferior diverticula of the epididymis.ductuli aberrantes [NA] , aberrant ducts, ductus aberrantes, vasa aberrantes;
biliary d.'s the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right (or left) hepatic duct.ductuli biliferi [NA] , canalicular ducts (2) , ductus biliferi, tubuli biliferi;
efferent d.'s of testis one of 12 to 14 small seminal ducts leading from the testis to the head of the epididymis.ductulus efferens testis [NA] , vas efferens (3) [NA] , efferent duct;
excretory d.'s of lacrimal gland excretory ducts of lacrimal gland, under duct
inferior aberrant d. a narrow, coiled tubule frequently connected to the first part of the ductus deferens or to the lower part of the ductus epididymitis.ductulus aberrans inferior, Haller's vas aberrans;
interlobular d.'s bile ductules occupying portal canals between hepatic lobules that open into the ductuli biliferi.ductuli interlobulares [NA];
prostatic d.'s about 20 minute canals that receive the prostatic secretion from the glandular tubules and discharge it through openings on either side of the urethral crest in the posterior wall of the urethra.ductuli prostatici [NA] , ductus prostatici, prostatic ducts;
superior aberrant d. a diverticulum from the head of the epididymis.ductulus aberrans superior;
transverse d.'s of epoöphoron a series of 10 to 15 short tubules that open into the longitudinal duct of the epoöphoron and represent vestiges of the mesonephric duct.ductuli transversi epoöphori [NA] , tubuli epoöphori;



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ductulus ductulus , pl. ductuli (duk´tu-lus, -tu-lI) [NA]
ductule [Mod. L. dim. of L. ductus, duct]
ductuli aber´rantes [NA] aberrant ductules, under ductule
d. aberrans infe´rior inferior aberrant ductule
d. aberrans supe´rior superior aberrant ductule
d. alveola´ris , pl. duc´tuli alveola´res [NA] alveolar duct
duc´tuli bilif´eri [NA] biliary ductules, under ductule
d. ef´ferens tes´tis , pl. duc´tuli efferen´tes tes´tis [NA] efferent ductules of testis, under ductule
duc´tuli excreto´rii glan´dulae lacrima´lis [NA] excretory ducts of lacrimal gland, under duct
duc´tuli interlobula´res [NA] interlobular ductules, under ductule
duc´tuli paroöph´ori tubular remnants of the embryonic mesonephros forming the paroöphoron.tubuli paroöphori;
duc´tuli prostat´ici [NA] prostatic ductules, under ductule
duc´tuli transver´si epoöph´ori [NA] transverse ductules of epoöphoron, under ductule See also epoöphoron.



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ductus ductus , gen and pl. ductus (duk´tus) [NA]
duct [L. a leading, fr. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]
d. aber´rantes aberrant ductules, under ductule
d. arterio´sus [NA] a fetal vessel connecting the left pulmonary artery with the descending aorta; in the first two months after birth, it normally changes into a fibrous cord, the ligamentum arteriosum; occasional postnatal failure to close causes a surgically correctable cardiovascular handicap.arterial canal, arterial duct, Botallo's duct;
d. bilif´eri biliary ductules, under ductule
d. carot´icus a portion of the embryonic dorsal aorta between points of juncture with the third and fourth arch arteries; it disappears early in development.carotid duct;
d. choled´ochus [NA] common bile duct
d. cochlea´ris [NA] cochlear duct
d. cys´ticus [NA] cystic duct
d. def´erens [NA] the secretory duct of the testicle, running from the epididymis, of which it is the continuation, to the prostatic urethra where it terminates as the ejaculatory duct.deferent canal, deferent duct, spermatic duct, spermiduct (1) , testicular duct, vas deferens;
d. def´erens vestigia´lis longitudinal duct of epoöphoron
d. dorsopancreat´icus accessory pancreatic duct
d. ejaculato´rius [NA] ejaculatory duct
d. endolymphat´icus [NA] endolymphatic duct
d. epididym´idis [NA] duct of epididymis
d. epoöph´ori longitudina´lis [NA] longitudinal duct of epoöphoron See also epoöphoron.
d. excreto´rius excretory duct
d. excreto´rius vesic´ulae semina´lis [NA] excretory duct of seminal vesicle
d. glan´dulae bulbourethra´lis [NA] duct of bulbourethral gland
d. hemithorac´icus hemithoracic duct
d. hepat´icus commu´nis [NA] common hepatic duct
d. hepat´icus dex´ter [NA] right hepatic duct
d. hepat´icus sinis´ter [NA] left hepatic duct
d. incisi´vus [NA] incisive duct
d. lactif´eri [NA] lactiferous ducts, under duct
d. lingua´lis a pit on the upper surface of the tongue at the apex of the sulcus terminalis; it marks the point of origin of the d. thyroglossus of the embryo; known more commonly as the foramen cecum.
d. lo´bi cauda´ti dex´ter [NA] right duct of caudate lobe
d. lo´bi cauda´ti sinis´ter [NA] left duct of caudate lobe
d. lymphat´icus dex´ter [NA] right lymphatic duct
d. mesoneph´ricus [NA] mesonephric duct See also longitudinal duct of epoöphoron.
d. nasolacrima´lis [NA] nasolacrimal duct
d. pancreat´icus [NA] pancreatic duct
d. pancreat´icus accesso´rius [NA] accessory pancreatic duct
d. paramesoneph´ricus [NA] paramesonephric duct
d. paraurethra´les [NA] paraurethral ducts, under duct
d. parotid´eus [NA] parotid duct
patent d. arterio´sus See d. arteriosus.
d. perilymphat´icus [NA] perilymphatic duct
d. pharyngobranchia´lis III a narrow communication between the third branchial pouch and the pharynx in the embryo.
d. pharyngobranchia´lis IV a narrow communication between the fourth branchial pouch and the pharynx in the embryo.
d. prostat´ici prostatic ductules, under ductule
d. reun´iens [NA] uniting duct
d. semicircula´res [NA] semicircular ducts, under duct
d. sublingua´les mino´res [NA] minor sublingual ducts, under duct
d. sublingua´lis ma´jor [NA] major sublingual duct
d. submandibula´ris [NA] submandibular duct
d. submaxilla´ris submandibular duct
d. sudorif´erus duct of sweat glands
d. thorac´icus [NA] thoracic duct
d. thorac´icus dex´ter [NA] right lymphatic duct
d. thyroglos´sus thyroglossal duct
d. utric´ulosaccula´ris [NA] utriculosaccular duct
d. veno´sus [NA] in the fetus, continuation of the left umbilical vein through the liver to the vena cava inferior; after birth, its lumen becomes obliterated, forming the ligamentum venosum.
d. veno´sus aran´tii rarely used term for d. venosus.



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Duddell Duddell
Benedict, 18th century British oculist. See D.'s membrane.



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Duffy blood group Duffy blood group
See Blood Groups appendix.



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Dugas Dugas
Louis A., U.S. physician, 1806-1884. See D.'s test.



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Duhring Duhring
Louis A., U.S. dermatologist, 1845-1913. See D.'s disease.



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Dührssen Dührssen
Alfred, German obstetrician-gynecologist, 1862-1933. See D.'s incisions, under incision.



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Duke Duke
William Waddell Duke, U.S. pathologist, 1883-1945. See D. bleeding time test.



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Dukes Dukes
Cuthbert E., British pathologist, 1890-1977. See D.'s classification.



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Dukes Dukes
Clement, English physician, 1845-1925. See D.'s disease; Filatov D. disease.



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dulcin dulcin (dul´sin)
p-Phenetol carbamide; 4-ethoxyphenylurea;has been used as a substitute for sugar, being 200 times as sweet as cane sugar. Because of hydrolysis to aminophenol, it may produce an injurious effect when used over long periods of time.



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dulcite dulcite , dulcitol , dulcose (dul´sIt, -si´tol, -kos)
Galactitol.



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dull dull (dul)
Not sharp or acute, in any sense; qualifying a surgical instrument, the action of the mind, pain, a sound (especially the percussion note), etc. [M.E. dul]



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dullness dullness , dulness (dul´nes)
The character of the sound obtained by percussing over a solid part incapable of resonating; usually applied to an area containing less air than those which can resonate.
shifting d. a sign of free peritoneal fluid wherein the d. of percussion shifts, generally from one to the other, as the patient is turned from side to side.



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Dulong Dulong
Pierre L., French chemist, 1785-1838. See D.-Petit law.



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dumas dumas (du´mas)
foot yaws



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dummy dummy (dum´e)
pontic



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Dumontpallier Dumontpallier
Alphonse, French physician, 1827-1899. See D.'s pessary.



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dumping dumping (dump´ing)
See dumping syndrome.



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Duncan Duncan
James M., Scottish gynecologist, 1826-1890. See Duncan's folds, under fold, Duncan's mechanism, Duncan's ventricle.



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Duncan Duncan
Surname of boys afflicted with what is now known as Duncan's disease.



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Dunn Dunn
R.L. See Lison-D. stain.



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duocrinin duocrinin (du-o-krin´in)
A postulated gastrointestinal hormone that is liberated by the contact of gastric contents with the intestine and that stimulates the secretory activity of the duodenal glands (Brunner's glands). [duodenum + G. krino, to secrete, + -in]



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duodenal duodenal (du´o-de´nal, du-od´e-nal)
Relating to the duodenum.



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duodenectomy duodenectomy (du-o-de-nek´to-me)
Excision of the duodenum. [duodenum + G. ektome, excision]



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duodenitis duodenitis (du-od-e-nI´tis)
Inflammation of the duodenum.



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duodeno- duodeno-
Combining form relating to the duodenum. [L. duodenum, scil., digitorum breadth of 12 fingers]



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duodenocholangitis duodenocholangitis (du-o-de´no-ko-lan-jI´tis)
Inflammation of the duodenum and common bile duct. [duodeno- + G. chole, bile, + angeion, vessel, + -itis, inflammation]



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duodenocholecystostomy duodenocholecystostomy (du-o-de´no-ko-le-sis-tos´to-me)
cholecystoduodenostomy [duodeno- + G. chole, bile, + kystis, bladder, + stoma, mouth]



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duodenocholedochotomy duodenocholedochotomy (du-o-de´no-ko-led-o-kot´o-me)
Incision into the common bile duct and the adjacent portion of the duodenum. [duodeno- + G. cholèdochus, bile duct, + tome, incision]



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duodenocystostomy duodenocystostomy (du-o-de´no-sis-tos´to-me)
1. cholecystoduodenostomy 2. cystoduodenostomy 3. pancreatic cystoduodenostomy



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duodenoenterostomy duodenoenterostomy (du-o-de´no-en-ter-os´to-me)
Establishment of communication between the duodenum and another part of the intestinal tract. [duodeno- + G. enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]



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duodenojejunostomy duodenojejunostomy (du-o-de´no-je-ju-nos´to-me)
Operative formation of an artificial communication between the duodenum and the jejunum. [duodeno- + jejunum, + G. stoma, mouth]



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duodenolysis duodenolysis (du-o-de-nol´i-sis)
Incision of adhesions to the duodenum. [duodeno- + G. lysis, a freeing]



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duodenorrhaphy duodenorrhaphy (du-o-de-nor´a-fe)
Suture of a tear or incision in the duodenum. [duodeno- + G. rhaphe, a seam]



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duodenoscopy duodenoscopy (du-o-de-nos´ko-pe)
Inspection of the interior of the duodenum through an endoscope. [duodeno- + G. skopeo, to examine]



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duodenostomy duodenostomy (du-o-de-nos´to-me)
Establishment of a fistula into the duodenum. [duodeno- + G. stoma, mouth]



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duodenotomy duodenotomy (du-o-de-not´o-me)
Incision of the duodenum. [duodeno- + G. tome, incision]



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duodenum duodenum , gen. duodeni , pl. duodena (du-o-de´num, du-od´e-num; -od´e-na, -de´na) [NA]
The first division of the small intestine, about 25 cm or 12 fingerbreadths (hence the name) in length, extending from the pylorus to the junction with the jejunum at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra on the left side. It is divided into the superior part, the first part of which is the duodenal cap, the descending part, into which the bile and pancreatic ducts open, the horizontal (inferior) part and the ascending part, terminating at the duodenojejunal junction. [Mediev. L. fr. L. duodeni, twelve]



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duovirus duovirus (du´o-vI´rus)
rotavirus



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Duplay Duplay
Emanuel Simon, French surgeon, 1836-1924. See D.'s disease.



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duplex duplex (du´pleks)
Providing two functions. See duplex ultrasonography.



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duplication duplication (du-pli-ka´shun)
1. A doubling. See also reduplication. 2. Inclusion of two copies of the same genetic material in a genome; an important step in diversification of genomes, as in the evolution of the (non-allelic) hemoglobin chains from a common ancestor.gene d; [L. duplicatio, a doubling, fr. duplico, to double]
d. of chromosomes a chromosome aberration resulting from unequal crossing over or exchange of segments between two homologous chromosomes; one chromosome of the pair loses a small segment, while the other gains this segment; the chromosome gaining the segment has undergone d. while its homologue has undergone deletion. See hemoglobin Lepore.
gene d. duplication (2)



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duplicitas duplicitas (du-plis´i-tahs)
Doubling of a part. [L. a doubling, fr. duplex (duplic-), two-fold]
d. ante´rior conjoined twins in which fusion has united the pelvis and lower extremities, leaving the thoraces and heads separate. See conjoined twins, under twin. See also cephalodidymus, ileadelphus, iliadelphus.catadidymus;
d. poste´rior conjoined twins in which the heads and upper parts of the bodies have become fused, leaving the buttocks and legs separate. See conjoined twins, under twin. See also dipygus.anadidymus, ileadelphus, iliadelphus;



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Dupré Dupré
17th Century Paris surgeon and anatomist. See D.'s muscle.



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Dupuy-Dutemps Dupuy-Dutemps
Louis, French ophthalmologist, 1871-1946. See Dupuy-Dutemps operation.



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Dupuytren Dupuytren
Baron Guillaume, French surgeon and surgical pathologist, 1777-1835. See D.'s amputation, canal, contracture, disease of the foot, fascia, fracture, hydrocele, sign, suture, tourniquet.



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dura dura (du´ra)
dura mater [L. fem. of durus, hard]
d. mater cranialis [NA] dura mater of brain



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duraencephalosynangiosis duraencephalosynangiosis (door´a-en-sef´a-lo-sin-anj-e- o´sis)
Surgical transposition of the superficial temporal artery with attached galea to the underlying dura with hope for cerebral revascularization; most commonly used in moyamoya syndrome.encephaloduroarteriosynangios;



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dural dural (du´ral)
Relating to the dura mater.duramatral;



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duralumin duralumin (dur-al´u-min)
An alloy of aluminum slightly heavier than this metal but nearly as strong as steel and noncorrodible; used in the manufacture of surgical and orthopedic appliances, e.g., splints; not for internal use in the body as screws, plates.



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dura mater dura mater (du´ra ma´ter)
Pachymeninx (as distinguished from leptomeninx, the combined pia mater and arachnoid); a tough, fibrous membrane forming the outer covering of the central nervous system.dura; [L. hard mother]
d.m. of brain the intracranial d.m., consisting of two layers: the outer periosteal layer which normally always adheres to the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault; and the inner meningeal layer which in most places is fused with the outer. The two layers separate to accommodate meningeal vessels and large venous (dural) sinuses. The meningeal layer is also involved in the formation of the various dural folds, such as the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli and is comparable to and continuous with the dural mater of the spinal cord. The cranial epidural space is then a potential space between the bone and the combined periosteum/periosteal layer of the d.m. realized only pathologically and is neither continuous with or comparable to the vertebral epidural space.dura mater cranialis [NA] , d.m. encephali [NA] , cerebral part of dura mater, cranial epidural space;
d.m. enceph´ali [NA] * official alternate term for d.m. of brain
d.m. of spinal cord single-layered strong membrane, comparable to and continuous with (at foramen magnum) the meningeal layer of the intracranial d.m. of the brain. It does not (in contrast to the d.m. of brain) adhere to the enveloping bony structures (vertebrae) or their periosteum, being separated from the latter by a considerable space, the vertebral epidural space-a true space containing the internal vertebral venous plexus embedded in a matrix of epidural fat.d.m. spinalis [NA] , endorrhachis, theca vertebralis;
d.m. spina´lis [NA] d.m. of spinal cord



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duramatral duramatral (du-ra-ma´tral)
dural



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Duran-Reynals Duran-Reynals
Francisco, U.S. bacteriologist, 1899-1958. See Duran-Reynals permeability factor.



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duraplasty duraplasty (du´ra-plas-te)
A plastic or reconstructive operation on the dura mater. [dura (mater) + G. plastos, formed]



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duration (D) duration (D) (du-ra´shun)
A continuous period of time.
half amplitude pulse d. the time, in milliseconds, required for a wave form to reach half of its full magnitude.
pulse d. the interval between onset of the leading edge and the end of the trailing edge of a pulse wave.



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Dürck Dürck
Hermann, German pathologist, 1869-1941. See D.'s nodes, under node.



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dur. dolor. dur. dolor.
Abbreviation for L. duarte dolare, while pain lasts.



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Duret Duret
Henri, French neurosurgeon, 1849-1921. See D.'s lesion, hemorrhage.



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Durham Durham
Arthur E., English surgeon, 1834-1895. See D.'s tube.



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Duroziez Duroziez
Paul L., French physician, 1826-1897. See D.'s disease, murmur, sign.



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dUTP dUTP
Abbreviation for deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate.



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Dutton Dutton
Joseph Everett, English physician, 1877-1905. See D.'s disease, relapsing fever.



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Duverney Duverney
Joseph G., French anatomist, 1648-1730. See D.'s fissures, under fissure, foramen, gland, muscle.



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D.V.M. D.V.M.
Abbreviation for Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.



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dwarf dwarf (dworf)
An abnormally undersized person with disproportion among the bodily parts. See dwarfism. [A.S. dweorh]
hypophysial d. dwarfism as result of failure of growth hormone production because of hypothalamic or pituitary abnormality.pituitary d;
hypothyroid d. dwarfism associated with lack of thyroid function.
pituitary d. hypophysial d



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dwarfishness dwarfishness (dworf´ish-nes)
dwarfism



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dwarfism dwarfism (dworf´izm)
The condition of being abnormally undersized.dwarfishness;
achondroplastic d. See achondroplasia.
acromelic d. acromesomelia
aortic d. underdevelopment of physical stature associated with severe aortic stenosis.
asexual d. d. in which adult sexual development is deficient.
ateliotic d. panhypopituitarism
camptomelic d. d. with shortening of the lower limbs due to anterior bending of the femur and tibia.
chondrodystrophic d. See chondrodystrophy.
diastrophic d. [MIM*222600] an autosomal recessive form of d. characterized in its complete form by scoliosis, hitchhiker thumb, absent interphalangeal joints, cleft palate, chondritis followed by calcification of the ears, shortening of the Achilles tendon, clubbed foot, and characteristic radiologic findings; a milder variant may be allelic.
disproportionate d. d. in which the limbs and trunk are not of proportional length for age or stage of development.
Fröhlich's d. d. with Fröhlich's syndrome.
hypothyroid d. infantile hypothyroidism
infantile d. infantilism (1)
Laron type d. d. associated with an absent or very low levels of somatomedin C (insulin-like growth factor I) or abnormalities in receptor activity.
lethal d. d. leading to intrauterine or neonatal death.
Lorain-Lévi d. pituitary d
mesomelic d. d. with shortness of the forearms and lower legs.
metatropic d. [MIM*250600] congenital disproportionate dwarfism in which the trunk is long relative to the limbs at birth but undergoes reversal of this proportion with subsequent development.
micromelic d. d. with abnormally short or small limbs.
panhypopituitary d. type I is an autosomal recessive disorder with deficient human growth hormone, ACTH, FSH, etc., having delayed sexual development, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency; type II is similar but is an X-linked disorder.
phocomelic d. d. in which the diaphyses of the long bones are abnormally short or the intermediate parts of the limbs are absent.
physiologic d. d. characterized by normal development that is at a strikingly lesser rate than that for members of the same family, race, or other races.primordial d., true d;
pituitary d. a rare form of d. caused by the absence of a functional anterior pituitary gland; may be present at birth or develop during early childhood.Lorain-Lévi d., Lorain-Lévi infantilism, Lorain-Lévi syndrome, pituitary infantilism;
polydystrophic d. Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome
primordial d. physiologic d
Robinow d. d. associated with fetal face, acral dysostosis, and genital anomalies; there is also an autosomal recessive form [MIM*268310].
Seckel d. Seckel syndrome
senile d. d. characterized by craniofacial anomalies with progeroid appearance.
sexual d. d. with normal sexual development.
Silver-Russell d. Silver-Russell syndrome
snub-nose d. [MIM*127100] d. characterized by low birth weight, snub nose, and stocky build; autosomal dominant inheritance. There is a similar autosomal recessive phenotype [MIM*223600].dominantly inherited Lévi's disease;
thanatophoric d. a lethal d. characterized by micromelia, bowed long bones, enlarged head, flattened vertebral bodies, and muscular hypotonia; lack of pulmonary ventilation causes respiratory difficulties with cyanosis leading to death within the first few hours or days after birth.
true d. physiologic d



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Dy Dy
Symbol for dysprosium.



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dyad dyad (dI´ad)
1. A pair.diad (2); 2. In chemistry, a bivalent element. 3. A pair of persons in an interactional situation, e.g., patient and therapist, husband and wife. 4. The double chromosome resulting from the splitting of a tetrad during meiosis. [G. dyas, the number two, duality]



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dyclonine hydrochloride dyclonine hydrochloride (dI´klo-nen)
4´-Butoxy-3-piperidino-propiophenone hydrochloride;a topical local anesthetic.



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dydrogesterone dydrogesterone (dI-dro-jes´ter-on)
9beta,10a-pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione;a synthetic steroid, derived from retroprogesterone, with progestational effects.



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dye dye (dI)
A stain or coloring matter; a compound consisting of chromophore and auxochrome groups attached to one or more benzene rings, its color being due to the chromophore and its dyeing affinities to the auxochrome. D.'s are used for intravital coloration of living cells, staining tissues and microorganisms, as antiseptics and germicides, and some as stimulants of epithelial growth. For individual d.'s, see the specific names. Commonly but improperly used for radiographic contrast medium. [A.S. deah, deag]
acidic d.'s d.'s which ionize in solution to produce negatively charged ions or anions; they consist of sodium salts of phenols and carboxylic acid dyes; their solutions tend to be neutral or slightly alkaline; examples are eosin and aniline blue.
acridine d.'s derivatives of the compound acridine which is closely related to xanthene; important as fluorochromes in histology, cytochemistry, and chemotherapy; examples include acriflavine, acridine orange, and quinacrine mustard.
azin d.'s d. derivatives of phenazine, C6H4. N2. C6H4 that include important histologic stains, such as neutral red, azocarmine G., and safranin O.
azo d.'s d.'s in which the azo group is the chromophore and joins benzene or naphthalene rings; they include a large number of biologic stains, such as Congo red and oil red O; also used clinically to promote epithelial growth in the treatment of ulcers, burns, and other wounds; many have anticoagulant action.
azocarmine d.'s d.'s giving a dark purplish red color as histologic stains.
basic d.'s d.'s which ionize in solution to give positively charged ions or cations; the auxochrome group is an amine which can form a salt with an acid like HCl; solutions are usually slightly acidic; examples include basic fuchsin and toluidine blue O.
chlorotriazine d.'s d.'s containing one or more chlorotriazine moieties that react with polysaccharides.
diphenylmethane d.'s d.'s in which the central carbon connecting two phenyl groups lacks an amino or imino group; the chromophore is the quinoid ring; an alternative formulation is as a ketonimide; the most common example is auramine O.
ketonimine d.'s d.'s in which the chromophore is C=NH connected to two benzene rings; alkylamino groups are added para to the methane carbon on both rings. The most important member for biological purposes is auramine O; an alternative formulation is as a diphenylmethane dye.
natural d.'s d.'s obtained from animals or plants; examples include carmine, obtained from cochineal in the dried female insect Dactylopius cacti of Central America, and hematoxylin, extracted from the bark of the logwood tree Haematoxylon campechianum in the Caribbean area.
nitro d.'s d.'s in which the chromophore is -NO2, which is so acidic that all dyes in this group are of the acid type; important examples in cytoplasmic staining are picric acid and naphthol yellow S.
oxazin d.'s similar to azin d.'s except that one of the connecting N atoms is replaced by O; most important representatives are brilliant cresyl blue, orcein, litmus, and cresyl violet.
rosanilin d.'s several triaminotriphenylmethane d.'s or mixtures of them often sold under the name of basic fuchsin; rosanilin d.'s differ from other triphenylmethane d.'s in that the amino groups are unsubstituted, and they may have methyl groups introduced directly onto the benzene rings; the four possible such dyes are pararosanilin, rosanilin, new fuchsin, and magenta II.
salt d. neutral stain
synthetic d.'s organic d. compounds originally derived from coal-tar derivatives; presently produced by synthesis from benzene and its derivatives; examples include eosin, methylene blue, and fluorescein.
thiazin d.'s similar to azin d.'s except that one of the connecting N atoms is replaced by S; includes many important biological stains, especially in hematology, e.g., azure A, azure B, and methylene blue.
triphenylmethane d.'s a group of d.'s that includes pararosanilin, as well as many others used in histology and cytology; employed as nuclear, cytoplasmic, and connective tissue stains; important in histochemistry as in the preparation of Schiff's reagent.
xanthene d.'s derivatives of the compound xanthene; include the pyronins, rhodamines, and fluoresceins.



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Dyggve Dyggve
Holger, Danish pediatrician, 1913-1984. See D.-Melchior-Clausen syndrome.



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-dymus -dymus
1. Suffix to be combined with number roots; e.g., didymus, tridymus, tetradymus. 2. Occasionally used shortened form for -didymus. [G. -dymos, fold]



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dynamics dynamics (dI-nam´iks)
1. The science of motion in response to forces. 2. In psychiatry, the determination of how emotional and mental disorders develop. 3. In the behavioral sciences, any of the numerous intrapersonal and interpersonal influences or phenomena associated with personality development and interpersonal processes. [G. dynamis, force]
group d. a term used to represent the study of underlying features of group behavior, e.g., motives, attitudes; it is concerned with group change rather than with static characteristics.



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dynamo- dynamo-
Combining form, force, energy. [G. dynamis, power]



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dynamogenesis dynamogenesis (dI´na-mo-jen´e-sis)
The production of force, especially of muscular or nervous energy.dynamogeny; [dynamo- + G. genesis, production]



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dynamogenic dynamogenic (dI´na-mo-jen´ik)
Producing power or force, especially nervous or muscular power or activity.



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dynamogeny dynamogeny (dI-na-moj´e-ne)
dynamogenesis



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dynamograph dynamograph (dI-nam´o-graf)
An instrument for recording the degree of muscular power. [dynamo- + G. grapho, to write]



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dynamometer dynamometer (dI-na-mom´e-ter)
An instrument for measuring the degree of muscular power.ergometer; [dynamo- + G. metron, measure]



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dynamoscope dynamoscope (dI-nam´o-skop)
A modified stethoscope for auscultation of the muscles. [dynamo- + G. skopeo, to examine]



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dynamoscopy dynamoscopy (dI-na-mos´ko-pe)
Auscultation of a contracting muscle.



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dynatherm dynatherm (dI´na-therm)
An apparatus for inducing diathermy. [G. dynamis, force, + therme, heat]



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dyne dyne (dIn)
The unit of force in the CGS system, replaced in the SI system by the newton (1 newton = 105 dynes), that gives a body of 1 g mass an acceleration of 1 cm/sec2; expressed as F (dynes) = m (grams) x a (cm/sec2). [G. dynamis, force]



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dynein dynein (dIn´en)
A protein associated with motile structures, exhibiting adenosine triphosphatase activity; it forms "arms" on the outer tubules of cilia and flagella. See also tubulin, dynein arm. [dyne + protein]



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dynorphin dynorphin (dI´nor-fin)
An endogenous opioid ligand which acts as an agonist at opiate receptors. Extremely potent, widely distributed neuropeptide that has 17 amino acid residues and contains leu5-enkephalin as its NH2-terminal sequence.



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dyphylline dyphylline (dI-fil´in)
7-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)theophylline;exhibits characteristic peripheral vasodilator and bronchodilator actions of other theophylline compounds.



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dys- dys-
Bad, difficult, un-, mis; opposite of eu-. Cf. dis-. [G.]



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dysacousia dysacousia , dysacusia (dis-a-ku´se-a)
dysacusis



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dysacusis dysacusis (dis-a-ku´sis)
1. Any impairment of hearing involving difficulty in processing details of sound as opposed to any loss of sensitivity to sound. 2. Pain or discomfort in the ear from exposure to sound.dysacousia, dysacusia; [dys- + G. akousis, hearing]



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dysadaptation dysadaptation (dis´ad-ap-ta´shun)
Inability of the retina and iris to accommodate well to varying intensities of light.



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dysantigraphia dysantigraphia (dis´an-te-graf´e-a)
A form of agraphia in which the subject is unable to copy written or printed matter. [dys- + G. antigrapho, to write back]



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dysaphia dysaphia (dis-a´fe-a, dis-af´e-a)
Impairment of the sense of touch. [dys- + G. haphe, touch]



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dysaphic dysaphic (dis-a´fik)
Relating to impaired tactile sensibility.



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dysarteriotony dysarteriotony (dis-ar-ter-e-ot´o-ne)
Abnormal blood pressure, either too high or too low. [dys- + G. arteria, artery, + tonos, tension]



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dysarthria dysarthria (dis-ar´thre-a)
A disturbance of speech and language due to emotional stress, to brain injury, or to paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of the muscles used for speaking.dysarthrosis (1); [dys- + G. arthroo, to articulate]
ataxic d. d. caused by cerebellar lesions.
hyperkinetic d. d. caused by chorea and myoclonus.
hypokinetic d. d. caused by the rigid types of extrapyramidal disease.
d. litera´lis seldom used term for stammering.
lower motor neuron d. d. caused by dysfunction of the motor nuclei and the lower pons or medulla, or other neural connections, central and peripheral to the muscles of articulation.
rigid d. spastic d
spastic d. d. caused by lesions along the corticobulbar tracts.rigid d;
d. syllaba´ris spasmod´ica seldom used term for stuttering.



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dysarthric dysarthric (dis-ar´thrik)
Relating to dysarthria.



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dysarthrosis dysarthrosis (dis-ar-thro´sis)
1. dysarthria 2. Malformation of a joint. 3. A false joint. [dys- + G. arthrosis, joint]



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dysautonomia dysautonomia (dis´aw-to-no´me-a)
Abnormal functioning of the autonomic nervous system. [dys- + G. autonomia, self-government]
canine d. a newly recognized disease of dogs characterized by dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.Key-Gaskell syndrome;
familial d. [MIM*223900] a congenital syndrome with specific disturbances of the nervous system and aberrations in autonomic nervous system function such as indifference to pain, diminished lacrimation, poor vasomotor homeostasis, motor incoordination, labile cardiovascular reactions, hyporeflexia, frequent attacks of bronchial pneumonia, hypersalivation with aspiration and difficulty in swallowing, hyperemesis, emotional instability, and an intolerance for anesthetics; autosomal recessive inheritance.Riley-Day syndrome;



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dysbarism dysbarism (dis´bar-izm)
General term for the symptom complex resulting from exposure to decreased or changing barometric pressure, including all physiologic effects resulting from such changes with the exception of hypoxia, and including the effects of rapid decompression. [dys- + G. baros, weight]



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dysbasia dysbasia (dis-ba´ze-a)
1. Difficulty in walking. 2. The difficult or distorted walking that occurs in persons with certain mental disorders. [dys- + G. basis, a step]
d. angiosclerot´ica , d. angiospas´tica obsolete terms meaning intermittent difficulty in walking due to peripheral vascular causes.
d. lordot´ica progressi´va an affection characterized by lordoscoliosis of the lower portion of the vertebral column, occurring when the patient stands or walks and usually disappearing when the patient lies down.torsion neurosis;



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dysbetalipoproteinemia dysbetalipoproteinemia (dis-ba´ta-lip-o-pro´ten-e´me-a)
type III familial hyperlipoproteinemia



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dysbolism dysbolism (dis´bo-lizm)
Abnormal, but not necessarily morbid, metabolism, as in alkaptonuria. [dys- + G. bole (metabole), + -ismos, metabolism]



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dysbulia dysbulia (dis-bu´le-a)
Weakness and uncertainty of volition. [dys- + G. boule, will]



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dysbulic dysbulic (dis-bu´lik)
Relating to, or characterized by, dysbulia.



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dyscalculia dyscalculia (dis-kal-kyu´le-a)
Difficulty in performing simple mathematical problems; commonly seen in parietal lobe lesions. [dys- + L. calculo, to compute, fr. calculus, pebble, counter]



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dyscephalia dyscephalia (dis-se-fa´le-a)
Malformation of the head and face.dyscephaly; [dys- + G. kephale, head]
d. mandib´ulo-oculofacia´lis [MIM*234100] a syndrome of bony anomalies of the calvaria, face, and jaw, with brachygnathia, narrow curved nose, and multiple ocular defects including microphthalmia, microcornea, and cataract, often with alopecia overlying skull sutures, or alopecia areata and hypoplasia, or absence of eyebrows. The pattern of inheritance is undecided.congenital sutural alopecia, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, Hallermann-Streiff-François syndrome, mandibulo-oculofacial syndrome, oculomandibulodyscephaly, oculomandibulofacial syndrome, progeria with cataract, progeria with microphthalmia;



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dyscephaly dyscephaly (dis-sef´a-le)
dyscephalia



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dyscheiral dyscheiral , dyschiral (dis-kI´ral)
Relating to dyscheiria.



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dyscheiria dyscheiria , dyschiria (dis-kI´re-a)
A disorder of sensibility in which, although there is no apparent loss of sensation, the patient is unable to tell which side of the body has been touched (acheiria), or refers it to the wrong side (allocheiria), or to both sides (syncheiria). [dys- + G. cheir, hand]



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dyschezia dyschezia (dis-ke´ze-a)
Difficulty in defecation. [dys- + G. chezo, to defecate]



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dyschondrogenesis dyschondrogenesis (dis-kon-dro-jen´e-sis)
Abnormal development of cartilage. [dys- + G. chondros, cartilage, + genesis, production]



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dyschondroplasia dyschondroplasia (dis-kon-dro-pla´ze-a)
enchondromatosis [dys- + G. chondros, cartilage, + plasis, a forming]
d. with hemangiomas Maffucci's syndrome



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dyschondrosteosis dyschondrosteosis (dis´kon-dros-te-o´sis) [MIM*127300]
A bone dysplasia characterized by bowing of the radius, dorsal dislocation of the distal ulna and proximal carpal bones, and mesomelic dwarfism; autosomal dominant inheritance.Leri's pleonosteosis, Leri-Weill disease, Leri-Weill syndrome; [dys- + G. chondros, cartilage, + osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]



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dyschroia dyschroia , dyschroa (dis-kroy´a, -kro´a)
A bad complexion; discoloration of the skin. [dys- + G. chroia, chroa, color]



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dyschromatopsia dyschromatopsia (dis´kro-ma-top´se-a)
A condition in which the ability to perceive colors is not fully normal. Cf. anomalous trichromatism, dichromatism, monochromatism, chromatopsia. [dys- + G. chroma, color, + opsis, vision]



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dyschromatosis dyschromatosis (dis-kro-ma-to´sis)
An asymptomatic anomaly of pigmentation occurring among the Japanese; may be localized or diffuse. [dys- + G. chroma, color, + -osis, condition]



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dyschromia dyschromia (dis-kro´me-a)
Any abnormality in the color of the skin.



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dyscinesia dyscinesia (dis´si-ne´ze-a)
dyskinesia



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dyscoimesis dyscoimesis (dis-koy-me´sis)
A form of insomnia marked by difficulty or delay in falling asleep. [dys- + G. koimesis, a sleeping, fr. koimao, to put to sleep]



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dyscontrol dyscontrol (dis-kon-trol´)
intermittent explosive disorder



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dyscoria dyscoria (dis-ko´re-a)
Abnormality in the shape of the pupil. [dys- + G. kore, pupil of eye]



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dyscrasia dyscrasia (dis-kra´ze-a)
1. A morbid general state resulting from the presence of abnormal material in the blood, usually applied to diseases affecting blood cells or platelets. 2. Old term indicating disease. [G. bad temperament, fr. dys- + krasis, a mixing]
blood d. a diseased state of the blood; usually refers to abnormal cellular elements of a permanent character.



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dyscrasic dyscrasic , dyscratic (dis-kra´sik, krat´ik)
Pertaining to or affected with dyscrasia.



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dysdiadochokinesia dysdiadochokinesia , dysdiadochocinesia (dis-dI-ad´o-ko-ki-ne´ze-a)
Impairment of the ability to perform rapidly alternating movements. [dys- + G. diadochos, working in turn, + kinesis, movement]



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dysdiadochokinesis dysdiadochokinesis (dis´dI-ad-o-ko-ki-ne´sis)
adiadochokinesis



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dysembryoma dysembryoma (dis-em-bre-o´ma)
A teratoid tumor with its tissues showing more irregular arrangement than the typical embryoma.



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dysembryoplasia dysembryoplasia (dis-em´bre-o-pla´ze-a)
Prenatal malformation. [dys- + G. embryon, fetus, + plasis, a molding]



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dysemia dysemia (dis-e´me-a)
Any abnormal condition or disease of the blood. [dys- + G. haima, blood]



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dysencephalia splanchnocystica dysencephalia splanchnocystica (dis´en-se-fa´le-a splangk-no-sis´ti-ka) [MIM*249000]
A malformation syndrome, lethal in the perinatal period, and characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, sloping forehead, occipital exencephalocele, ocular anomalies, cleft palate, polydactyly, polycystic kidney, and other malformations; autosomal recessive inheritance.Meckel syndrome, Meckel-Gruber syndrome;



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dysenteric dysenteric (dis-en-tar´ik)
Relating to or suffering from dysentery.



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dysentery dysentery (dis-en-tar-e)
A disease marked by frequent watery stools, often with blood and mucus, and characterized clinically by pain, tenesmus, fever, and dehydration. [G. dysenteria, fr. dys-, bad, + entera, bowels]
amebic d. diarrhea resulting from ulcerative inflammation of the colon, caused chiefly by infection with Entamoeba histolytica; may be mild or severe and also may be associated with amebic infection of other organs.
bacillary d. infection with Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, or other organisms.Japanese d;
balantidial d. a type of colitis resembling in many respects amebic d.; caused by the parasitic ciliate, Balantidium coli.
bilharzial d. d. due to infection with Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, or S. japonicum.
chronic d. of cattle Johne's disease
fulminating d. malignant d
helminthic d. d. caused by infection with parasitic worms.
Japanese d. bacillary d
lamb d. enterotoxemia of lambs caused by type B toxins of Clostridium perfringens.
malignant d. d. in which the symptoms are intensely acute, leading to prostration, collapse, and often death.fulminating d;
Sonne d. d. due to infection by Shigella sonnei; sometimes milder than other types of bacterial d. caused by Shigella.
spirillar d. a form of d. or diarrhea, described as occurring in the south of France, believed to be caused by a spirillum present in great numbers in the intestinal epithelia.
swine d. an acute hemorrhagic colitis of swine, often accompanied by gastritis; the small intestines usually are not involved; its primary cause is Treponema hyodysenteriae, and it has a high mortality rate, especially among feeder pigs.
viral d. profuse watery diarrhea due to, or thought to be due to, infection by a virus.
winter d. of cattle a specific, highly contagious and severe disease of unknown origin; the disease is seen in the cold months of the year, outbreaks generally abate after a few days; the death rate is low, but the loss in flesh and milk is often high.



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dyserethism dyserethism (dis-er´e-thizm)
A condition of slow response to stimuli. [dys- + G. erethismos, irritation]



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dysergia dysergia (dis-er´je-a)
Lack of harmonious action between the muscles concerned in executing any definite voluntary movement. [dys- + G. ergon, work]



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dysesthesia dysesthesia (dis-es-the´ze-a)
1. Impairment of sensation short of anesthesia. 2. A condition in which a disagreeable sensation is produced by ordinary stimuli; caused by lesions of the sensory pathways, peripheral or central. 3. Abnormal sensations experienced in the absence of stimulation. [G. dysaisthesia, fr. dys-, hard, difficult, + aisthesis, sensation]



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dysfibrinogenemia dysfibrinogenemia (dis´fI-brin´o-je-ne´me-a) [MIM*134820]
An autosomal dominant disorder of qualitatively abnormal fibrinogens of various types; each type is named for the city in which the abnormal fibrinogen was discovered. Examples include: 1) Amsterdam, Bethesda II, Cleveland, Los Angeles, Saint Louis, Zurich I and II: major defect, aggregation of fibrin monomers; thrombin time prolonged; inhibitory effect on normal clotting; asymptomatic; 2) Bethesda I and Detroit: major defect, fibrinopeptide release; thrombin time prolonged; inhibitory effect on normal clotting; abnormal bleeding; 3) Baltimore: major defect, fibrinopeptide release; thrombin time prolonged; no inhibitory effect on normal clotting; bleeding and thrombosis; 4) Leuven: major defect, questionable aggregation of fibrin monomers; thrombin time prolonged; slight inhibitory effect on normal clotting; abnormal bleeding; 5) Metz: major defect unreported; thrombin time infinite; effect on normal clotting unreported; abnormal bleeding; 6) Nancy: major defect, aggregation of fibrin monomers; thrombin time prolonged; slight inhibitory effect on normal clotting; asymptomatic; 7) Oklahoma: major defect unreported; thrombin time normal; no effect on normal clotting; abnormal bleeding; 8) Oslo: major defect unreported; thrombin time shortened; effect on normal clotting unreported; abnormal thrombosis; 9) Parma: major defect unreported; thrombin time infinite; no inhibitory effect on normal clotting; abnormal bleeding; 10) Paris I: major defect unreported; thrombin time infinite; inhibitory effect on normal clotting; asymptomatic; 11) Paris II: major defect unreported; thrombin time prolonged; inhibitory effect on normal clotting; asymptomatic; 12) Troyes: major defect unreported; thrombin time prolonged; effect on normal clotting unreported; asymptomatic; 13) Vancouver: major defect unreported; thrombin time prolonged; no effect on normal clotting; abnormal bleeding; 14) Wiesbaden: major defect, aggregation of fibrin monomers; thrombin time prolonged; inhibitory effect on normal clotting; bleeding and thrombosis.



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dysfunction dysfunction (dis-funk´shun)
Difficult or abnormal function.
constitutional hepatic d. familial nonhemolytic jaundice
dental d. abnormal functioning of dental structures.
Le Fort III craniofacial d. craniofacial dysjunction fracture
minimal brain d. See attention deficit disorder.
papillary muscle d. impaired function of a papillary muscle, usually due to ischemia or infarction, with resulting incompetence of the mitral valve.papillary muscle syndrome;
phagocyte d. (fa´go-sIt) disorder in which the ability of the phagocyte to engulf and ingest particles may be impaired.
placental d. dysmature (3)
psychosexual d. , sexual d. a disturbance of sexual functioning, e.g., impotence, premature ejaculation, anorgasmia, presumed to be of psychological rather than physical etiology.
sphincter of Oddi d. structural or functional abnormality of the sphincter of Oddi that interferes with bile drainage.biliary dyskinesia;
temporomandibular joint d. (TMD, TMJ) chronic or impaired function of the temporomandibular articulation. See temporomandibular arthrosis, myofacial pain-dysfunction syndrome.



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dysgammaglobulinemia dysgammaglobulinemia (dis-gam´a-glob´yu-li-ne´me-a) [MIM*308230]
An immunoglobulin abnormality, especially a disturbance of the percentage distribution of gamma-globulins.



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dysgenesis dysgenesis (dis-jen´e-sis)
Defective development. [dys- + G. genesis, generation]
gonadal d. defective gonadal development, varying types and degrees of which have been identified, including gonadal aplasia or agenesis, rudimentary gonads, congenitally defective gonads, and true hermaphroditism; the character of the external genitalia, genital ducts, and secondary sexual development are only sometimes uniquely related to a given type of gonadal d. XO gonadal d. consists of monosomy X with a gonadal streak rather than a true ovary, notably seen in Turner's syndrome; XX gonadal d. is an autosomal recessive disorder with a female karyotype, streaked gonads, and primary amenorrhea, but with no body features of Turner's syndrome; XY gonadal d. is an X-linked disorder associated with a male karyotype and a female habitus, streaked gonads, and absence of secondary sexual characteristics.
iridocorneal mesodermal d. mesodermal d. of cornea and iris, producing pupillary anomalies, posterior embryotoxon, and secondary glaucoma.Rieger's anomaly;
seminiferous tubule d. a disorder in which the seminiferous tubules exhibit an abnormal cytoarchitecture and extensive hyalinization; the testes are small, and few spermatozoa are formed; the body habitus may be eunuchoid, and gynecomastia may be present; urinary gonadotropin output is usually high, and the incidence of mental deficiency and illness increased; sex chromatin may be male or female, and androgen secretion ranges from subnormal to normal. It is a constant feature of (and is often used synonymously with) Klinefelter's syndrome.germinal aplasia;
testicular d. [MIM*305700] a congenital derangement of seminiferous tubular structure and function, resulting in male infertility; the defect in spermatogenesis may be incomplete, as in maturational arrest or premature sloughing, or spermatogenesis may be completely absent, as in the Sertoli-cell-only syndrome.



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dysgenic dysgenic (dis-jen´ik)
Applying to factors that have a detrimental effect upon hereditary qualities, physical or mental.



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dysgerminoma dysgerminoma (dis-jer-mi-no´ma)
A rare malignant neoplasm of the ovary (counterpart of seminoma of the testis), composed of undifferentiated gonadal germinal cells and occurring more frequently in patients less than 20 years of age. The neoplasms are gray-yellow and firm, contain foci of necrosis and hemorrhage, and tend to be encapsulated; characteristically, they spread by way of lymphatic vessels, but widespread metastases also occur.disgerminoma; [dys- + L. germen, a bud or sprout, + G. -oma, tumor]



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dysgeusia dysgeusia (dis-gu´se-a)
Impairment or perversion of the gustatory sense. [dys- + G. geusis, taste]



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dysgnathia dysgnathia (dis-nath´e-a)
Any abnormality that extends beyond the teeth and includes the maxilla or mandible, or both. [dys- + G. gnathos, jaw]



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dysgnathic dysgnathic (dis-nath´ik)
Pertaining to or characterized by abnormality of the maxilla and mandible.



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dysgnosia dysgnosia (dis-no´se-a)
Any cognitive disorder, i.e., any mental illness. [G. dysgnosia, difficulty of knowing]



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dysgonic dysgonic (dis-gon´ik)
A term used to indicate that the growth of a bacterial culture is slow and relatively poor; used especially in reference to the growth of cultures of the bovine tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium bovis) See also eugonic. [dys- + G. gonikos, relating to the seed or offspring]



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dysgraphia dysgraphia (dis-graf´e-a)
1. Difficulty in writing. 2. writer's cramp [dys- + G. graphe, writing]



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dyshematopoiesis dyshematopoiesis (dis-he´ma-to-poy-e´sis)
Defective formation of the blood.dyshemopoiesis; [dys- + G. haima (haimat-), blood, + poiesis, making]



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dyshematopoietic dyshematopoietic (dis-he´ma-to-poy-et´ik)
Pertaining to or characterized by dyshematopoiesis.dyshemopoietic;



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dyshemopoiesis dyshemopoiesis (dis-he´mo-poy-e´sis)
dyshematopoiesis



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dyshemopoietic dyshemopoietic (dis-he´mo-poy-et´ik)
dyshematopoietic



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dyshidria dyshidria (dis-hid´re-a)
dyshidrosis



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dyshidrosis dyshidrosis (dis-i-dro´sis)
A vesicular or vesicopustular eruption of multiple causes that occurs primarily on the volar surfaces of the hands and feet; the lesions spread peripherally but have a tendency to central clearing.cheiropompholyx, chiropompholyx, chiropompholyx, dyshidria, dysidria, dysidrosis, pompholyx; [dys- + G. hidros, sweat]



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dysidria dysidria (dis-id´re-a)
dyshidrosis



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dysidrosis dysidrosis (dis-i-dro´sis)
dyshidrosis



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dyskaryosis dyskaryosis (dis-kar-e-o´sis)
Abnormal maturation seen in exfoliated cells that have normal cytoplasm but hyperchromatic nuclei, or irregular chromatin distribution; may be followed by the development of a malignant neoplasm. [dys- + G. karyon, nucleus, + -osis, condition]



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dyskaryotic dyskaryotic (dis-kar-e-ot´ik)
Pertaining to or characterized by dyskaryosis.



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dyskeratoma dyskeratoma (dis-ker-a-to´ma)
A skin tumor exhibiting dyskeratosis. [dys- + G. keras, horn, + -oma, tumor]
warty d. a benign solitary tumor of the skin, usually of the scalp, face, or neck, with a central keratotic plug; it appears to arise from a hair follicle, and microscopically resembles a lesion of keratosis follicularis but is larger, with more extensive epithelial downgrowth.isolated dyskeratosis follicularis;



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dyskeratosis dyskeratosis (dis´ker-a-to´sis)
1. Premature keratinization of epithelial cells that have not reached the keratinizing surface layer; dyskeratotic cells generally become rounded and they may break away from adjacent cells and fall off. 2. Epidermalization of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium. 3. A disorder of keratinization. [dys- + G. keras, horn, + -osis, condition]
benign d. d. that may occur in congenital and bullous diseases of the skin.
d. congen´ita [MIM*305000] nail dystrophy, oral leukoplakia, and reticular pigmentation of the skin, with anemia progressing to pancytopenia; X-linked recessive inheritance.
hereditary benign intraepithelial d. intraepithelial d
intraepithelial d. [MIM*127600] 1. an autosomal dominant condition consisting of white spongy lesions of the buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth, ventral lateral tongue, gingiva and palate. Transient gelatinous plaques form over the cornea, which may produce temporary blindness; 2. hereditary benign intraepithelial d.hereditary benign intraepithelial d;
isolated d. follicula´ris warty dyskeratoma
malignant d. d. that may occur in precancerous or malignant lesions.



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dyskeratotic dyskeratotic (dis´ker-a-tot´ik)
Relating to or characterized by dyskeratosis.



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dyskinesia dyskinesia (dis-ki-ne´ze-a)
Difficulty in performing voluntary movements. Term usually used in relation to various extrapyramidal disorders.dyscinesia; [dys- + G. kinesis, movement]
d. al´gera a hysterical condition in which active movement causes pain.
biliary d. sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
extrapyramidal d.'s abnormal involuntary movements attributed to pathological states of one or more parts of the striate body and characterized by insuppressible, stereotyped, automatic movements that cease only during sleep; e.g., Parkinson's disease; chorea; athetosis; hemiballism.
d. intermit´tens intermittent disability of the limbs due to impairment of circulation.
lingual-facial-buccal d. tardive d
tardive d. involuntary movements of the facial muscles and tongue, often persistent, that develop as a late complication of some neuroleptic therapy (especially phenothiazine).lingual-facial-buccal d;
tracheobronchial d. degeneration of elastic and connective tissue of bronchi and trachea.



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dyskinetic dyskinetic (dis-ki-net´ik)
Denoting or characteristic of dyskinesia.



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dyslexia dyslexia (dis-lek´se-a)
Impaired reading ability with a competence level below that expected on the basis of the individual's level of intelligence, and in the presence of normal vision and letter recognition and normal recognition of the meaning of pictures and objects.incomplete alexia; [dys- + G. lexis, word, phrase]



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dyslexic dyslexic (dis-lek´sik)
Relating to, or characterized by, dyslexia.



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dyslogia dyslogia (dis-lo´je-a)
Impairment of speech and reasoning as the result of a mental disorder. [dys- + G. logos, speaking, reason]



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dysmasesis dysmasesis (dis-ma-se´sis)
Difficulty in mastication. [dys- + G. masesis, chewing]



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dysmature dysmature (dis´ma-tyur)
1. Denoting faulty development or ripening; often connoting structural and/or functional abnormalities. 2. In obstetrics, denoting an infant whose birth weight is inappropriately low for its gestational age. 3. Immature development of the placenta so that normal function does not occur.placental dysfunction;



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dysmaturity dysmaturity (dis´ma-chur-i-te)
Syndrome of an infant born with relative absence of subcutaneous fat, wrinkling of the skin, prominent finger and toe nails, and meconium staining of the infant's skin and of the placental membranes; often associated with postmaturity or placental insufficiency.



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dysmelia dysmelia (dis-me´le-a)
Congenital abnormality characterized by missing or foreshortened limbs, sometimes with associated spine abnormalities; caused by metabolic disturbance at the time of primordial limb development. See amelia, phocomelia. [dys- + G. melos, limb]



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dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea (dis-men-or-e´a)
Difficult and painful menstruation.menorrhalgia; [dys- + G. men, month, + rhoia, a flow]
essential d. primary d
functional d. primary d
intrinsic d. primary d
mechanical d. d. due to obstruction of discharge of menstrual blood, as in cervical stenosis.obstructive d;
membranous d. d. accompanied by an exfoliation of the menstrual decidua.
obstructive d. mechanical d
ovarian d. a form of secondary d. due to disease of an ovary.
primary d. d. due to a functional disturbance and not due to inflammation, new growths, or anatomic factors.essential d., functional d., intrinsic d;
secondary d. d. due to inflammation, infection, tumor, or anatomical factors.
spasmodic d. d. accompanied by painful contractions of the uterus.
tubal d. a form of secondary d. due to stenosis or other abnormal condition of the fallopian tubes.
ureteric d. a form of secondary d. characterized by pain due to spasm of the ureter occurring at the time of the menses.
uterine d. a form of secondary d. resulting from disease of the uterus.
vaginal d. a form of secondary d. due to obstruction or other abnormal condition in the vagina.



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dysmetria dysmetria (dis-me´tre-a, -met´re-a)
An aspect of ataxia, in which the ability to control the distance, power, and speed of an act is impaired. Usually used to describe abnormalities of movement caused by cerebellar disorders. See also hypermetria, hypometria. [dys- + G. metron, measure]
ocular d. abnormality of ocular movements in which the eyes overshoot on attempting to fixate an object.



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dysmimia dysmimia (dis-mim´e-a)
Obsolete term for an impairment of expression by gestures or of imitation. [dys- + G. mimeomai, to mimic]



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dysmnesia dysmnesia (dis-ne´ze-a)
Obsolete term for a naturally poor or an impaired memory. [dys- + G. mneme, mnesi-, memory]



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dysmorphia dysmorphia (dis-mor´fe-a)
dysmorphism



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dysmorphism dysmorphism (dis-mor´fizm)
Abnormality of shape.dysmorphia; [G. dysmorphia, badness of form]



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dysmorphogenesis dysmorphogenesis (dis´mor-fo-jen´e-sis)
The process of abnormal tissue formation. [dys- + G. morphe, form, + genesis, production]



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dysmorphology dysmorphology (dis-mor-fol´o-je)
General term for the study of, or the subject of, abnormal development of tissue form. A branch of clinical genetics. [dys- + G. morphe, form, + logos, study]



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dysmorphophobia dysmorphophobia (dis´mor-fo-fo´be-a)
body dysmorphic disorder [dys- + G. morphe, form, + phobos, fear]



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dysmyelination dysmyelination (dis-mI-e-li-na´shun)
Improper laying down or breakdown of a myelin sheath of a nerve fiber, caused by abnormal myelin metabolism.



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dysmyotonia dysmyotonia (dis-mI-o-to´ne-a)
Abnormal muscular tonicity (either hyper- or hypo-). See dystonia. [dys- + G. mys, muscle, + tonos, tension, tone]



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dysnystaxis dysnystaxis (dis-nis-tak´sis)
A condition of half sleep.light sleep; [dys- + G. nystaxis, drowsiness]



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dysodontiasis dysodontiasis (dis´o-don-tI´a-sis)
Difficulty or irregularity in the eruption of the teeth. [dys- + G. odous, tooth, + -iasis, condition]



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dysontogenesis dysontogenesis (dis´on-to-jen´e-sis)
Defective embryonic development. [dys- + G. on, being, + genesis, origin]



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dysontogenetic dysontogenetic (dis´on-to-je-net´ik)
Characterized by dysontogenesis.



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dysorexia dysorexia (dis-o-rek´se-a)
Diminished or perverted appetite. [dys- + G. orexis, appetite]



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dysosmia dysosmia (dis-oz´me-a)
Altered sense of smell. [dys- + G. osme, smell]



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dysosteogenesis dysosteogenesis (dis´os-te-o-jen´e-sis)
Defective bone formation.dysostosis; [dys- + G. osteon, bone, + genesis, production]



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dysostosis dysostosis (dis-os-to´sis)
dysosteogenesis [dys- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
acrofacial d. mandibulofacial d. associated with malformations of the extremities such as defective radius and thumbs, and radioulnar synostosis. See also Treacher Collins' syndrome.acrofacial syndrome;
cleidocranial d. , clidocranial d. [MIM*119600 & MIM*216330] a development defect characterized by absence or rudimentary development of the clavicles, abnormal shape of the skull with depression of the sagittal suture, frontal bosses, many wormian bones, and aplasia or hypoplasia of teeth; autosomal dominant inheritance, and perhaps an autosomal recessive form.cleidocranial dysplasia, clidocranial dysplasia, craniocleidodysostosis;
craniofacial d. [MIM*123500] craniostosis with widening of the skull and high forehead, ocular hypertelorism, exophthalmos, beaked nose, and hypoplasia of the maxilla; usually autosomal dominant inheritance. There may also be an autosomal recessive form [MIM*218500].Crouzon's disease, Crouzon's syndrome;
mandibuloacral d. [MIM*248370] an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by dental crowding, acro-osteolysis, stiff joints, and atrophy of the skin of the hands and feet; clavicles are hypoplastic, cranial sutures are wide, and multiple wormian bones are present.
mandibulofacial d. a variable syndrome of malformations primarily of derivatives of the first branchial arch; characterized by palpebral fissures sloping outward and downward with notches or colobomas in the outer third of the lower lids, bony defects or hypoplasia of malar bones and zygoma, hypoplasia of the mandible, macrostomia with high or cleft palate and malposition and malocclusion of teeth, low-set malformed external ears, atypical hair growth, and occasional pits or clefts between mouth and ear. See also Treacher Collins' syndrome.mandibulofacial dysotosis syndrome, mandibulofacial dysplasia;
metaphysial d. a rare developmental abnormality of the skeleton in which metaphyses of tubular bones are expanded by deposits of cartilage.
d. mul´tiplex Hurler's syndrome
orodigitofacial d. an inherited syndrome, lethal in males, with varying combinations of defects of the oral cavity, face, and hands, including lobulated or bifid tongue, cleft or pseudocleft palate, tongue tumors, missing or malpositioned teeth, hypoplastic nasal alar cartilage, depressed nasal bridge, brachydactyly, clinodactyly, incomplete syndactyly, and, frequently, mental retardation; autosomal recessive [MIM 252100] and [MIM 258850] or X-linked [MIM 311200] inheritance.OFD syndrome, orofaciodigital syndrome, Papillon-Léage and Psaume syndrome;
otomandibular d. hypoplasia of the mandible, often with malformation of the temporomandibular joint, associated with malformations of the ear but not eye malformations or malar defects.otomandibular syndrome;
peripheral d. [MIM*170700] d. of the metacarpals and metatarsals, accompanied by variable facial features; possibly autosomal dominant inheritance.



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dyspallia dyspallia (dis-pal´e-a)
Developmental distortion of the brain mantle. [dys- + L. pallium, cloak]



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dyspareunia dyspareunia (dis-pa-ru´ne-a)
Occurrence of pain during sexual intercourse. [dys- + G. pareunos, lying beside, fr. para, beside, + eune, a bed]



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dyspepsia dyspepsia (dis-pep´se-a)
Impaired gastric function or "upset stomach" due to some disorder of the stomach; characterized by epigastric pain, sometimes burning, nausea, and gaseous eructation.gastric indigestion; [dys- + G. pepsis, digestion]
acid d. d. associated with excess gastric acidity.
adhesion d. pain, d., and other symptoms alleged to result from perigastric adhesions.
atonic d. d. with impaired tone in the muscular walls of the stomach.functional d. (1);
fermentative d. d. accompanied by fermentation of the contents of the stomach, usually occurring in gastric dilation.
flatulent d. d. with frequent eructations of swallowed air, sometimes without underlying organic disease.
functional d. 1. atonic d 2. nervous d
nervous d. d. associated with nervousness, tension, or anxiety.functional d. (2);
reflex d. functional d. excited by reflex irritation from disease elsewhere than in the stomach or intestines.



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dyspeptic dyspeptic (dis-pep´tik)
Relating to or suffering from dyspepsia.



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dysphagia dysphagia , dysphagy (dis-fa´je-a, dis´fa-je)
Difficulty in swallowing.aglutition; [dys- + G. phago, to eat]
d. luso´ria d. said to be due to compression by the right subclavian artery arising abnormally from the thoracic aorta and passing behind the esophagus. [coinage from L. lusus naturae, a sport of nature]
d. nervo´sa , nervous d. esophagism
sideropenic d. Plummer-Vinson syndrome
vallecular d. d. caused by food becoming lodged above the epiglottis.Barclay-Baron disease;



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dysphagocytosis dysphagocytosis (dis-fag´o-sI-to´sis)
Disordered phagocytosis, especially failure of cells to ingest and digest bacteria.
congenital d. chronic granulomatous disease



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dysphasia dysphasia (dis-fa´ze-a)
Impairment in the production of speech and failure to arrange words in an understandable way; caused by an acquired lesion of the brain.dysphrasia; [dys- + G. phasis, speaking]



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dysphemia dysphemia (dis-fe´me-a)
Disordered phonation, articulation, or hearing due to emotional or mental deficits. [dys- + G. pheme, speech]



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dysphonia dysphonia (dis-fo´ne-a)
Altered voice production. [dys- + G. phone, voice]
d. pli´cae ventricula´ris phonation with the ventricular bands rather than with the vocal cords.
spastic d. d. spastica
d. spas´tica a spasmodic contraction of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx excited by attempted phonation, producing either adductor or abductor subtypes caused by central nervous system disease. A localized form of movement disorder.phonic spasm, spastic d;



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dysphoria dysphoria (dis-for´e-a)
A mood of general dissatisfaction, restlessness, depression, and anxiety; a feeling of unpleasantness or discomfort. [dys- + G. phora, a bearing]



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dysphrasia dysphrasia (dis-fra´ze-a)
dysphasia [dys- + G. phrasis, speaking]



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dysphylaxia dysphylaxia (dis-fI-lak´se-a)
A form of insomnia marked by awakening too early. [dys- + G. phylaxis, watching]



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dyspigmentation dyspigmentation (dis´pig-men-ta´shun)
Any abnormality in the formation or distribution of pigment, especially in the skin; usually applied to an abnormal reduction in pigmentation (depigmentation).



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dyspinealism dyspinealism (dis-pin´e-al-izm)
Obsolete term for the syndrome supposed to result from the deficiency of pineal gland secretion.



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dyspituitarism dyspituitarism (dis-pi-tu´i-ter-izm)
The complex of phenomena due to excessive or deficient secretion by the pituitary gland.



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dysplasia dysplasia (dis-pla´ze-a)
Abnormal tissue development. See also heteroplasia. [dys- + G. plasis, a molding]
anhidrotic ectodermal d. [MIM*305100] congenitally defective or absent sweat glands, smooth, finely wrinkled skin, sunken nose, malformed and missing teeth, sparse fragile hair, and associated with deformed nails, absent breast tissue, mental retardation, syndactyly; associated X-linked recessive inheritance.Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome, hypohidrotic ectodermal d;
anterofacial d. , anteroposterior facial d. , anteroposterior d. abnormal growth of the face or cranium in an anteroposterior direction as seen and measured with a cephalogram.
asphyxiating thoracic d. [MIM*208500] hereditary hypoplasia of the thorax, associated with pelvic skeletal abnormality.asphyxiating thoracic chondrodystrophy, Jeune's syndrome, thoracic-pelvic-phalangeal dystrophy;
bronchopulmonary d. chronic pulmonary insufficiency arising from long-term artificial pulmonary ventilation; seen more frequently in premature infants than in mature infants.
cerebral d. abnormal development of the telencephalon.
cervical d. d. of the uterine cervix, epithelial atypia involving part or all of the thickness of cervical squamous epithelium, occurring most often in young women; appears to regress frequently, but may progress over a long period to carcinoma; severe d. may be microscopically indistinguishable from carcinoma in situ.
chondroectodermal d. [MIM*225500] triad of chondrodysplasia, ectodermal d., and polydactyly, with congenital heart defects in over half of patients; autosomal recessive inheritance.Ellis-van Creveld syndrome;
cleidocranial d. , clidocranial d. cleidocranial dysostosis
congenital ectodermal d. congenital ectodermal defect
cortical d. a malformative disorganization of the cytoarchitecture of the cortex relative to neurons.
craniocarpotarsal d. craniocarpotarsal dystrophy
craniodiaphysial d. [MIM*218300] small stature and thickening of the cranial bones with sclerosis and diaphysial widening of tubular bones; autosomal recessive inheritance.
craniometaphysial d. syndrome of metaphysial d. associated with severe sclerosis and overgrowth of bones of the skull (leontiasis ossea) and with hypertelorism.
dentin d. a hereditary disorder of the teeth, involving both primary and permanent dentition, in which the clinical morphology and color of the teeth are normal, but the teeth radiographically exhibit short roots [MIM125400], obliteration of the pulp chambers and canals, and mobility and premature exfoliation; autosomal dominant inheritance. In another type of d. the teeth are opalescent [MIM 125420].
diaphysial d. progressive, symmetrical fusiform enlargement of the shafts of long bones characterized by the formation of excessive new periosteal and endosteal bone and irregular conversion of this cortical bone into cancellous bone; anemia does not occur as a rule, as in osteopetrosis.Engelmann's disease;
ectodermal d. a congenital defect of the ectodermal tissues, including the skin and its appendages. See anhidrotic ectodermal d., hidrotic ectodermal d.
enamel d. amelogenesis imperfecta
d. epiphysia´lis hemime´lia tarsomegaly
d. epiphysia´lis mul´tiplex multiple epiphysial d
d. epiphysia´lis puncta´ta a developmental error of the epiphyses characterized by severe deformities, epiphyses ossified from several discrete centers and with a stippled appearance, and thickened shafts of the long bones; congenital cataract and mental retardation are often present. There is an autosomal dominant form [MIM *118650] and an autosomal recessive form [MIM*215100].chondrodysplasia punctata, chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita, hypoplastic fetal chondrodystrophy, stippled epiphysis;
epithelial d. a disorder of differentiation of epithelial cells which may regress, remain stable, or progress to invasive carcinoma.
faciodigitogenital d. a syndrome of ocular hypertelorism, anteverted nostrils, broad upper lip, saddle-bag scrotum, and laxity of ligaments resulting in genu recurvatum, flat feet, and hyperextensible fingers; X-linked [MIM*305400] and autosomal dominant [MIM*100050] forms.Aarskog-Scott syndrome;
familial white folded d. white sponge nevus
fibromuscular d. idiopathic nonatherosclerotic disease leading to stenosis of arteries, usually the renal arteries, and hypertension; two varieties are fibromuscular hyperplasia and perimuscular fibrosis.
fibrous d. of bone a disturbance of medullary bone maintenance in which bone undergoing physiologic lysis is replaced by abnormal proliferation of fibrous tissue, resulting in asymmetric distortion and expansion of bone; may be confined to a single bone (monostotic fibrous d.) or involve multiple bones (polyostotic fibrous d.).
fibrous d. of jaws cherubism
florid osseous d. , cemental d. sclerotic cemental mass
hidrotic ectodermal d. [MIM*129500] congenital dystrophy of the nails and hair with thickened nails and sparse or absent scalp hair; often associated with keratoderma of the palms and soles; teeth and sweat gland function are normal; autosomal dominant inheritance.
hip d. a developmental disease of dogs in which joint instability due to disconformity of the head of the femur and the acetabulum allows excessive movement of the femoral head.
hypohidrotic ectodermal d. anhidrotic ectodermal d
lymphopenic thymic d. obsolete term for thymic alymphoplasia.
mammary d. obsolete term for fibrocystic condition of the breast.
mandibulofacial d. mandibulofacial dysostosis
metaphysial d. an abnormality that occurs when new bone at the metaphyses of long bones fails to undergo remodeling to the normal tubular structure; the ends of long bones appear to be expanded and porotic, with thin cortex; there may be an associated overgrowth of cranial bones (craniometaphysial d.).
Mondini d. congenital anomaly of osseus and membranous labyrinth characterized by aplastic cochlea, and deformity of the vestibule and semicircular canals with partial or complete loss of auditory and vestibular function; may be associated with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea resulting in meningitis. See also Mondini deafness.
monostotic fibrous d. fibrous d. of a single bone.localized osteitis fibrosa, osteitis fibrosa circumscripta;
mucoepithelial d. [MIM*158310] an epithelial cell dishesive disease characterized by red, periorificial mucosal lesions of oral, nasal, vaginal, urethral, anal, bladder, and conjunctival mucosa, with cataracts, follicular keratosis, non-scarring alopecia, frequent pulmonary infections, pneumothorax, and sometimes cor pulmonale; autosomal dominant inheritance.
multiple epiphysial d. a dominantly inherited abnormality of epiphyses [MIM*132400] characterized by difficulty in walking, pain and stiffness of joints, stubby fingers, and often dwarfism of short-limb type; on x-ray examination, the epiphyses are mottled and irregular; ossification centers are late in appearance and may be multiple, but the vertebrae are normal. There is also an autosomal recessive form [MIM *226900].d. epiphysialis multiplex;
neuronal intestinal d. neuronal hyperplasia
oculoauriculovertebral d. , OAV d. [MIM*257700] a syndrome characterized by epibulbar dermoids, preauricular appendages, micrognathia, and vertebral and other anomalies.Goldenhar's syndrome, OAV syndrome;
oculodentodigital d. [MIM*164200] microphthalmia, coloboma, or anomalies of the iris associated with malformed and malpositioned teeth and with anomalies of the fingers including syndactyly, campylodactyly, or absent phalanges; autosomal dominant inheritance.
oculovertebral d. microphthalmia, colobomas, or anophthalmia with small orbit, twisted face due to unilateral d. of maxilla, macrostomia with malformed teeth and malocclusion, vertebral malformations, and branched and hypoplastic ribs.oculovertebral syndrome, Weyers-Thier syndrome;
odontogenic d. odontodysplasia
ophthalmomandibulomelic d. [MIM*164900] an autosomal dominant disorder with corneal clouding and multiple abnormalities of the mandible and limbs.
periapical cemental d. a benign, painless, non-neoplastic condition of the jaws which occurs almost exclusively in middle-aged black females; lesions are usually multiple, most frequently involve vital mandibular anterior teeth, surround the root apices, and are initially radiolucent (becoming more opaque as they mature).periapical osteofibrosis;
polyostotic fibrous d. the occurrence of lesions of fibrous d. in multiple bones, commonly on one side of the body; may occur with areas of pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction (McCune-Albright syndrome).multifocal osteitis fibrosa, osteitis fibrosa disseminata;
pseudoachondroplastic spondyloepiphysial d. a group of severe dwarfisms with short limbs, a relatively long trunk, joint laxity especially in hands and knees. Autosomal dominant [MIM*177150 and MIM* 177170] and recessive [MIM*264150 and *264160] forms exist.
retinal d. an overgrowth of glial tissue compensating for aplasia of sensory elements.
septo-optic d. congenital optic nerve hypoplasia associated with midline cerebral anomalies.de Morsier's syndrome
spondyloepiphysial d. a group of conditions characterized by growth insufficiency of the vertebral column, with flattening of vertebrae, and often involving the epiphyses at the hip and shoulder; results in dwarfism of the short trunk type, often also with short extremities, sometimes with other malformations; types with dominant [MIM *183850], recessive [[MIM*208230 and MIM 271600], and X-linked recessive [MIM *313400 and MIM*313420] inheritance have been described in different families.
ventriculoradial d. a congenital syndrome consisting of a ventricular septal defect with associated absence of thumb or radius.



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dysplastic dysplastic (dis-plas´tik)
Pertaining to or marked by dysplasia.



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dyspnea dyspnea (disp-ne´a)
Shortness of breath, a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing, usually associated with disease of the heart or lungs; occurs normally during intense physical exertion or at high altitude. [G. dyspnoia, fr. dys-, bad, + pnoe, breathing]
cardiac d. shortness of breath of cardiac origin.
exertional d. excessive shortness of breath after exercise.
expiratory d. difficulty with the expiratory phase of breathing, often due to obstruction in the larynx or large bronchi, such as by a foreign body.
functional d. shortness of breath without apparent underlying disease.
nocturnal d. d. occurring at night, several hours after assuming recumbent position. Occurs in heart failure and results from reabsorption of water from dependent areas after removal of effect of gravity, causing hypervolemia, aggravating left-ventricular failure.
paroxysmal nocturnal d. acute d. appearing suddenly at night, usually waking the patient after an hour or two of sleep; caused by pulmonary congestion with or without edema that results from left-sided heart failure following immobilization of fluid from dependent areas after lying down.
Traube's d. obsolete eponym for inspiratory d. with maximal expansion of the chest and a slow respiratory rhythm.



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dyspneic dyspneic (disp-ne´ik)
Out of breath; relating to or suffering from dyspnea.



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dyspraxia dyspraxia (dis-prak´se-a)
Impaired or painful functioning in any organ. [dys- + G. praxis, a doing]



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dysprosium (Dy) dysprosium (Dy) (dis-pro´se-um)
A metallic element of the lanthanide (rare earth) series, atomic no. 66, atomic wt. 162.50. [G. dysprosits, hard to get at]



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dysproteinemia dysproteinemia (dis-pro´ten-e´me-a, -pro´te-in-)
An abnormality in plasma proteins, usually in immunoglobulins.



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dysproteinemic dysproteinemic (dis-pro-ten-e´mik)
Relating to dysproteinemia.



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dysraphism dysraphism , dysraphia (dis´ra-fizm, dis-raf´e-a)
Defective fusion, especially of the neural folds, resulting in status dysraphicus. [dys- + G. rhaphe, suture]



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dysrhythmia dysrhythmia (dis-rith´me-a)
Defective rhythm. See also entries underrhythm Cf. arrhythmia. [dys- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]
cardiac d. any abnormality in the rate, regularity, or sequence of cardiac activation.
electroencephalographic d. a diffusely irregular brain wave tracing.
esophageal d. abnormal motility of the muscular layers of the esophageal wall, such as occurs in esophageal spasm.
paroxysmal cerebral d. a diffusely abnormal electroencephalogram often seen with epilepsy.



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dyssebacia dyssebacia , dyssebacea (dis-se-ba´she-a, dis´se-ba´she-a)
seborrheic dermatitis [dys- + L. sebum, grease]



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dyssomnia dyssomnia (dis-som´ne-a)
Disturbance of normal sleep or rhythm pattern.



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dysspondylism dysspondylism (dis-spon´di-lizm)
An abnormality of development of the spine or vertebral column. [dys- + G. spondylos, vertebra]



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dysstasia dysstasia (dis-sta´se-a)
Difficulty in standing.dystasia; [dys- + G. stasis, standing]



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dysstatic dysstatic (dis-tat´ik)
Marked by difficulty in standing.



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dyssyllabia dyssyllabia (dis-il-la´be-a)
syllable-stumbling [dys- + G. syllabe, syllable]



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dyssynergia dyssynergia (dis-in-er´je-a)
An aspect of ataxia, in which an act is not performed smoothly or accurately because of lack of harmonious association of its various components; usually used to describe abnormalities of movement caused by cerebellar disorders. [dys- + G. syn, with, + ergon, work]
d. cerebellaris myoclonica a familial disorder beginning in late childhood, characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, action myoclonus and preserved intellect. Probably due to multiple causes, mitochondrial abnormalities being one.dentatorubral cerebellar atrophy with polymyoclonus;
detrusor sphincter d. a disturbance of the normal relationship between bladder (detrusor) contraction and sphincter relaxation during voluntary or involuntary voiding efforts.



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dystasia dystasia
dysstasia
hereditary areflexic dystasia Raussly disease



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dystelephalangy dystelephalangy (dis-tel´e-fa-lan´je)
Bowing of the distal phalanx of the little finger. [dys- + G. telos, end, + phalanx]



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dysthymia dysthymia (dis-thI´me-a)
A chronic mood disorder manifested as depression for most of the day, more days than not, accompanied by some of the following symptoms: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. See mood disorders, under disorder, endogenous depression, exogenous depression. [dys- + G. thymos, mind, emotion]



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dysthymic dysthymic (dis-thI´mik)
Relating to dysthymia.



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dystocia dystocia (dis-to´se-a)
Difficult childbirth. [G. dystokia, fr. dys-, difficult, + tokos, childbirth]
fetal d. d. due to an abnormality of the fetus.
maternal d. d. caused by an abnormality or physical problem in the mother.
placental d. retention or difficult delivery of the placenta.



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dystonia dystonia (dis-to´ne-a)
A state of abnormal (either hypo- or hyper-) tonicity in any of the tissues.torsion spasm; [dys- + G. tonos, tension]
d. lenticula´ris d. resulting from a lesion of the lenticulate nucleus.
d. musculo´rum defor´mans a genetic, environmental, or idiopathic disorder, usually beginning in childhood or adolescence, marked by muscular contractions that distort the spine, limbs, hips, and sometimes the cranial-innervated muscles. The abnormal movements are increased by excitement and, at least initially, abolished by sleep. The musculature is hypertonic when in action, hypotonic when at rest. Hereditary forms usually begin with involuntary posturing of the foot or hand (autosomal recessive form [MIM*224500]) or of the neck or trunk (autosomal dominant form [MIM*128100]); both forms may progress to produce contortions of the entire body.progressive torsion spasm, torsion disease of childhood, torsion d., Ziehen-Oppenheim disease;
torsion d. d. musculorum deformans



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dystonic dystonic (dis-ton´ik)
Pertaining to dystonia.



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dystopia dystopia (dis-to´pe-a)
Faulty or abnormal position of a part or organ.allotopia, malposition; [dys- + G. topos, place]



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dystopic dystopic (dis-top´ik)
Pertaining to, or characterized by, dystopia. See also ectopic.



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dystrophia dystrophia (dis-tro´fe-a)
dystrophy [L. fr. G. dys-, bad, + trophe, nourishment]
d. adipo´sogenita´lis a disorder characterized primarily by obesity and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in adolescent boys; dwarfism is rare, and when present is thought to reflect hypothyroidism. Visual loss, behavioral abnormalities, and diabetes insipidus may occur. Fröhlich's syndrome often is used synonymously for this disorder, although the original case involved a pituitary tumor; most cases are thought to result from hypothalamic dysfunction in areas regulating appetite and gonadal development. The most common causes are pituitary and hypothalamic neoplasms.adiposis orchica, adiposogenital degeneration, adiposogenital dystrophy, adiposogenital syndrome, hypophysial syndrome, hypothalamic obesity with hypogonadism;
d. brevicol´lis a condition marked by symptoms of d. adiposogenitalis together with a deforming shortness of the neck, but without synostosis of the cervical vertebrae seen in Klippel-Feil syndrome.
d. myoton´ica myotonic dystrophy
d. un´guium dystrophy of the nails.
d. un´gulae seedy toe



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dystrophic dystrophic (dis-trof´ik)
Relating to dystrophy.



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dystrophin dystrophin (dis-tro´fin)
A protein found in the sarcolemma of normal muscle; it is missing in individuals with pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy and in other forms of muscular dystrophy; its role may be in the linkage of the cytoskeleton of the muscle cell to extracellular protein.



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dystrophy dystrophy (dis´tro-fe)
Progressive changes that may result from defective nutrition of a tissue or organ.dystrophia; [dys- + G. trophe, nourishment]
adiposogenital d. dystrophia adiposogenitalis
adult pseudohypertrophic muscular d. [MIM*310200.0002] muscular d. of late onset, often in the second or third decade, with relatively mild course; X-linked recessive inheritance; perhaps allelic with Duchenne's d., but milder and not a genetic lethal. Cf. Duchenne d. Becker type tardive muscular d;
Barnes' d. a rare type of muscular d., in which muscles are often hypertrophic and stronger than normal, but later become weak and atrophic.
Becker type muscular d. a muscular dystrophy that has many of the clinical features of Duchenne muscular dystrophy e.g., symmetrical involvement of first the pelvicrural muscles and then the pectoral girdle and proximal upper extremity muscles; pseudohypertrophy, especially of the calf muscles but with a much later age of onset (35-45 years), and more benign course. X-linked inheritance.
Becker type tardive muscular d. adult pseudohypertrophic muscular d
childhood muscular d. Duchenne d
cone d. a retinal abnormality in which color perception is severely deficient and typical changes occur in electroretinogram. See achromatopsia.cone degeneration;
corneal d. [MIM*217600] central corneal opacification, usually bilateral, symmetrical, and often autosomal recessive, involving predominantly epithelial, stromal, or endothelial layers, often in a typical pattern.
craniocarpotarsal d. [MIM*193700] congenital association of skeletal defects (ulnar deviation of hands with camptodactyly, talipes equinovarus, and frontal bone defects) and characteristic facies (protrusion of lips as in whistling, sunken eyes with hypertelorism, and small nose); autosomal dominant inheritance.craniocarpotarsal dysplasia, Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, whistling face syndrome;
Duchenne d. the most common childhood muscular d., with onset usually before age 6. Characterized by symmetrical weakness and wasting of first the pelvic and crural muscles and then the pectoral and proximal upper extremity muscles; pseudohypertrophy of some muscles, especially the calf; heart involvement; sometimes mild mental retardation; progressive course and early death, usually in adolescence. X-linked inheritance (affects males and transmitted by females).childhood muscular d., Duchenne's disease (1) , pseudohypertrophic muscular d;
Emery-Dreifuss muscular d. a generally benign type of muscular d., with onset in childhood or early adulthood. Weakness begins with the pectoral girdle and proximal upper extremity muscles and spreads to the pelvic girdle and distal lower extremity muscles. Contractures of the elbow, flexors, neck flexors, and calf muscles often occur; muscle pseudohypertrophy and mental retardation do not occur. A cardiomyopathy is common. An X-linked inherited disorder, nonallelic to Duchenne's muscular d.
endothelial d. of cornea spontaneous loss of corneal endothelium leading to edema of the corneal stroma and epithelium.
epithelial d. corneal d. affecting primarily the epithelium and its basement membrane. See also juvenile epithelial corneal d.
facioscapulohumeral muscular d. [MIM*158900] a relatively benign type of muscular d. commencing in childhood and slowly progressive; characterized by wasting and weakness, sometimes asymmetrical, mainly of the muscles of the face, shoulder girdle, and arms; autosomal dominant inheritance.facioscapulohumeral atrophy, Landouzy-Dejerine d;
Favre's d. vitreo-tapetoretinal d
fingerprint d. a condition wherein fine parallel lines in a fingerprint configuration area are seen in the basal epithelial layer and basement membrane of the corneal epithelium. See also map-dot-fingerprint d.
fleck d. of cornea [MIM*121850] a bilateral occurrence of subtle spots in the corneal stroma; the spots vary in size and shape, and have sharp margins and clear centers; photophobia may occur; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Fuchs' epithelial d. epithelial edema secondary to endothelial d. of the cornea.
Groenouw's corneal d. 1. a granular type of corneal d., with autosomal dominant inheritance [MIM*121900]; 2. a macular type of corneal d., with autosomal recessive inheritance [MIM*217800].
gutter d. of cornea a marginal furrow usually inferiorly about 1 mm from the limbus; and sometimes bilateral.keratoleptynsis (1);
hypertrophic d. squamous cell hyperplasia
infantile neuroaxonal d. a rare, familial disorder of early childhood manifested as progressive psychomotor deterioration, increased reflexes, Babinski sign, hypotonia and progressive blindness. Pathologically, eosinophilic spheroids of swollen axoplasm are found in various central nervous system nuclei.
juvenile epithelial corneal d. [MIM*122100] epithelial d. characterized by progressive cysts and opacities of the corneal epithelium, with onset in infancy; autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance.Meesman d;
Landouzy-Dejerine d. facioscapulohumeral muscular d
lattice corneal d. [MIM*122200] a corneal d. due to localized accumulation of amyloid in a reticular pattern; manifest at puberty and progressing slowly until eventually useful vision is lost; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Leyden-Möbius muscular d. limb-girdle muscular d
limb-girdle muscular d. [MIM*253600] one of the less well-defined types of muscular d., probably heterogenous in nature. Onset usually in childhood or early adulthood and both sexes affected. Characterized by weakness and wasting, usually symmetrical, of the pelvic girdle muscles, the shoulder girdle muscles, or both, but not the facial muscles. Muscle pseudohypertrophy, heart involvement, and mental retardation are absent. Variable inheritance.Leyden-Möbius muscular d., pelvofemoral muscular d., scapulohumeral muscular d;
macular d. a group of disorders involving predominately the posterior portion of the ocular fundus, due to degeneration in the sensory layer of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, choroid, or a combination of these tissues. See Stargardt's disease, Best's disease.
map-dot-fingerprint d. fingerprint d. accompanied by map-like patterns and microcystic epithelial inclusions.
Meesman d. juvenile epithelial corneal d
microcystic epithelial d. bilateral, symmetrical intraepithelial cysts in the central area of the cornea of healthy women, without hereditary predisposition.
mucopolysaccharide keratin d. a histologic finding seen in the surface epithelium of oral inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, consisting of homogeneous eosinophilic pools of material in the superficial spinous layer.
muscular d. a general term for a number of hereditary, progressive degenerative disorders affecting skeletal muscles, and often other organ systems as well.myodystrophy, myodystrophia;
myotonic d. [MIM*160900] the most common adult muscular dystrophy, characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting of some of the cranial innervated muscles, as well as the distal limb muscles; myotonia; cataracts; hypogonadism; cardiac abnormalities; and frontal balding. Onset usually in the third decade; autosomal dominant inheritance.dystrophia myotonica, myotonia atrophica, myotonia dystrophica, Steinert's disease;
neuroaxonal d. a rare disorder that begins in the second year of life and is relentlessly progressive; clinically characterized initially by walking difficulties, weakness, and areflexia, later followed by corticospinal and pseudobulbar findings, blindness, loss of pain appreciation, and mental deterioration; pathologically, eosinophilic spheroids of swollen axoplasm are found in various central nuclei; autosomal recessive inheritance.
oculopharyngeal d. a dominantly inherited form of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia usually presenting in middle life or old age with chronic ptosis and/or difficulty swallowing. Many sufferers have French-Canadian ancestry.
pelvofemoral muscular d. limb-girdle muscular d
progressive muscular d. a form of progressive muscular atrophy in which the disease begins in the muscle and not in the spinal centers.Erb atrophy, idiopathic muscular atrophy;
progressive tapetochoroidal d. choroideremia
pseudohypertrophic muscular d. Duchenne d
reflex sympathetic d. (RSD) diffuse persistent pain usually in an extremity often associated with vasomotor disturbances, trophic changes, and limitation or immobility of joints; frequently follows some local injury. See also causalgia.shoulder-hand syndrome, sympathetic reflex d;
reticular d. of cornea bilateral, progressive, superficial degeneration of the corneal epithelium and adjacent Bowman's membrane.
ring-like corneal d. [MIM*121900] thread-like opacities of the anterior corneal stroma, with acute, painful onset followed by decreased vision; autosomal dominant inheritance.
scapulohumeral muscular d. limb-girdle muscular d
sympathetic reflex d. reflex sympathetic d
thoracic-pelvic-phalangeal d. asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia
twenty-nail d. longitudinal ridging of all of the nails; seen in alopecia areata and lichen planus.
vitreo-tapetoretinal d. [MIM*268100] autosomal recessive bilateral peripheral and central retinoschisis with pigmentary degeneration of the retina, chorioretinal atrophy, vitreous degeneration, and night blindness.Favre's d;
vulvar d. a spectrum of vulvar eruptions consisting of white atrophic papules, including lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, squamous cell hyperplasia (hypertrophic dystrophy), or a combination of these (mixed dystrophy). See also lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.



Copyright© 1995 Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.

dystropy dystropy (dis´tro-pe)
Abnormal or eccentric behavior. [dys- + G. tropos, a turning]



Copyright© 1995 Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.

dysuria dysuria (dis-yu´re-a)
Difficulty or pain in urination.dysury; [dys- + G. ouron, urine]



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dysuric dysuric (dis-yu´rik)
Relating to or suffering from dysuria.



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dysury dysury (dis´yu-re)
dysuria



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dysversion dysversion (dis-ver´zhun)
A turning in any direction, less than inversion; particularly d. of the optic nerve head (situs inversus of the optic disk). [dys- + L. verto, to turn]



Copyright© 1995 Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.